Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics

Cover......Page 1
FES-1......Page 2
FES-2......Page 3
FES-3......Page 4
Title Page
......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Brief Contents......Page 7
Contents......Page 8
About the Authors......Page 12
Preface......Page 13
To the Student......Page 34
Introduction......Page 37
Introduction......Page 38
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time......Page 39
1.2 Matter and Model Building......Page 42
1.3 Dimensional Analysis......Page 43
1.4 Conversion of Units......Page 45
1.5 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations......Page 46
1.6 Significant Figures......Page 47
Summary......Page 49
Introduction......Page 57
2.1 Position, Velocity, and Speed......Page 58
2.2 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed......Page 61
2.3 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Velocity......Page 64
2.4 Acceleration......Page 67
2.5 Motion Diagrams......Page 71
2.6 Analysis Model: Particle Under Constant Acceleration......Page 72
2.7 Freely Falling Objects......Page 76
2.8 Kinematic Equations Derived from Calculus......Page 79
Summary......Page 83
3.1 Coordinate Systems......Page 95
3.2 Vector and Scalar Quantities......Page 97
3.3 Some Properties of Vectors......Page 98
3.4 Components of a Vector and Unit Vectors......Page 101
Summary......Page 106
4.1 The Position, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors......Page 114
4.2 Two-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration......Page 117
4.3 Projectile Motion......Page 120
4.4 Analysis Model: Particlein Uniform Circular Motion......Page 127
4.5 Tangential and Radial Acceleration......Page 130
4.6 Relative Velocity and Relative Acceleration......Page 132
Summary......Page 134
5.1 The Concept of Force......Page 147
5.2 Newton’s First Law and Inertial Frames......Page 149
5.3 Mass......Page 150
5.4 Newton’s Second Law......Page 151
5.5 The Gravitational Force and Weight......Page 153
5.6 Newton’s Third Law......Page 154
5.7 Analysis Models Using Newton’s Second Law......Page 156
Summary......Page 171
6.1 Extending the Particle in Uniform Circular Motion Model......Page 186
6.2 Nonuniform Circular Motion......Page 192
6.3 Motion in Accelerated Frames......Page 194
6.4 Motion in the Presence of Resistive Forces......Page 197
Summary......Page 203
Introduction......Page 213
7.2 Work Done by a Constant Force......Page 214
7.3 The Scalar Product of Two Vectors......Page 217
7.5 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem......Page 224
7.6 Potential Energy of a System......Page 227
7.7 Conservative and Nonconservative Forces......Page 232
7.8 Relationship Between Conservative Forces and Potential Energy......Page 234
7.9 Energy Diagrams and Equilibrium of a System......Page 235
Summary......Page 237
Introduction......Page 247
8.1 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Energy)......Page 248
8.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Energy)......Page 251
8.3 Situations Involving Kinetic Friction......Page 258
8.4 Changes in Mechanical Energy for Nonconservative Forces......Page 263
8.5 Power......Page 268
Summary......Page 270
9.1 Linear Momentum......Page 283
9.2 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Momentum)......Page 286
9.3 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Momentum)......Page 288
9.4 Collisions in One Dimension......Page 292
9.5 Collisions in Two Dimensions......Page 300
9.6 The Center of Mass......Page 303
9.7 Systems of Many Particles......Page 308
9.8 Deformable Systems......Page 311
9.9 Rocket Propulsion......Page 313
Summary......Page 315
10.1 Angular Position, Velocity, and Acceleration......Page 329
10.2 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under Constant Angular Acceleration......Page 332
10.3 Angular and Translational Quantities......Page 334
10.4 Torque......Page 336
10.5 Analysis Model: Rigid Object Under a Net Torque......Page 338
10.6 Calculation of Moments of Inertia......Page 343
10.7 Rotational Kinetic Energy......Page 347
10.8 Energy Considerations in Rotational Motion......Page 348
10.9 Rolling Motion of a Rigid Object......Page 352
Summary......Page 357
11.1 The Vector Product and Torque......Page 371
11.2 Analysis Model: Nonisolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page 374
11.3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Object......Page 378
11.4 Analysis Model: Isolated System (Angular Momentum)......Page 381
11.5 The Motion of Gyroscopes and Tops......Page 386
Summary......Page 388
12.1 Analysis Model: Rigid Object in Equilibrium......Page 399
12.2 More on the Center of Gravity......Page 401
