Physics of Solar Energy and Energy Storage (2nd Edition)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface to the Second Edition
Preface to the First Edition
Chapter 1: Introduction
	1.1 Shaping a More Livable World
		1.1.1 Fossil Fuels and Beyond
		1.1.2 The Paris Agreement
		1.1.3 Phasing Out Coal-Generated Power
		1.1.4 Phasing Out ICE Vehicles
		1.1.5 Economics of Renewable Energy
	1.2 Solar Energy
	1.3 Solar Photovoltaics
		1.3.1 Birth of Modern Solar Cells
		1.3.2 Basic Terms and Concepts on Solar Cells
		1.3.3 Types of Solar Cells
	1.4 A Rechargeable Battery Primer
		1.4.1 Whittingham’s Initial Invention
		1.4.2 Goodenough’s Improved Cathode
		1.4.3 Yoshino’s Improved Anode
		1.4.4 Current Status
	1.5 Other Renewable Energy Resources
		1.5.1 Hydroelectric Power
		1.5.2 Wind Power
		1.5.3 Biomass and Bioenergy
		1.5.4 Shallow Geothermal Energy
		1.5.5 Deep Geothermal Energy
		1.5.6 Tidal Energy
Chapter 2: Nature of Solar Radiation
	2.1 Light as Electromagnetic Waves
		2.1.1 Maxwell’s Equations
		2.1.2 Vector Potential and Scalar Potential
		2.1.3 Electromagnetic Waves
		2.1.4 Plane Waves and Polarization
		2.1.5 Sinusoidal Waves
	2.2 Interface Phenomena
		2.2.1 Relative Dielectric Constant and Refractive Index
		2.2.2 Energy Balance and Poynting Vector
		2.2.3 Fresnel Formulas
		2.2.4 Optics of metals
	2.3 Blackbody Radiation
		2.3.1 Rayleigh–Jeans Law
		2.3.2 Planck Formula and Stefan–Boltzmann’s Law
	2.4 Photoelectric Effect and Concept of Photons
		2.4.1 Einstein’s Theory of Photons
		2.4.2 Millikan’s Experimental Verification
		2.4.3 Electron as a Field
	2.5 Einstein’s Derivation of Blackbody Formula
Chapter 3: Origin of Solar Energy
	3.1 Basic Parameters of the Sun
		3.1.1 Distance
		3.1.2 Mass
		3.1.3 Radius
		3.1.4 Emission Power
		3.1.5 Surface Temperature
		3.1.6 Composition
	3.2 Kelvin–Helmholtz Time Scale
	3.3 Energy Source of the Sun
		3.3.1 The p − p Chain
		3.3.2 Carbon Chain
		3.3.3 Internal Structure of the Sun
Chapter 4: Tracking Sunlight
	4.1 Rotation of Earth: Latitude and Longitude
	4.2 Celestial Sphere
		4.2.1 Coordinate Transformation: Cartesian Coordinates
		4.2.2 Coordinate Transformation: Spherical Trigonometry
	4.3 Treatment in Solar Time
		4.3.1 Obliquity and Declination of the Sun
		4.3.2 Sunrise and Sunset Time
		4.3.3 Direct Solar Radiation on an Arbitrary Surface
		4.3.4 Direct Daily Solar Radiation Energy
		4.3.5 The 24 Solar Terms
	4.4 Treatment in Standard Time
		4.4.1 Sidereal Time and Solar Time
		4.4.2 Right Ascension of the Sun
		4.4.3 Time Difference Originated from Obliquity
		4.4.4 Aphelion and Perihelion
		4.4.5 Time Difference Originated from Eccentricity
		4.4.6 Equation of Time
		4.4.7 Declination of the Sun
		4.4.8 Analemma
Chapter 5: Interaction of Sunlight with Earth
	5.1 Interaction of Radiation with Matter
		5.1.1 Absorptivity, Reflectivity, and Transmittivity
		5.1.2 Emissivity and Kirchhoff’s Law
		5.1.3 Bouguer–Lambert–Beer’s Law
	5.2 Interaction of Sunlight with Atmosphere
		5.2.1 AM1.5 Reference Solar Spectral Irradiance
		5.2.2 Annual Insolation Map
	5.3 Penetration of Solar Energy into Earth
