Physical science ( international Ed)

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 What Is Science?
	1.1 Objects and Properties
	1.2 Quantifying Properties
	1.3 Measurement Systems
	1.4 Standard Units for the Metric System
		Length
		Mass
		Time
	1.5 Metric Prefixes
	1.6 Understandings from Measurements
		Data
		Ratios and Generalizations
		The Density Ratio
		Symbols and Equations
		How to Solve Problems
	1.7 The Nature of Science
		The Scientific Method
		Explanations and Investigations
	Science and Society: Basic and Applied Research
		Laws and Principles
		Models and Theories
	Summary
	People Behind the Science: Florence Bascom (1862–1945)
	Key Terms
	Applying the Concepts
	Questions for Thought
	For Further Analysis
	Invitation to Inquiry
	Parallel Exercises
PHYSICS
	2 Motion
		2.1 Describing Motion
		2.2 Measuring Motion
			Speed
			Velocity
			Acceleration
		Science and Society: Transportation and the Environment
			Forces
		2.3 Horizontal Motion on Land
		2.4 Falling Objects
		A Closer Look: A Bicycle Racer’s Edge
		A Closer Look: Free Fall
		2.5 Compound Motion
			Vertical Projectiles
			Horizontal Projectiles
		2.6 Three Laws of Motion
			Newton’s First Law of Motion
			Newton’s Second Law of Motion
			Weight and Mass
			Newton’s Third Law of Motion
		2.7 Momentum
			Conservation of Momentum
			Impulse
		2.8 Forces and Circular Motion
		2.9 Newton’s Law of Gravitation
			Earth Satellites
		A Closer Look: Gravity Problems
			Weightlessness
		People Behind the Science: Isaac Newton (1642–1727)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	3 Energy
		3.1 Work
			Units of Work
			Power
		A Closer Look: Simple Machines
		3.2 Motion, Position, and Energy
			Potential Energy
			Kinetic Energy
		3.3 Energy Flow
			Work and Energy
			Energy Forms
			Energy Conversion
			Energy Conservation
			Energy Transfer
		3.4 Energy Sources Today
			Petroleum
		Science and Society: Grow Your Own Fuel?
			Coal
			Moving Water
			Nuclear
		People Behind the Science: James Prescott Joule (1818–1889)
			Conserving Energy
		3.5 Energy Sources Tomorrow
			Solar Technologies
			Geothermal Energy
			Hydrogen
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	4 Heat and Temperature
		4.1 The Kinetic Molecular Theory
			Molecules
			Molecules Interact
			Phases of Matter
			Molecules Move
		4.2 Temperature
			Thermometers
			Temperature Scales
		A Closer Look: Goose Bumps and Shivering
		4.3 Heat
			Heat as Energy Transfer
			Measures of Heat
			Specific Heat
			Heat Flow
		Science and Society: Require Insulation?
		4.4 Energy, Heat, and Molecular Theory
			Phase Change
		A Closer Look: Passive Solar Design
			Evaporation and Condensation
		4.5 Thermodynamics
			The First Law of Thermodynamics
			The Second Law of Thermodynamics
			The Second Law and Natural Processes
		People Behind the Science: Count Rumford (Benjamin Thompson) (1753–1814)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	5 Wave Motions and Sound
		5.1 Forces and Elastic Materials
			Forces and Vibrations
			Describing Vibrations
		5.2 Waves
			Kinds of Mechanical Waves
			Waves in Air
		5.3 Describing Waves
		5.4 Sound Waves
			Sound Waves in Air and Hearing
			Medium Required
		A Closer Look: Hearing Problems
			Velocity of Sound in Air
			Refraction and Reflection
			Interference
		5.5 Energy of Waves
			How Loud Is That Sound?