12.3 Examples of Rigid Objects in Static Equilibrium......Page 402
12.4 Elastic Properties of Solids......Page 409
Summary......Page 413
Introduction......Page 424
13.1 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 425
13.2 Free-Fall Acceleration and the Gravitational Force......Page 427
13.3 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Gravitational)......Page 428
13.4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets......Page 430
13.5 Gravitational Potential Energy......Page 436
13.6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion......Page 438
Summary......Page 443
14.1 Pressure......Page 453
14.2 Variation of Pressure with Depth......Page 455
14.4 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’s Principle......Page 459
14.5 Fluid Dynamics......Page 463
14.6 Bernoulli’s Equation......Page 466
14.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics......Page 469
Summary......Page 470
Introduction......Page 485
15.1 Motion of an Object Attached to a Spring......Page 486
15.2 Analysis Model: Particle in Simple Harmonic Motion......Page 488
15.3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 494
15.4 Comparing Simple Harmonic Motion with Uniform Circular Motion......Page 498
15.5 The Pendulum......Page 500
15.6 Damped Oscillations......Page 504
15.7 Forced Oscillations......Page 505
Summary......Page 507
Introduction......Page 519
16.1 Propagation of a Disturbance......Page 520
16.2 Analysis Model: Traveling Wave......Page 523
16.3 The Speed of Waves on Strings......Page 527
16.4 Reflection and Transmission......Page 530
16.5 Rate of Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings......Page 531
16.6 The Linear Wave Equation......Page 533
Summary......Page 534
Introduction......Page 543
17.1 Pressure Variations in Sound Waves......Page 544
17.2 Speed of Sound Waves......Page 546
17.3 Intensity of Periodic Sound Waves......Page 548
17.4 The Doppler Effect......Page 553
Summary......Page 559
Introduction......Page 569
18.1 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page 570
18.2 Standing Waves......Page 574
18.3 Analysis Model: Waves Under Boundary Conditions......Page 577
18.5 Standing Waves in Air Columns......Page 582
18.7 Beats: Interference in Time......Page 586
18.8 Nonsinusoidal Wave Patterns......Page 589
Summary......Page 591
Introduction......Page 603
19.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics......Page 604
19.2 Thermometers and the Celsius Temperature Scale......Page 606
19.3 The Constant-Volume Gas Thermometer and the Absolute Temperature Scale......Page 607
19.4 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids......Page 609
19.5 Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas......Page 614
Summary......Page 616
20.1 Heat and Internal Energy......Page 626
20.2 Specific Heat and Calorimetry......Page 629
20.3 Latent Heat......Page 633
20.4 Work and Heat in Thermodynamic Processes......Page 637
20.5 The First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 639
20.6 Some Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics......Page 640
20.7 Energy Transfer Mechanisms in Thermal Processes......Page 644
Summary......Page 650
Introduction......Page 662
21.1 Molecular Model of an Ideal Gas......Page 663
21.2 Molar Specific Heat of an Ideal Gas......Page 667
21.3 The Equipartition of Energy......Page 671
21.4 Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas......Page 673
21.5 Distribution of Molecular Speeds......Page 675
Summary......Page 680
Introduction......Page 689
22.1 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics......Page 690
22.2 Heat Pumps and Refrigerators......Page 692
22.3 Reversible and Irreversible Processes......Page 695
22.4 The Carnot Engine......Page 696
22.5 Gasoline and Diesel Engines......Page 701
22.6 Entropy......Page 703
22.7 Changes in Entropy for Thermodynamic Systems......Page 707
22.8 Entropy and the Second Law......Page 712
Summary......Page 714
Introduction......Page 725
23.1 Properties of Electric Charges......Page 726
23.2 Charging Objects by Induction......Page 728
23.3 Coulomb’s Law......Page 730
23.4 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Electric)......Page 735
23.5 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution......Page 740
23.6 Electric Field Lines......Page 744
23.7 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 746
Summary......Page 749
24.1 Electric Flux......Page 761
24.2 Gauss’s Law......Page 764
24.3 Application of Gauss’s Law to Various Charge Distributions......Page 767
24.4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium......Page 771
Summary......Page 774
25.1 Electric Potential and Potential Difference......Page 782