Chapter 6: Thermodynamics of Solar Energy
	6.1 Definitions
	6.2 First Law of Thermodynamics
	6.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics
		6.3.1 Carnot Cycle
		6.3.2 Thermodynamic Temperature
		6.3.3 Entropy
	6.4 Thermodynamic Functions
		6.4.1 Free Energy
		6.4.2 Enthalpy
		6.4.3 Gibbs Free Energy
		6.4.4 Chemical Potential
	6.5 Ideal Gas
	6.6 Ground Source Heat Pump and Air Conditioning
		6.6.1 Theory
		6.6.2 Coefficient of Performance
		6.6.3 Vapor-Compression Heat Pump and Refrigerator
		6.6.4 Ground Heat Exchanger
Chapter 7: A Quantum Mechanics Primer
	7.1 The Static Schr¨odinger Equation
		7.1.1 Wavefunctions in a One-Dimensional Potential Well
		7.1.2 The Bra-and-Ket Notations
		7.1.3 The Harmonic Oscillator
		7.1.4 The Hydrogen Atom
		7.1.5 The Stern–Gerlach Experiment
		7.1.6 Nomenclature of Atomic States
		7.1.7 Degeneracy and Wavefunction Hybridization
	7.2 Many-Electron Systems
		7.2.1 The Self-Consistent Field (SCF) Method
		7.2.2 Slater Determinates and the Hartree-Fock Method .
		7.2.3 Density-Functional Theory (DFT)
		7.2.4 HOMO and LUMO
	7.3 The Chemical Bond
		7.3.1 Bonding Energy and Antibonding Energy
		7.3.2 The Hydrogen Molecular Ion
		7.3.3 Types of Chemical Bonds
	7.4 The Solid State
		7.4.1 Bloch Waves and Energy Bands
		7.4.2 Effective Mass
		7.4.3 Conductor, Semiconductor, and Insulator
		7.4.4 Semiconductors
		7.4.5 The Band Structure of Silicon
	7.5 The Dynamic Schr¨odinger Equation
		7.5.1 A Heuristic Derivation
		7.5.2 Reduction to Static Schr¨odinger’s Equation
		7.5.3 Meaning of the Time-Dependent Phase Factor
		7.5.4 Interaction with Radiation
Chapter 8: pn-Junctions
	8.1 Semiconductors
		8.1.1 Electrons and Holes
		8.1.2 p-Type and n-Type Semiconductors
	8.2 Formation of a pn-Junction
	8.3 Analysis of pn-Junctions
		8.3.1 Effect of Bias Voltage
		8.3.2 Lifetime of Excess Minority Carriers
		8.3.3 Junction Current
		8.3.4 Shockley Equation
	8.4 Light-Emitting Diodes for Illumination
		8.4.1 Invention of the Blue LED
		8.4.2 The Working Principle
		8.4.3 Wavelength Engineering
		8.4.4 The Freestanding GaN Substrate
		8.4.5 A Brief Sketch of History
Chapter 9: Semiconductor Solar Cells
	9.1 Basic Concepts
		9.1.1 Generating Electric Power
		9.1.2 Solar Cell Equation
		9.1.3 Maximum Power and Fill Factor
	9.2 The Shockley–Queisser Limit
		9.2.1 Ultimate Efficiency
		9.2.2 Role of Recombination Time
		9.2.3 Detailed-Balance Treatment
		9.2.4 Nominal Efficiency
		9.2.5 Shockley–Queisser Efficiency Limit
		9.2.6 Efficiency Limit for AM1.5 Radiation
	9.3 Nonradiative Recombination Processes
		9.3.1 Auger Recombination
		9.3.2 Trap-State Recombination
		9.3.3 Surface-State Recombination
	9.4 Antireflection Coatings
		9.4.1 Matrix Method
		9.4.2 Single-Layer Antireflection Coating
		9.4.3 Double-Layer Antireflection Coatings
	9.5 Crystalline Silicon Solar Cells
		9.5.1 Production of Pure Silicon
		9.5.2 Solar Cell Design and Processing
		9.5.3 Module Fabrication
	9.6 Thin-Film Solar Cells
		9.6.1 CdTe Solar Cells
		9.6.2 CIGS Solar Cells
		9.6.3 Amorphous Silicon Thin-Film Solar Cells
	9.7 Tandem Solar Cells
Chapter 10: Solar Photochemistry
