PHP and Algorithmic Thinking for the Complete Beginner (3rd Edition)

Table of Contents
Preface
   About the Author
   Acknowledgments
   How This Book is Organized
   Who Should Buy This Book?
   Conventions Used in This Book
   How to Report Errata
   Where to Download Material About this Book
   If you Like this Book
Part I Introductory Knowledge
   Chapter 1 How a Computer Works
      1.1 Introduction
      1.2 What is Hardware?
      1.3 What is Software?
      1.4 How a Computer Executes (Runs) a Program
      1.5 Compilers and Interpreters
      1.6 What is Source Code?
      1.7 Review Questions: True/False
      1.8 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
   Chapter 2 PHP and Integrated Development Environments
      2.1 What is PHP?
      2.2 What is the Difference Between a Script and a Program?
      2.3 Why You Should Learn PHP
      2.4 How PHP Works
      2.5 Integrated Development Environments
      2.6 Visual Studio
   Chapter 3 Software Packages to Install
      3.1 What to Install
   Review in “Introductory Knowledge”
      Review Crossword Puzzles
      Review Questions
Part II Getting Started with PHP
   Chapter 4 Introduction to Basic Algorithmic Concepts
      4.1 What is an Algorithm?
      4.2 The Algorithm for Making a Cup of Tea
      4.3 Properties of an Algorithm
      4.4 Okay About Algorithms. But What is a Computer Program Anyway?
      4.5 The Three Parties!
      4.6 The Three Main Stages Involved in Creating an Algorithm
      4.7 Flowcharts
         Exercise 4.7-1 Finding the Average Value of Three Numbers
      4.8 What are ”Reserved Words”?
      4.9 What is the Difference Between a Statement and a Command?
      4.10 What is Structured Programming?
      4.11 The Three Fundamental Control Structures
         Exercise 4.11-1 Understanding Control Structures Using Flowcharts
      4.12 Your First PHP Script
      4.13 What is the Difference Between a Syntax Error, a Logic Error, and a Runtime Error?
      4.14 What “Debugging” Means
      4.15 Commenting Your Code
      4.16 User-Friendly Programs and Scripts
      4.17 Review Questions: True/False
      4.18 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
   Chapter 5 Variables and Constants
      5.1 What is a Variable?
      5.2 What is a Constant?
      5.3 How Many Types of Variables and Constants Exist?
      5.4 Rules and Conventions for Naming Variables and Constants in PHP
      5.5 What Does the Phrase “Declare a Variable” Mean?
      5.6 How to Declare Variables in PHP
      5.7 How to Declare Constants in PHP
      5.8 Review Questions: True/False
      5.9 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      5.10 Review Exercises
   Chapter 6 Handling Input and Output
      6.1 How to Output Messages and Results to a User's Screen?
      6.2 How to Output Special Characters?
      6.3 How to Prompt the User to Enter Data?
      6.4 Review Questions: True/False
      6.5 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
   Chapter 7 Operators
      7.1 The Value Assignment Operator
      7.2 Arithmetic Operators
      7.3 What is the Precedence of Arithmetic Operators?
      7.4 Compound Assignment Operators
         Exercise 7.4-1 Which PHP Statements are Syntactically Correct?
         Exercise 7.4-2 Finding Variable Types
      7.5 Incrementing/Decrementing Operators
      7.6 String Operators
         Exercise 7.6-1 Concatenating Names
      7.7 Review Questions: True/False
      7.8 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      7.9 Review Exercises
   Chapter 8 Trace Tables
      8.1 What is a Trace Table?
         Exercise 8.1-1 Creating a Trace Table
         Exercise 8.1-2 Creating a Trace Table
         Exercise 8.1-3 Swapping Values of Variables
         Exercise 8.1-4 Swapping Values of Variables – An Alternative Approach
      8.2 Review Questions: True/False
      8.3 Review Exercises
   Chapter 9 Using Visual Studio Code
      9.1 Write, Execute and Debug PHP Scripts
   Review in “Getting Started with PHP”
      Review Crossword Puzzles
      Review Questions
Part III Sequence Control Structures
   Chapter 10 Introduction to Sequence Control Structures
      10.1 What is the Sequence Control Structure?
         Exercise 10.1-1 Calculating the Area of a Rectangle
         Exercise 10.1-2 Calculating the Area of a Circle
         Exercise 10.1-3 Where is the Car? Calculating Distance Traveled
         Exercise 10.1-4 Kelvin to Fahrenheit
         Exercise 10.1-5 Calculating Sales Tax
         Exercise 10.1-6 Calculating a Sales Discount
         Exercise 10.1-7 Calculating a Sales Discount and Tax
      10.2 Review Exercises
   Chapter 11 Manipulating Numbers
      11.1 Introduction
      11.2 Useful Mathematical Functions (Subprograms), and More
         Exercise 11.2-1 Calculating the Distance Between Two Points
         Exercise 11.2-2 How Far Did the Car Travel?
