Physics

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the Author
Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
List of Selected Applications
Preface
Acknowledgments
	Chapter 1 Introduction
		1.1 Why Study Physics?
		1.2 Talking Physics
		1.3 The Use of Mathematics
		1.4 Scientific Notation and Significant Figures
		1.5 Units
		1.6 Dimensional Analysis
		1.7 Problem-Solving Techniques
		1.8 Approximation
		1.9 Graphs
PART ONE Mechanics
	Chapter 2 Motion Along a Line
		2.1 Position and Displacement
		2.2 Velocity: Rate of Change of Position
		2.3 Acceleration: Rate of Change of Velocity
		2.4 Visualizing Motion Along a Line with Constant Acceleration
		2.5 Kinematic Equations for Motion Along a Line with Constant Acceleration
		2.6 Free Fall
	Chapter 3 Motion in a Plane
		3.1 Graphical Addition and Subtraction of Vectors
		3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction Using Components
		3.3 Velocity
		3.4 Acceleration
		3.5 Motion in a Plane with Constant Acceleration
		3.6 Velocity Is Relative; Reference Frames
	Chapter 4 Force and Newton’s Laws of Motion
		4.1 Interactions and Forces
		4.2 Inertia and Equilibrium: Newton’s First Law of Motion
		4.3 Net Force, Mass, and Acceleration: Newton’s Second Law of Motion
		4.4 Interaction Pairs: Newton’s Third Law of Motion
		4.5 Gravitational Forces
		4.6 Contact Forces
		4.7 Tension
		4.8 Applying Newton’s Laws
		4.9 Reference Frames
		4.10 Apparent Weight
		4.11 Air Resistance
		4.12 Fundamental Forces
	Chapter 5 Circular Motion
		5.1 Description of Uniform Circular Motion
		5.2 Radial Acceleration
		5.3 Unbanked and Banked Curves
		5.4 Circular Orbits of Satellites and Planets
		5.5 Nonuniform Circular Motion
		5.6 Angular Acceleration
		5.7 Apparent Weight and Artificial Gravity
	Chapter 6 Conservation of Energy
		6.1 The Law of Conservation of Energy
		6.2 Work Done by a Constant Force
		6.3 Kinetic Energy
		6.4 Gravitational Potential Energy and Mechanical Energy
		6.5 Gravitational Potential Energy for an Orbit
		6.6 Work Done by Variable Forces
		6.7 Elastic Potential Energy
		6.8 Power
	Chapter 7 Linear Momentum
		7.1 A Conservation Law for a Vector Quantity
		7.2 Momentum
		7.3 The Impulse-Momentum Theorem
		7.4 Conservation of Momentum
		7.5 Center of Mass
		7.6 Motion of the Center of Mass
		7.7 Collisions in One Dimension
		7.8 Collisions in Two Dimensions
	Chapter 8 Torque and Angular Momentum
		8.1 Rotational Kinetic Energy and Rotational Inertia
		8.2 Torque
		8.3 Calculating Work Done from the Torque
		8.4 Rotational Equilibrium
		8.5 Application: Equilibrium in the Human Body
		8.6 Rotational Form of Newton’s Second Law
		8.7 The Motion of Rolling Objects
		8.8 Angular Momentum
		8.9 The Vector Nature of Angular Momentum
	Chapter 9 Fluids
		9.1 States of Matter
		9.2 Pressure
		9.3 Pascal’s Principle
		9.4 The Effect of Gravity on Fluid Pressure
		9.5 Measuring Pressure
		9.6 The Buoyant Force
		9.7 Fluid Flow
		9.8 Bernoulli’s Equation
		9.9 Viscosity
		9.10 Viscous Drag
		9.11 Surface Tension
	Chapter 10 Elasticity and Oscillations
		10.1 Elastic Deformations of Solids
		10.2 Hooke’s Law for Tensile and Compressive Forces
		10.3 Beyond Hooke’s Law
		10.4 Shear and Volume Deformations
		10.5 Simple Harmonic Motion
		10.6 The Period and Frequency for SHM
		10.7 Graphical Analysis of SHM
		10.8 The Pendulum
		10.9 Damped Oscillations
		10.10 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
	Chapter 11 Waves
		11.1 Waves and Energy Transport
		11.2 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