			Resonance
		5.6 Sources of Sounds
			Vibrating Strings
		Science and Society: Laser Bug
			Sounds from Moving Sources
		People Behind the Science: Johann Christian Doppler (1803–1853)
		Case Study: Doppler Radar
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	6 Electricity
		6.1 Concepts of Electricity
			Electron Theory of Charge
			Measuring Electrical Charges
			Electrostatic Forces
			Force Fields
			Electric Potential
		6.2 Electric Current
			The Electric Circuit
			The Nature of Current
			Electrical Resistance
			Electrical Power and Electrical Work
		People Behind the Science: Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790)
		6.3 Magnetism
			Magnetic Poles
			Magnetic Fields
			The Source of Magnetic Fields
		6.4 Electric Currents and Magnetism
			Current Loops
			Applications of Electromagnets
		6.5 Electromagnetic Induction
		A Closer Look: Current War
			Generators
			Transformers
		6.6 Circuit Connections
			Voltage Sources in Circuits
		Science and Society: Blackout Reveals Pollution
			Resistances in Circuits
		A Closer Look: Solar Cells
			Household Circuits
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	7 Light
		7.1 Sources of Light
		Case Study: Bioluminous
		7.2 Properties of Light
			Light Interacts with Matter
			Reflection
			Refraction
		A Closer Look: Optics
			Dispersion and Color
		A Closer Look: The Rainbow
		7.3 Evidence for Waves
			Interference
			Polarization
		A Closer Look: Optic Fibers
		A Closer Look: Lasers
		A Closer Look: Why Is the Sky Blue?
		7.4 Evidence for Particles
			Photoelectric Effect
			Quantization of Energy
		7.5 The Present Theory
		7.6 Relativity
			Special Relativity
		People Behind the Science: James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879)
			General Theory
			Relativity Theory Applied
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
CHEMISTRY
	8 Atoms and Periodic Properties
		8.1 Atomic Structure Discovered
			Discovery of the Electron
		Case Study: Discovery of the Electron
			The Nucleus
		Case Study: Oil Drop Experiment
		8.2 The Bohr Model
			The Quantum Concept
			Atomic Spectra
			Bohr’s Theory
		8.3 Quantum Mechanics
			Matter Waves
			Wave Mechanics
			The Quantum Mechanics Model
		Science and Society: Atomic Research
		8.4 Electron Configuration
		8.5 The Periodic Table
		8.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Semiconductors
		A Closer Look: The Rare Earths
		People Behind the Science: Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleyev (1834–1907)
		A Closer Look: Semiconductors
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	9 Chemical Bonds
		9.1 Compounds and Chemical Change
		9.2 Valence Electrons and Ions
		9.3 Chemical Bonds
			Ionic Bonds
			Covalent Bonds
		9.4 Bond Polarity
		Case Study: Electronegativity
		9.5 Composition of Compounds
			Ionic Compound Names
			Ionic Compound Formulas
			Covalent Compound Names
		Science and Society: Microwave Ovens and Molecular Bonds
			Covalent Compound Formulas
		People Behind the Science: Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	10 Chemical Reactions
		10.1 Chemical Formulas
			Molecular and Formula Weights
			Percent Composition of Compounds
		10.2 Chemical Equations
			Balancing Equations
		Case Study: Conservation of Mass
			Generalizing Equations
		10.3 Types of Chemical Reactions
			Combination Reactions
			Decomposition Reactions
			Replacement Reactions
			Ion Exchange Reactions
		10.4 Information from Chemical Equations
			Units of Measurement used with Equations
		Science and Society: The Catalytic Converter
			Quantitative Uses of Equations
		People Behind the Science: Emma Perry Carr (1880–1972)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	11 Water and Solutions
		11.1 Household Water
		Science and Society: Who Has the Right?
		11.2 Properties of Water
			Structure of Water Molecules
			The Dissolving Process
			Concentration of Solutions
		A Closer Look: Decompression Sickness
			Solubility
		Science and Society: What Is BPA?