	10.1 Physics of Photosynthesis
		10.1.1 Chlorophyll
		10.1.2 ATP: Universal Energy Currency of Life
		10.1.3 NADPH and NADP+
		10.1.4 Calvin Cycle
		10.1.5 C4 Plants versus C3 Plants
		10.1.6 Chloroplast
		10.1.7 Efficiency of Photosynthesis
	10.2 Artificial Photosynthesis
	10.3 Genetically Engineered Algae
	10.4 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
	10.5 Bilayer Organic Solar Cells
Chapter 11: Solar Thermal Energy
	11.1 Early Solar Thermal Applications
	11.2 Solar Heat Collectors
		11.2.1 Selective Absorption Surface
		11.2.2 Flat-Plate Collectors
		11.2.3 All-Glass Vacuum-Tube Collectors
		11.2.4 Thermosiphon Solar Heat Collectors
		11.2.5 High-Pressure Vacuum Tube Collectors
	11.3 Solar Water Heaters
	11.4 Solar Thermal Power Systems
		11.4.1 Parabolic Trough Concentrator
		11.4.2 Central Receiver with Heliostats
		11.4.3 Paraboloidal Dish Concentrator with Stirling Engine
Chapter 12: Physical Energy Storage
	12.1 Pumped Hydro Storage
	12.2 Sensible Heat Energy Storage
		12.2.1 Water
		12.2.2 Solid Sensible Heat Storage Materials
		12.2.3 Synthetic Oil in Packed Beds
	12.3 Phase Transition Thermal Storage
		12.3.1 Water–Ice Systems
		12.3.2 Paraffin Wax and Other Organic Materials
		12.3.3 Salt Hydrates
Chapter 13: Rechargeable Batteries
	13.1 An Electrochemistry Primer
		13.1.1 Basic Terms and Definitions
		13.1.2 Oxidation State
		13.1.3 Standard Oxidation-Reduction Potentials
	13.2 Lithium-Ion Batteries
		13.2.1 Benefit to Humankind
		13.2.2 Intercalation of Metal Ions
		13.2.3 The Cathode Materials
		13.2.4 The Anode Materials
		13.2.5 Electrolytes
		13.2.6 The Separator
		13.2.7 Packaging
		13.2.8 Mineral Resource of Lithium
	13.3 Sodium-Ion Batteries
		13.3.1 The Cathode Materials
		13.3.2 The Anode Materials
		13.3.3 Rest of the System
	13.4 Traditional Rechargeable Batteries
		13.4.1 Lead–Acid Batteries
		13.4.2 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries
Chapter 14: Building with Sunshine
	14.1 Early Solar Architecture
		14.1.1 Ancient Solar Architecture
		14.1.2 Holistic Architecture in Rural China
	14.2 Building Materials
		14.2.1 Thermal Resistance
		14.2.2 Specific Thermal Resistance
		14.2.3 Heat Transfer Coefficient: The U-Value
		14.2.4 Thermal Mass
		14.2.5 Glazing
	14.3 Example of Holistic Design
Appendix A: Energy Unit Conversion
Appendix B: Spherical Trigonometry
	B.1 Spherical Triangle
	B.2 Cosine Formula
	B.3 Sine Formula
	B.4 Formula C
Appendix C: Vector Analysis and Determinants
	C.1 Vector Analysis
	C.2 Determinants
Appendix D: Real Spherical Harmonics
	D.1 The Spherical Coordinate System
	D.2 Spherical Harmonics
Appendix E: Complex Numbers
	E.1 Definition of Complex Numbers
	E.2 The Euler Formula
Appendix F: Statistics of Particles
	F.1 Maxwell–Boltzmann Statistics
	F.2 Fermi–Dirac Statistics
	F.3 Bose–Einstein Statistics
Appendix G: Measurement in Quantum Mechanics
	G.1 The Measurement Postulate
	G.2 Experiments in Position Detection
	G.3 Tomographic Imaging of Wavefunctions
	G.4 Einstein’s Opinion on Quantum Mechanics
	G.5 A Modern View of Schr¨odinger’s Cat
	G.6 A Natural Presentation of Quantum Mechanics
Bibliography
Index
EULA