		11.3 Speed of Transverse Waves on a String
		11.4 Periodic Waves
		11.5 Mathematical Description of a Wave
		11.6 Graphing Waves
		11.7 Principle of Superposition
		11.8 Reflection and Refraction
		11.9 Interference and Diffraction
		11.10 Standing Waves
	Chapter 12 Sound
		12.1 Sound Waves
		12.2 The Speed of Sound Waves
		12.3 Amplitude and Intensity of Sound Waves
		12.4 Standing Sound Waves
		12.5 Timbre
		12.6 The Human Ear
		12.7 Beats
		12.8 The Doppler Effect
		12.9 Echolocation and Medical Imaging
PART TWO Thermal Physics
	Chapter 13 Temperature and the Ideal Gas
		13.1 Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium
		13.2 Temperature Scales
		13.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
		13.4 Molecular Picture of a Gas
		13.5 Absolute Temperature and the Ideal Gas Law
		13.6 Kinetic Theory of the Ideal Gas
		13.7 Temperature and Reaction Rates
		13.8 Diffusion
	Chapter 14 Heat
		14.1 Internal Energy
		14.2 Heat
		14.3 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
		14.4 Specific Heat of Ideal Gases
		14.5 Phase Transitions
		14.6 Thermal Conduction
		14.7 Thermal Convection
		14.8 Thermal Radiation
	Chapter 15 Thermodynamics
		15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
		15.2 Thermodynamic Processes
		15.3 Thermodynamic Processes for an Ideal Gas
		15.4 Reversible and Irreversible Processes
		15.5 Heat Engines
		15.6 Refrigerators and Heat Pumps
		15.7 Reversible Engines and Heat Pumps
		15.8 Entropy
		15.9 The Third Law of Thermodynamics
PART THREE Electromagnetism
	Chapter 16 Electric Forces and Fields
		16.1 Electric Charge
		16.2 Electric Conductors and Insulators
		16.3 Coulomb’s Law
		16.4 The Electric Field
		16.5 Motion of a Point Charge in a Uniform Electric Field
		16.6 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
		16.7 Gauss’s Law for Electric Fields
	Chapter 17 Electric Potential
		17.1 Electric Potential Energy
		17.2 Electric Potential
		17.3 The Relationship Between Electric Field and Potential
		17.4 Conservation of Energy for Moving Charges
		17.5 Capacitors
		17.6 Dielectrics
		17.7 Energy Stored in a Capacitor
	Chapter 18 Electric Current and Circuits
		18.1 Electric Current
		18.2 Emf and Circuits
		18.3 Microscopic View of Current in a Metal: The Free-Electron Model
		18.4 Resistance and Resistivity
		18.5 Kirchhoff’s Rules
		18.6 Series and Parallel Circuits
		18.7 Circuit Analysis Using Kirchhoff’s Rules
		18.8 Power and Energy in Circuits
		18.9 Measuring Currents and Voltages
		18.10 RC Circuits
		18.11 Electrical Safety
	Chapter 19 Magnetic Forces and Fields
		19.1 Magnetic Fields
		19.2 Magnetic Force on a Point Charge
		19.3 Charged Particle Moving Perpendicularly to a Uniform Magnetic Field
		19.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field: General
		19.5 A Charged Particle in Crossed E→ and B→ Fields
		19.6 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire
		19.7 Torque on a Current Loop
		19.8 Magnetic Field due to an Electric Current
		19.9 Ampère’s Law
		19.10 Magnetic Materials
	Chapter 20 Electromagnetic Induction
		20.1 Motional Emf
		20.2 Electric Generators
		20.3 Faraday’s Law
		20.4 Lenz’s Law
		20.5 Back Emf in a Motor
		20.6 Transformers
		20.7 Eddy Currents
		20.8 Induced Electric Fields
		20.9 Inductance
		20.10 LR Circuits
	Chapter 21 Alternating Current
		21.1 Sinusoidal Currents and Voltages: Resistors in ac Circuits
		21.2 Electricity in the Home
		21.3 Capacitors in ac Circuits
		21.4 Inductors in ac Circuits
		21.5 RLC Series Circuits
		21.6 Resonance in an RLC Circuit
		21.7 Converting ac to dc; Filters