      11.3 Review Questions: True/False
      11.4 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      11.5 Review Exercises
   Chapter 12 Complex Mathematical Expressions
      12.1 Writing Complex Mathematical Expressions
         Exercise 12.1-1 Representing Mathematical Expressions in PHP
         Exercise 12.1-2 Writing a Mathematical Expression in PHP
         Exercise 12.1-3 Writing a Complex Mathematical Expression in PHP
      12.2 Review Exercises
   Chapter 13 Exercises With a Quotient and a Remainder
      13.1 Introduction
         Exercise 13.1-1 Calculating the Quotient and Remainder of Integer Division
         Exercise 13.1-2 Finding the Sum of Digits
         Exercise 13.1-3 Displaying an Elapsed Time
         Exercise 13.1-4 Reversing a Number
      13.2 Review Exercises
   Chapter 14 Manipulating Strings
      14.1 Introduction
      14.2 The Position of a Character in a String
      14.3 Useful String Functions (Subprograms), and More
         Exercise 14.3-1 Displaying a String Backwards
         Exercise 14.3-2 Switching the Order of Names
         Exercise 14.3-3 Creating a Login ID
         Exercise 14.3-4 Creating a Random Word
         Exercise 14.3-5 Finding the Sum of Digits
      14.4 Review Questions: True/False
      14.5 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      14.6 Review Exercises
   Review in “Sequence Control Structures”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part IV Decision Control Structures
   Chapter 15 Making Questions
      15.1 Introduction
      15.2 What is a Boolean Expression?
      15.3 How to Write Simple Boolean Expressions
         Exercise 15.3-1 Filling in the Table
      15.4 Logical Operators and Complex Boolean Expressions
         Exercise 15.4-1 Calculating the Results of Complex Boolean Expressions
      15.5 Assigning the Result of a Boolean Expression to a Variable
      15.6 What is the Order of Precedence of Logical Operators?
         Exercise 15.6-1 Filling in the Truth Table
         Exercise 15.6-2 Converting English Sentences to Boolean Expressions
      15.7 What is the Order of Precedence of Arithmetic, Comparison, and Logical Operators?
      15.8 How to Negate Boolean Expressions
         Exercise 15.8-1 Negating Boolean Expressions
      15.9 Review Questions: True/False
      15.10 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      15.11 Review Exercises
   Chapter 16 The Single-Alternative Decision Structure
      16.1 The Single-Alternative Decision Structure
         Exercise 16.1-1 Trace Tables and Single-Alternative Decision Structures
         Exercise 16.1-2 The Absolute Value of a Number
      16.2 Review Questions: True/False
      16.3 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      16.4 Review Exercises
   Chapter 17 The Dual-Alternative Decision Structure
      17.1 The Dual-Alternative Decision Structure
         Exercise 17.1-1 Finding the Output Message
         Exercise 17.1-2 Trace Tables and Dual-Alternative Decision Structures
         Exercise 17.1-3 Who is the Greatest?
         Exercise 17.1-4 Finding Odd and Even Numbers
         Exercise 17.1-5 Weekly Wages
      17.2 Review Questions: True/False
      17.3 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      17.4 Review Exercises
   Chapter 18 The Multiple-Alternative Decision Structure
      18.1 The Multiple-Alternative Decision Structure
         Exercise 18.1-1 Trace Tables and Multiple-Alternative Decision Structures
         Exercise 18.1-2 Counting the Digits
      18.2 Review Questions: True/False
      18.3 Review Exercises
   Chapter 19 The Case Decision Structure
      19.1 The Case Decision Structure
         Exercise 19.1-1 The Days of the Week
      19.2 Review Questions: True/False
      19.3 Review Exercises
   Chapter 20 Nested Decision Control Structures
      20.1 What are Nested Decision Control Structures?
         Exercise 20.1-1 Trace Tables and Nested Decision Control Structures
         Exercise 20.1-2 Positive, Negative or Zero?
