Physiology of Behavior, Global Edition

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1. Introduction
	Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience
		The Goals of Research
		Roots of Behavioral Neuroscience
	Natural Selection and Evolution
		Functionalism and the Inheritance of Traits
		Evolution of Human Brains
	Ethical Issues in Research with Humans and Other Animals
		Research with Animals
		Research with Humans
	The Future of Neuroscience: Careers and Strategies for Learning
		Careers in Neuroscience
		Strategies for Learning
Chapter 2. Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
	Cells of the Nervous System
		The Nervous System: An Overview
		Neurons
		Supporting Cells
		The Blood–Brain Barrier
	Communication Within a Neuron
		Neural Communication: An Overview
		Electrical Potentials of Axons
		The Membrane Potential
		The Action Potential
		Conduction of the Action Potential
	Communication Between Neurons
		Structure of Synapses
		Release of Neurotransmitters
		Activation of Receptors
		Postsynaptic Potentials
		Effects of Postsynaptic Potentials: Neural Integration
		Termination of Postsynaptic Potentials
		Autoreceptors
		Other Types of Synapses
		Nonsynaptic Chemical Communication
Chapter 3. Structure of the Nervous System
	Basic Features of the Nervous System
		Anatomical Directions
		The Meninges and Ventricular System
	Structure and Function of the Central Nervous System (CNS)
		The Forebrain: Telencephalon
		The Forebrain: Diencephalon
		The Midbrain: Mesencephalon
		The Hindbrain: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
		The Spinal Cord
	Structure and Function of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
		Cranial Nerves
		Spinal Nerves
		The Autonomic Nervous System
Chapter 4. Psychopharmacology and Neurotransmitters
	Principles of Psychopharmacology
		An Overview of Psychopharmacology
		Pharmacokinetics
		Drug Effectiveness
		Effects of Repeated Administration
		Placebo Effects
	Sites of Drug Action
		Effects on Production of Neurotransmitters
		Effects on Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
		Effects on Receptors
		Effects on Reuptake and Deactivation of Neurotransmitters
	Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators
		Amino Acids
		Acetylcholine (ACh)
		The Monoamines
		Peptides
		Lipids
Chapter 5. Methods and Strategies of Research
	Experimental Ablation
		Evaluating the Behavioral Effects of Brain Damage
		Producing Brain Lesions
		Stereotaxic Surgery
		Histological Methods
		Tracing Neural Connections
		Studying the Structure of the Living Human Brain
	Recording and Stimulating Neural Activity
		Recording Neural Activity
		Recording the Brain’s Metabolic and Synaptic Activity
		Stimulating Neural Activity
	Neurochemical Methods
		Finding Neurons That Produce Particular Neurochemicals
		Localizing Particular Receptors
		Measuring Chemicals Secreted in the Brain
	Genetic Methods
		Twin Studies
		Adoption Studies
		Genomic Studies
		Targeted Mutations
		Antisense Oligonucleotides
		CRISPR-Cas Methods
Chapter 6. Vision
	The Eye
		Introduction to Sensation and Perception
		The Stimulus: Light
		Anatomy of the Eye
		Photoreceptors
		Transduction
		Central and Peripheral Vision
		Overview of the Visual Pathway
		Other Retinal Pathways
	Brain Regions Involved in Visual Processing
		Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
		Striate Cortex
		Extrastriate Cortex
	Perceiving Color
		Role of the Retinal Ganglion Cells
		Role of the Retina
		Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
	Perceiving Form
		Role of the Striate Cortex
		Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
	Perceiving Spatial Location
		Role of the Retina
		Role of the Striate and Extrastriate Cortex
	Perceiving Orientation and Movement
		Role of the Striate Cortex
		Role of the Extrastriate Cortex
Chapter 7. Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical Senses
	Audition
		The Stimulus: Sound
		Anatomy of the Ear
		Auditory Hair Cells Transduce Auditory Information
		The Auditory Pathway