25.2 Potential Difference in a Uniform Electric Field......Page 784
25.3 Electric Potential and Potential Energy Due to Point Charges......Page 788
25.4 Obtaining the Value of the Electric Field from the Electric Potential......Page 791
25.5 Electric Potential Due to Continuous Charge Distributions......Page 792
25.6 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor......Page 797
25.7 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment......Page 800
25.8 Applications of Electrostatics......Page 801
Summary......Page 802
26.1 Definition of Capacitance......Page 813
26.2 Calculating Capacitance......Page 815
26.3 Combinations of Capacitors......Page 818
26.4 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor......Page 822
26.5 Capacitors with Dielectrics......Page 826
26.6 Electric Dipole in an Electric Field......Page 829
26.7 An Atomic Description of Dielectrics......Page 831
Summary......Page 834
27.1 Electric Current......Page 844
27.2 Resistance......Page 847
27.3 A Model for Electrical Conduction......Page 852
27.5 Superconductors......Page 855
27.6 Electrical Power......Page 856
Summary......Page 859
28.1 Electromotive Force......Page 869
28.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel......Page 872
28.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules......Page 879
28.4 RC Circuits......Page 882
28.5 Household Wiring and Electrical Safety......Page 888
Summary......Page 891
Introduction......Page 904
29.1 Analysis Model: Particle in a Field (Magnetic)......Page 905
29.2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 910
29.3 Applications Involving Charged Particles Moving in a Magnetic Field......Page 915
29.4 Magnetic Force Acting on a Current-Carrying Conductor......Page 918
29.5 Torque on a Current Loop in a Uniform Magnetic Field......Page 921
29.6 The Hall Effect......Page 926
Summary......Page 928
30.1 The Biot–Savart Law......Page 940
30.2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors......Page 945
30.3 Ampère’s Law......Page 947
30.4 The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid......Page 951
30.5 Gauss’s Law in Magnetism......Page 952
30.6 Magnetism in Matter......Page 955
Summary......Page 958
31.1 Faraday’s Law of Induction......Page 971
31.2 Motional emf......Page 975
31.3 Lenz’s Law......Page 980
31.4 Induced emf and Electric Fields......Page 983
31.5 Generators and Motors......Page 985
31.6 Eddy Currents......Page 989
Summary......Page 991
32.1 Self-Induction and Inductance......Page 1006
32.2 RL Circuits......Page 1008
32.3 Energy in a Magnetic Field......Page 1012
32.4 Mutual Inductance......Page 1014
32.5 Oscillations in an LC Circuit......Page 1016
32.6 The RLC Circuit......Page 1020
Summary......Page 1023
33.1 AC Sources......Page 1034
33.2 Resistors in an AC Circuit......Page 1035
33.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit......Page 1038
33.4 Capacitors in an AC Circuit......Page 1040
33.5 The RLC Series Circuit......Page 1043
33.6 Power in an AC Circuit......Page 1047
33.7 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit......Page 1049
33.8 The Transformer and Power Transmission......Page 1051
33.9 Rectifiers and Filters......Page 1054
Summary......Page 1056
Introduction......Page 1066
34.1 Displacement Current and the General Form of Ampère’s Law......Page 1067
34.2 Maxwell’s Equations and Hertz’s Discoveries......Page 1069
34.3 Plane Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1071
34.4 Energy Carried by Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1075
34.5 Momentum and Radiation Pressure......Page 1078
34.6 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna......Page 1080
34.7 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves......Page 1081
Summary......Page 1083
Introduction......Page 1093
35.1 The Nature of Light......Page 1094
35.2 Measurements of the Speed of Light......Page 1095
35.4 Analysis Model: Wave Under Reflection......Page 1097
35.5 Analysis Model: Wave Under Refraction......Page 1101
35.6 Huygens’s Principle......Page 1107
35.8 Total Internal Reflection......Page 1110
Summary......Page 1112
36.1 Images Formed by Flat Mirrors......Page 1126
36.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors......Page 1129
36.3 Images Formed by Refraction......Page 1136
36.4 Images Formed by Thin Lenses......Page 1140
36.5 Lens Aberrations......Page 1148
36.6 The Camera......Page 1149
36.7 The Eye......Page 1151
36.8 The Simple Magnifier......Page 1154
36.9 The Compound Microscope......Page 1155
36.10 The Telescope......Page 1156
Summary......Page 1158
37.1 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment......Page 1170
37.2 Analysis Model: Waves in Interference......Page 1173