PART FOUR Electromagnetic Waves and Optics
	Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Waves
		22.1 Maxwell’s Equations and Electromagnetic Waves
		22.2 Antennas
		22.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
		22.4 Speed of EM Waves in Vacuum and in Matter
		22.5 Characteristics of Traveling Electromagnetic Waves in Vacuum
		22.6 Energy Transport by EM Waves
		22.7 Polarization
		22.8 The Doppler Effect for EM Waves
	Chapter 23 Reflection and Refraction of Light
		23.1 Wavefronts, Rays, and Huygens’s Principle
		23.2 The Reflection of Light
		23.3 The Refraction of Light: Snell’s Law
		23.4 Total Internal Reflection
		23.5 Polarization by Reflection
		23.6 The Formation of Images Through Reflection or Refraction
		23.7 Plane Mirrors
		23.8 Spherical Mirrors
		23.9 Thin Lenses
	Chapter 24 Optical Instruments
		24.1 Lenses in Combination
		24.2 Cameras
		24.3 The Eye
		24.4 Angular Magnification and the Simple Magnifier
		24.5 Compound Microscopes
		24.6 Telescopes
		24.7 Aberrations of Lenses and Mirrors
	Chapter 25 Interference and Diffraction
		25.1 Constructive and Destructive Interference
		25.2 The Michelson Interferometer
		25.3 Thin Films
		25.4 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
		25.5 Gratings
		25.6 Diffraction and Huygens’s Principle
		25.7 Diffraction by a Single Slit
		25.8 Diffraction and the Resolution of Optical Instruments
		25.9 X-Ray Diffraction
		25.10 Holography
PART FIVE Quantum and Particle Physics and Relativity
	Chapter 26 Relativity
		26.1 Postulates of Relativity
		26.2 Simultaneity and Ideal Observers
		26.3 Time Dilation
		26.4 Length Contraction
		26.5 Velocities in Different Reference Frames
		26.6 Relativistic Momentum
		26.7 Mass and Energy
		26.8 Relativistic Kinetic Energy
	Chapter 27 Early Quantum Physics and the Photon
		27.1 Quantization
		27.2 Blackbody Radiation
		27.3 The Photoelectric Effect
		27.4 X-Ray Production
		27.5 Compton Scattering
		27.6 Spectroscopy and Early Models of the Atom
		27.7 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom; Atomic Energy Levels
		27.8 Pair Annihilation and Pair Production
	Chapter 28 Quantum Physics
		28.1 The Wave-Particle Duality
		28.2 Matter Waves
		28.3 Electron Microscopes
		28.4 The Uncertainty Principle
		28.5 Wave Functions for a Confined Particle
		28.6 The Hydrogen Atom: Wave Functions and Quantum Numbers
		28.7 The Exclusion Principle; Electron Configurations for Atoms Other Than Hydrogen
		28.8 Electron Energy Levels in a Solid
		28.9 Lasers
		28.10 Tunneling
	Chapter 29 Nuclear Physics
		29.1 Nuclear Structure
		29.2 Binding Energy
		29.3 Radioactivity
		29.4 Radioactive Decay Rates and Half-Lives
		29.5 Biological Effects of Radiation
		29.6 Induced Nuclear Reactions
		29.7 Fission
		29.8 Fusion
	Chapter 30 Particle Physics
		30.1 Fundamental Particles
		30.2 Fundamental Interactions
		30.3 Beyond the Standard Model
		30.4 Particle Accelerators
		30.5 Unanswered Questions in Particle Physics
Appendix A Mathematics Review
	A.1 Algebra
	A.2 Graphs of Linear Functions
	A.3 Solving Equations
	A.4 Exponents and Logarithms
	A.5 Proportions and Ratios
	A.6 Geometry
	A.7 Trigonometry
	A.8 Sinusoidal Functions of Time
	A.9 Approximations
	A.10 Vectors
	A.11 Symbols Used in This Book
Appendix B Reference Information
	B.1 Physical Constants
	B.2 Unit Conversions
	B.3 SI Prefixes
	B.4 SI Derived Units
	B.5 Useful Physical Data
	B.6 Astrophysical Data
	B.7 Periodic Table of the Elements
	B.8 Properties of Selected Nuclides
Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
Index