		11.3 Properties of Water Solutions
			Electrolytes
			Boiling Point
			Freezing Point
		11.4 Acids, Bases, and Salts
			Properties of Acids and Bases
			Explaining Acid-Base Properties
			Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
			The pH Scale
			Properties of Salts
			Hard and Soft Water
		A Closer Look: Acid Rain
		People Behind the Science: Johannes Nicolaus Brönsted (1879–1947)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	12 Organic Chemistry
		12.1 Organic Compounds
		12.2 Hydrocarbons
			Alkenes and Alkynes
			Cycloalkanes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
		12.3 Petroleum
		12.4 Hydrocarbon Derivatives
			Alcohols
			Ethers, Aldehydes, and Ketones
			Organic Acids and Esters
		Science and Society: Aspirin, a Common Organic Compound
		12.5 Organic Compounds of Life
			Proteins
			Carbohydrates
			Fats and Oils
			Synthetic Polymers
		A Closer Look: How to Sort Plastic Bottles for Recycling
		People Behind the Science: Alfred Bernhard Nobel (1833–1896)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	13 Nuclear Reactions
		13.1 Natural Radioactivity
			Nuclear Equations
			The Nature of the Nucleus
			Types of Radioactive Decay
			Radioactive Decay Series
		13.2 Measurement of Radiation
			Measurement Methods
		A Closer Look: How Is Half-Life Determined?
			Radiation Units
		A Closer Look: Carbon Dating
			Radiation Exposure
		13.3 Nuclear Energy
		A Closer Look: Radiation and Food Preservation
			Nuclear Fission
		A Closer Look: Nuclear Medicine
			Nuclear Power Plants
			Nuclear Fusion
		A Closer Look: Three Mile Island, Chernobyl, and Fukushima I
		A Closer Look: Nuclear Waste
		Science and Society: High-Level Nuclear Waste
			The Source of Nuclear Energy
		People Behind the Science: Marie Curie (1867–1934)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
ASTRONOMY
	14 The Universe
		14.1 The Night Sky
		14.2 Stars
			Origin of Stars
			Brightness of Stars
			Star Temperature
			Star Types
			The Life of a Star
		A Closer Look: Observing with New Technology
		Science and Society: Light Pollution
		14.3 Galaxies
		A Closer Look: Extraterrestrials?
			The Milky Way Galaxy
		People Behind the Science: Jocelyn (Susan) Bell Burnell (1943– )
			Other Galaxies
		14.4 The Universe
		A Closer Look: Dark Energy
		A Closer Look: Dark Matter
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	15 The Solar System
		15.1 Planets Near the Sun
			Mercury
			Venus
			Mars
		Case Study: Worth the Cost?
		15.2 Planets Far from the Sun
			Jupiter
			Saturn
			Uranus and Neptune
		15.3 Small Bodies of the Solar System
			Comets
			Asteroids
			Meteors and Meteorites
		15.4 Origin of the Solar System
			Stage A
			Stage B
			Stage C
		15.5 Ideas About the Solar System
			The Geocentric Model
			The Heliocentric Model
		People Behind the Science: Gerard Peter Kuiper (1905–1973)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	16 Earth in Space
		16.1 Shape and Size of Earth
		16.2 Motions of Earth
			Orbit
			Rotation
			Precession
		16.3 Place and Time
			Identifying Place
			Measuring Time
		Science and Society: Saving Time?