37.3 Intensity Distribution of the Double-Slit Interference Pattern......Page 1176
37.4 Change of Phase Due to Reflection......Page 1179
37.5 Interference in Thin Films......Page 1180
37.6 The Michelson Interferometer......Page 1183
Summary......Page 1185
38.1 Introduction to Diffraction Patterns......Page 1196
38.2 Diffraction Patterns from Narrow Slits......Page 1197
38.3 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures......Page 1202
38.4 The Diffraction Grating......Page 1205
38.5 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals......Page 1210
38.6 Polarization of Light Waves......Page 1211
Summary......Page 1217
Introduction......Page 1227
Introduction......Page 1228
39.1 The Principle of Galilean Relativity......Page 1229
39.2 The Michelson–Morley Experiment......Page 1232
39.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity......Page 1234
39.4 Consequences of the Special Theory of Relativity......Page 1235
39.5 The Lorentz Transformation Equations......Page 1246
39.6 The Lorentz Velocity Transformation Equations......Page 1248
39.7 Relativistic Linear Momentum......Page 1250
39.8 Relativistic Energy......Page 1252
39.9 The General Theory of Relativity......Page 1256
Summary......Page 1259
Introduction......Page 1269
40.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis......Page 1270
40.2 The Photoelectric Effect......Page 1276
40.3 The Compton Effect......Page 1282
40.5 The Wave Properties of Particles......Page 1285
40.6 A New Model: The Quantum Particle......Page 1288
40.7 The Double-Slit Experiment Revisited......Page 1291
40.8 The Uncertainty Principle......Page 1292
Summary......Page 1295
41.1 The Wave Function......Page 1303
41.2 Analysis Model: Quantum Particle Under Boundary Conditions......Page 1307
41.3 The Schrödinger Equation......Page 1313
41.4 A Particle in a Well of Finite Height......Page 1315
41.5 Tunneling Through a Potential Energy Barrier......Page 1317
41.6 Applications of Tunneling......Page 1318
41.7 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator......Page 1322
Summary......Page 1324
Introduction......Page 1332
42.1 Atomic Spectra of Gases......Page 1333
42.2 Early Models of the Atom......Page 1335
42.3 Bohr’s Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 1336
42.4 The Quantum Model of the Hydrogen Atom......Page 1342
42.5 The Wave Functions for Hydrogen......Page 1344
42.6 Physical Interpretation of the Quantum Numbers......Page 1347
42.7 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table......Page 1354
42.8 More on Atomic Spectra: Visible and X-Ray......Page 1358
42.9 Spontaneous and Stimulated Transitions......Page 1361
42.10 Lasers......Page 1362
Summary......Page 1365
Introduction......Page 1376
43.1 Molecular Bonds......Page 1377
43.2 Energy States and Spectra of Molecules......Page 1380
43.3 Bonding in Solids......Page 1388
43.4 Free-Electron Theory of Metals......Page 1391
43.5 Band Theory of Solids......Page 1395
43.6 Electrical Conduction in Metals, Insulators, and Semiconductors......Page 1397
43.7 Semiconductor Devices......Page 1400
43.8 Superconductivity......Page 1406
Summary......Page 1407
Introduction......Page 1416
44.1 Some Properties of Nuclei......Page 1417
44.2 Nuclear Binding Energy......Page 1422
44.3 Nuclear Models......Page 1423
44.4 Radioactivity......Page 1426
44.5 The Decay Processes......Page 1430
44.6 Natural Radioactivity......Page 1440
44.7 Nuclear Reactions......Page 1441
44.8 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1442
Summary......Page 1444
45.1 Interactions Involving Neutrons......Page 1454
45.2 Nuclear Fission......Page 1455
45.3 Nuclear Reactors......Page 1457
45.4 Nuclear Fusion......Page 1461
45.5 Radiation Damage......Page 1468
45.6 Uses of Radiation......Page 1470
Summary......Page 1473
Introduction......Page 1483
46.1 The Fundamental Forces in Nature......Page 1484
46.2 Positrons and Other Antiparticles......Page 1485
46.3 Mesons and the Beginning of Particle Physics......Page 1487
46.4 Classification of Particles......Page 1490
46.5 Conservation Laws......Page 1491
46.6 Strange Particles and Strangeness......Page 1495
46.7 Finding Patterns in the Particles......Page 1496
46.8 Quarks......Page 1498
46.9 Multicolored Quarks......Page 1501
46.10 The Standard Model......Page 1503
46.11 The Cosmic Connection......Page 1505
46.12 Problems and Perspectives......Page 1510
Summary......Page 1512
Appendix A: Tables......Page 1521
Appendix B: Mathematics Review......Page 1524
Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements......Page 1542
Appendix D: SI Units......Page 1544
Answers to Quick Quizzes and Odd-Numbered Problems......Page 1545
Index......Page 1578
BES-1......Page 1621
BES-2......Page 1622