		Perceiving Pitch
		Perceiving Loudness
		Perceiving Timbre
		Perceiving Spatial Location
		Perceiving Complex Sounds
		Perceiving Music
	Vestibular System
		Anatomy of the Vestibular Apparatus
		The Vestibular Pathway
	Somatosenses
		The Stimuli
		Anatomy of the Skin and Its Receptive Organs
		Perceiving Cutaneous Stimulation
		The Somatosensory Pathways
		Perceiving Pain
	Gustation
		The Stimuli
		Anatomy of the Taste Buds and Gustatory Cells
		Perceiving Gustatory Information
		The Gustatory Pathway
	Olfaction
		The Stimulus and Anatomy of the Olfactory Apparatus
		Transducing Olfactory Information
		Perceiving Specific Odors
Chapter 8. Control of Movement
	Skeletal Muscle
		Anatomy
		The Physical Basis of Muscular Contraction
		Sensory Feedback from Muscles
	Control of Movement by the Spinal Cord
		The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex
		The Gamma Motor System
		Polysynaptic Reflexes
	Control of Movement by the Brain
		Cortical Structures
		Planning and Initiating Movements: Role of the Motor Association Cortex
		Subcortical Structures
		Cortical Control of Movement: Descending Pathways
	Complex Motor Behavior
		Imitating and Comprehending Movements: Role of the Mirror Neuron System
		Control of Reaching and Grasping: Role of the Parietal Cortex
	Deficits of Skilled Movements: Apraxias and Dyspraxia
		Limb Apraxia
		Constructional Apraxia
		Dyspraxia
Chapter 9. Sleep and Biological Rhythms
	What Is Sleep?
		Stages of Sleep
		Brain Activity During Sleep
	Why Do We Sleep?
		Functions of Sleep
		Functions of Slow-Wave Sleep
		Functions of REM Sleep
		Sleep and Learning
	Physiological Mechanisms of Sleep and Waking
		Neural Control of Sleep
		Neural Control of Arousal
		Neural Control of Sleep/Waking Transitions
		Neural Control of Transition to REM
	Disorders of Sleep
		Insomnia
		Narcolepsy
		REM Sleep Behavior Disorder
		Problems Associated with Slow-Wave Sleep
	Biological Clocks
		Circadian Rhythms and Zeitgebers
		The Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
		Control of Seasonal Rhythms: The Pineal Gland and Melatonin
		Changes in Circadian Rhythms: Shift Work and Jet Lag
Chapter 10. Reproductive and Parental Behavior
	Sexual Development
		Production of Gametes and Fertilization
		Development of the Sex Organs
		Sexual Maturation
	Control of Sexual Behavior by Hormones and Pheromones
		Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Cycles
		Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior of Laboratory Animals
		Organizational Effects of Androgens on Behavior: Masculinization and Defeminization
		Human Sexual Behavior
		Effects of Pheromones
	Neural Control of Sexual Behavior
		Male Sexual Behavior
		Female Sexual Behavior
		Formation of Pair Bonds
	Sexual Orientation
		Activational and Organizational Effects of Hormones
		Role of Steroid Hormones
		Sexual Orientation and the Brain
		Role of Prenatal Environment in Sexual Orientation
		Heredity and Sexual Orientation
	Parental Behavior
		Maternal Behavior of Rodents
		Hormonal Control of Maternal Behavior
		Neural Control of Maternal Behavior
		Neural Control of Paternal Behavior
Chapter 11. Emotion
	Fear
		Components of Emotional Response
		Research with Laboratory Animals
		Research with Humans
	Aggression
		Research with Laboratory Animals
		Research with Humans
		Hormonal Control of Aggressive Behavior
	Impulse Control
		Role of the vmPFC
		Brain Development and Impulse Control
		Serotonin and Impulse Control
		Moral Decision Making
	Communication of Emotions
		Facial Expression of Emotions: Innate Responses
		Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Recognition
		Neural Basis of the Communication of Emotions: Expression
	Feeling Emotions
		The James-Lange Theory
		Feedback from Emotional Expressions
Chapter 12. Ingestive Behavior
	Drinking
		Physiological Regulatory Mechanisms
		Two Types of Thirst
		Neural Mechanisms of Thirst
	What Is Metabolism?
		The Short-Term Reservoir
		The Long-Term Reservoir
		Fasting Phase
		Absorptive Phase
	What Starts a Meal?