		16.4 The Moon
			Composition and Features
			History of the Moon
		16.5 The Earth-Moon System
			Phases of the Moon
			Eclipses of the Sun and Moon
			Tides
		People Behind the Science: Carl Edward Sagan (1934–1996)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
EARTH SCIENCE
	17 Rocks and Minerals
		17.1 Solid Earth Materials
		17.2 Minerals
			Crystal Structures
			Silicates and Nonsilicates
			Physical Properties of Minerals
		17.3 Mineral-Forming Processes
		17.4 Rocks
			Igneous Rocks
			Sedimentary Rocks
		A Closer Look: Asbestos
		Science and Society: Using Mineral Resources
		People Behind the Science: Victor Moritz Goldschmidt (1888–1947)
			Metamorphic Rocks
		17.5 The Rock Cycle
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	18 Plate Tectonics
		18.1 History of Earth’s Interior
		18.2 Earth’s Internal Structure
			Body Waves
			Surface Waves
			The Crust
			The Mantle
			The Core
			A More Detailed Structure
		A Closer Look: Seismic Tomography
		18.3 Theory of Plate Tectonics
			Evidence from Earth’s Magnetic Field
			Evidence from the Ocean
			Lithosphere Plates and Boundaries
		A Closer Look: Measuring Plate Movement
			Present-Day Understandings
		People Behind the Science: Harry Hammond Hess (1906–1969)
			Science and Society: Geothermal Energy
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	19 Building Earth’s Surface
		19.1 Interpreting Earth’s Surface
		19.2 Earth’s Changing Features
			Stress and Strain
			Folding
			Joints and Faults
		19.3 Earthquakes
			Causes of Earthquakes
			Locating and Measuring Earthquakes
			Measuring Earthquake Strength
		A Closer Look: Earthquake Safety
		19.4 Origin of Mountains
			Folded and Faulted Mountains
			Volcanic Mountains
		A Closer Look: Volcanoes Change the World
		People Behind the Science: James Hutton (1726–1797)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	20 Shaping Earth’s Surface
		20.1 Weathering, Erosion, and Transportation
		20.2 Weathering
		20.3 Soils
		20.4 Erosion
			Mass Movement
			Running Water
			Glaciers
			Wind
		Science and Society: Acid Rain
		People Behind the Science: John Wesley Powell (1834–1902)
		20.5 Development of Landscapes
			Rock Structure
			Weathering and Erosion Processes
			Stage of Development
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	21 Geologic Time
		21.1 Fossils
			Early Ideas about Fossils
			Types of Fossilization
		21.2 Reading Rocks
			Arranging Events in Order
			Correlation
		21.3 Geologic Time
			Early Attempts at Earth Dating
			Modern Techniques
			The Geologic Time Scale
			Geologic Periods and Typical Fossils
		People Behind the Science: Eduard Suess (1831–1914)
			Mass Extinctions
			Interpreting Geologic History—A Summary
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	22 The Atmosphere of Earth
		22.1 The Atmosphere
			Composition of the Atmosphere
			Atmospheric Pressure
			Warming the Atmosphere
		A Closer Look: Hole in the Ozone Layer?
			Structure of the Atmosphere
		22.2 The Winds
		A Closer Look: The Windchill Factor
			Local Wind Patterns
		Science and Society: Use Wind Energy?
			Global Wind Patterns
		22.3 Water and the Atmosphere
			Evaporation and Condensation
		People Behind the Science: James Ephraim Lovelock (1919– )
			Fog and Clouds
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	23 Weather and Climate
		23.1 Clouds and Precipitation
			Cloud-Forming Processes
			Origin of Precipitation
		23.2 Weather Producers
			Air Masses
			Weather Fronts
		Science and Society: Urban Heat Islands
			Waves and Cyclones
			Major Storms
		23.3 Weather Forecasting
			Climate
			Major Climate Groups
			Regional Climatic Influence
			Describing Climates
		23.4 Climate Change
			Causes of Global Climate Change
		Case Study: El Niño
			Global Warming
		People Behind the Science: Vilhelm Firman Koren Bjerknes (1862–1951)
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
	24 Earth’s Waters
		24.1 Water on Earth
			Freshwater
		Science and Society: Water Quality
			Surface Water
			Groundwater
			Freshwater as a Resource
		A Closer Look: Water Quality and Wastewater Treatment
		24.2 Seawater
			Oceans and Seas
			The Nature of Seawater
			Movement of Seawater
		A Closer Look: Estuary Pollution
		A Closer Look: Rogue Waves
		People Behind the Science: Rachel Louise Carson (1907–1964)
		24.3 The Ocean Floor
		Summary
		Key Terms
		Applying the Concepts
		Questions for Thought
		For Further Analysis
		Invitation to Inquiry
		Parallel Exercises
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Index