Phrygian Rock-cut Shrines: Structure, Function, and Cult Practice

Phrygian Rock-Cut Shrines: Structure, Function, and Cult Practice......Page 4
TABLE OF CONTENTS......Page 8
LIST OF TABLES, DIAGRAMS AND FIGURES......Page 12
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 18
1. Aims and Method......Page 20
2. Terminology and Definitions......Page 21
3. State and History of Research......Page 23
2. Geographical Distribution......Page 26
3.1. Access to Water......Page 29
3.2. The Relation between the Monuments and the Settlements......Page 32
3.3. Specific Topographical Features......Page 35
3.4. Conclusions......Page 40
4.1. Step Monuments and Idols......Page 41
4.2. Façades and Niches......Page 42
4.3. Conclusions......Page 44
5.1. Niche......Page 46
5.2. Akroterion......Page 54
5.3. Roof and Gable Field......Page 55
5.4. Side Posts......Page 59
5.5. Geometrical Decoration of the Façades......Page 60
5.6. Shaft......Page 64
6. Step Monuments......Page 65
6.1. Steps......Page 66
6.2. The Upper Part above the Steps......Page 70
6.3. Conclusions......Page 73
7.1. Iconography of Matar......Page 74
7.2. Images of Animals and Other Related Creatures......Page 78
7.3. Images of Idols......Page 81
7.4. Conclusions......Page 83
8.1. Platform, Shelf, Podium, Bench, Base and Other Steps......Page 84
8.2. Bosses......Page 86
8.3. Cup-marks and Basins......Page 87
8.4. Small Secondary Niches......Page 88
8.5. Architectural Constructions Associated with Façades......Page 90
9.1. Introduction......Page 92
9.2. Placement of the Inscriptions......Page 94
9.3. Type and Content of Inscriptions......Page 96
9.4. Epithets of Matar......Page 108
9.5. Conclusions......Page 111
1. Introduction......Page 114
2.1. The Chronology of Midas City and Other Settlements......Page 115
2.2. Excavated Objects and Structures Found Close to Rock-cut Monuments at Midas City......Page 117
3.1. Chronological Aspects Concerning the Geometric Decoration of the Main Field of the Façades......Page 123
3.2. Chronological Aspects of the Architectural Imitations of the Façades......Page 130
3.3. Iconographical Evidence from a Chronological Point of View......Page 139
4.1. Introduction......Page 150
4.2. Monuments with Inscriptions......Page 151
5.1. Step Monuments and Idols......Page 159
5.2. Façades and Niches......Page 162
6. Summary......Page 167
1.1. Outdoor and Mountainous Settings......Page 168
1.2. An Eastern Orientation......Page 170
1.3. Close to Water Sources......Page 172
1.4. Close to City Gates......Page 173
1.5. Connection to Tombs......Page 177
1.6. Conclusions......Page 182
2.1. The Semicircular Disc......Page 183
2.2. The Concept of Idols......Page 184
2.3. Which Deities Can Be Connected with the Different Types of Monuments?......Page 195
3. The Purpose of the Monuments and How They Were Used in Cult......Page 197
3.1. The Purpose of the Step Monuments......Page 198
3.2. The Purpose of the Façades......Page 201
3.3. The Purpose of the Stoa at the Midas Monument and the Architectural Space at DeÅirmen Yeri......Page 202
3.4. The Purpose of Idols Not Made as a Part of Step Monuments......Page 205
3.5. Cult Practices Connected with the Monuments......Page 206
3.6. Conclusions......Page 218
4.1. Step Monuments and Idols—Sources of Influence and Origin......Page 219
4.2. Façades and Niches—Sources of Influence and Origin......Page 225
4.3. Conclusions......Page 230
1. Phrygian Cult and Cult Practice: The Archaeological Perspective......Page 231
2. Phrygian Religion in a Historical Perspective......Page 234
1. Introduction......Page 238
Delikli Tas......Page 240
FÌndÌk Asar Kaya......Page 241
Kes Kaya......Page 244
Döğer Asar Kaya......Page 246
Emre Gölü Area......Page 247
Köhnüs Valley......Page 250
Karababa Valley......Page 254
Gökbahçe......Page 255
Kümbet Asar Kale......Page 256
Midas City (YazÌlÌkaya) and Environs......Page 257
Germanos......Page 264
FÌndÌk Asar Kaya......Page 265
Emre Gölü Area......Page 268
Demirli Köy......Page 269
Köhnüs Valley......Page 270
Midas City (YazÌlÌkaya)......Page 272
Tekören......Page 288
Dümrek......Page 289
Karahisar......Page 291
1. Niches with a Surrounding Façade......Page 293
2. Step Monuments......Page 294
BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 296
INDICES......Page 316
GENERAL INDEX......Page 318
INDEX OF CATALOGUED MONUMENTS......Page 328
INDEX OF PALAEO PHRYGIAN WORDS......Page 333
INDEX OF PALAEO PHRYGIAN INSCRIPTIONS......Page 334
PLATES......Page 336