		Environmental Factors
		Gastric Factors
		Metabolic Signals
	What Stops a Meal?
		Short-Term Satiety
		Environmental Factors
		Sensory Factors
		Gastric Factors
		Intestinal Factors
		Liver Factors
		Insulin
		Adipose Tissue Factors
	Brain Mechanisms
		Brain Stem
		Hypothalamus
	Obesity
		Possible Causes
		Treatment
	Eating Disorders
		Possible Causes
		Treatment
Chapter 13. Learning and Memory
	Overview of Learning and Memory
		Types of Learning
		Types of Memory
	Stimulus-Response Learning
		Classical Conditioning
		Operant Conditioning
	Motor Learning
		Role of the Cortex
		Role of the Basal Ganglia
	Perceptual Learning
		Role of the Cortex
		Retaining Perceptual Information in Short-Term Memory
	Relational Learning
		Role of the Hippocampus
		Role of the Cortex
	Amnesia
		Role of the Hippocampus
		Stimulus-Response Learning
		Motor Learning
		Perceptual Learning
		Relational Learning
	Long-Term Potentiation
		Induction of Long-Term Potentiation
		Role of NMDA Receptors
		Role of AMPA Receptors
		Role of Synaptic Changes
Chapter 14. Human Communication
	Language Production and Comprehension: Brain Mechanisms
		Lateralization
		Language Production and Comprehension in the Brain
		Bilingualism
		Prosody
		Voice Recognition
	Disorders of Language Production and Comprehension
		Disorders of Language Production: Broca’s Aphasia
		Disorders of Language Comprehension: Wernicke’s Aphasia
		Conduction Aphasia
		Aphasia in People Who Are Deaf
		Stuttering
	Disorders of Reading and Writing
		Pure Alexia
		Toward an Understanding of Reading
		Toward an Understanding of Writing
Chapter 15. The Developing Nervous System
	Development of the Nervous System
		An Overview of Brain Development
		Prenatal Brain Development
		Postnatal Brain Development
	Disorders of Development
		Toxic Chemicals
		Inherited Metabolic Disorders
		Down Syndrome
	Autism Spectrum Disorder
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Brain Changes
	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Brain Changes
Chapter 16. Neurological Disorders
	Tumors and Seizures
		Tumors
		Seizures
	Cerebrovascular Accidents
		Causes
		Treatments
	Traumatic Brain Injury
		Causes
		Treatments
	Degenerative Disorders
		Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies
		Parkinson’s Disease
		Huntington’s Disease
		Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Dementia
		Korsakoff’s Syndrome
	Disorders Caused by Infectious Diseases
		Encephalitis
		Meningitis
Chapter 17. Schizophrenia and the Affective Disorders
	Schizophrenia
		Description
		Genetic Factors
		Environmental Factors
		Anomalies in Schizophrenia
		The Mesolimbic Dopamine Pathway: Positive Symptoms
		The Mesocortical Dopamine Pathway: Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
	Affective Disorders
		Description
		Genetic Factors
		Biological Treatments
		Role of the Frontal Cortex
		The Monoamine Hypothesis
		Role of the 5-HT Transporter
		Role of Neurogenesis
		Role of Circadian Rhythms
Chapter 18. Stress and Anxiety Disorders
	Stress
		Physiology of the Stress Response
		Health Effects of Long-Term Stress
		Effects of Stress on the Brain
		Psychoneuroimmunology
	Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Brain Changes
		Treatment
	Anxiety Disorders
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Brain Changes
		Treatment
	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
		Symptoms
		Genetic and Environmental Factors
		Brain Changes
		Treatment
Chapter 19. Substance Abuse
	Common Features of Substance Abuse
		Positive Reinforcement
		Negative Reinforcement
	Genetic Factors
		Alcohol
		Nicotine
		Stimulants
	Brain Mechanisms Associated with Commonly Abused Drugs
		Opiates
		Stimulants
		Nicotine
		Alcohol
		Cannabis
	Treatment for Substance Abuse
		Opiates
		Stimulants
		Nicotine
		Alcohol
		Brain Stimulation
Glossary
References
Name Index
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Subject Index
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