      20.2 Review Questions: True/False
      20.3 Review Exercises
   Chapter 21 More about Flowcharts with Decision Control Structures
      21.1 Introduction
      21.2 Converting PHP scripts to Flowcharts
         Exercise 21.2-1 Designing the Flowchart
         Exercise 21.2-2 Designing the Flowchart
         Exercise 21.2-3 Designing the Flowchart
      21.3 A Mistake That You Will Probably Make!
      21.4 Converting Flowcharts to PHP scripts
         Exercise 21.4-1 Writing the PHP Script
         Exercise 21.4-2 Writing the PHP Script
         Exercise 21.4-3 Writing the PHP Script
      21.5 Review Exercises
   Chapter 22 Tips and Tricks with Decision Control Structures
      22.1 Introduction
      22.2 Choosing a Decision Control Structure
      22.3 Streamlining the Decision Control Structure
         Exercise 22.3-1 “Shrinking” the Algorithm
         Exercise 22.3-2 “Shrinking” the PHP script
         Exercise 22.3-3 “Shrinking” the Algorithm
      22.4 Logical Operators – to Use, or not to Use: That is the Question!
         Exercise 22.4-1 Rewriting the Code
         Exercise 22.4-2 Rewriting the Code
      22.5 Merging Two or More Single-Alternative Decision Structures
         Exercise 22.5-1 Merging the Decision Control Structures
         Exercise 22.5-2 Merging the Decision Control Structures
      22.6 Replacing Two Single-Alternative Decision Structures with a Dual-Alternative One
         Exercise 22.6-1 “Merging” the Decision Control Structures
      22.7 Put the Boolean Expressions Most Likely to be True First
         Exercise 22.7-1 Rearranging the Boolean Expressions
      22.8 Why is Code Indentation so Important?
      22.9 Review Questions: True/False
      22.10 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      22.11 Review Exercises
   Chapter 23 More with Decision Control Structures
      23.1 Simple Exercises with Decision Control Structures
         Exercise 23.1-1 Is it an Integer?
         Exercise 23.1-2 Validating Data Input and Finding Odd and Even Numbers
         Exercise 23.1-3 Where is the Tollkeeper?
         Exercise 23.1-4 The Most Scientific Calculator Ever!
         Exercise 23.1-5 Converting Gallons to Liters, and Vice Versa
         Exercise 23.1-6 Converting Gallons to Liters, and Vice Versa (with Data Validation)
      23.2 Finding Minimum and Maximum Values with Decision Control Structures
         Exercise 23.2-1 Finding the Name of the Heaviest Person
      23.3 Decision Control Structures in Solving Mathematical Problems
         Exercise 23.3-1 Finding the Value of y
         Exercise 23.3-2 Finding the Values of y
         Exercise 23.3-3 Solving the Linear Equation ax + b = 0
         Exercise 23.3-4 Solving the Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
      23.4 Exercises with Series of Consecutive Ranges of Values
         Exercise 23.4-1 Calculating the Discount
         Exercise 23.4-2 Validating Data Input and Calculating the Discount
         Exercise 23.4-3 Sending a Parcel
         Exercise 23.4-4 Finding the Values of y
         Exercise 23.4-5 Progressive Rates and Electricity Consumption
         Exercise 23.4-6 Progressive Rates and Text Messaging Services
      23.5 Exercises of a General Nature with Decision Control Structures
         Exercise 23.5-1 Finding a Leap Year
         Exercise 23.5-2 Displaying the Days of the Month
         Exercise 23.5-3 Checking for Proper Capitalization and Punctuation
         Exercise 23.5-4 Is the Number a Palindrome?
      23.6 Boolean Expressions Reference and Handy Tips
      23.7 Review Exercises
   Review in “Decision Control Structures”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part V Loop Control Structures
   Chapter 24 Introduction to Loop Control Structures
      24.1 What is a Loop Control Structure?
      24.2 From Sequence Control to Loop Control Structures
      24.3 Review Questions: True/False
   Chapter 25 Pre-Test, Mid-Test and Post-Test Loop Structures
      25.1 The Pre-Test Loop Structure
         Exercise 25.1-1 Designing the Flowchart and Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.1-2 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.1-3 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.1-4 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.1-5 Finding the Sum of Four Numbers
         Exercise 25.1-6 Finding the Sum of Odd Numbers
         Exercise 25.1-7 Finding the Sum of N Numbers
         Exercise 25.1-8 Finding the Sum of an Unknown Quantity of Numbers
         Exercise 25.1-9 Finding the Product of 20 Numbers
      25.2 The Post-Test Loop Structure
         Exercise 25.2-1 Designing the Flowchart and Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.2-2 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.2-3 Designing the Flowchart and Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.2-4 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 25.2-5 Finding the Product of N Numbers
      25.3 The Mid-Test Loop Structure
         Exercise 25.3-1 Designing the Flowchart and Counting the Total Number of Iterations
      25.4 Review Questions: True/False
      25.5 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      25.6 Review Exercises
   Chapter 26 Definite Loops
      26.1 The for statement
         Exercise 26.1-1 Creating the Trace Table
         Exercise 26.1-2 Creating the Trace Table
         Exercise 26.1-3 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 26.1-4 Finding the Sum of Four Numbers
         Exercise 26.1-5 Finding the Square Roots from 0 to N
         Exercise 26.1-6 Finding the Sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + … + 100
         Exercise 26.1-7 Finding the Product of 2 × 4 × 6 × 8 × 10
         Exercise 26.1-8 Finding the Sum of 22 + 42 + 62 + … (2N)2
         Exercise 26.1-9 Finding the Sum of 33 + 66 + 99 + … (3N)3N
         Exercise 26.1-10 Finding the Average Value of Positive Numbers
         Exercise 26.1-11 Counting the Vowels
      26.2 Rules that Apply to For-Loops
         Exercise 26.2-1 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 26.2-2 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 26.2-3 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 26.2-4 Counting the Total Number of Iterations
         Exercise 26.2-5 Finding the Sum of N Numbers
      26.3 Review Questions: True/False
      26.4 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      26.5 Review Exercises
   Chapter 27 Nested Loop Control Structures
      27.1 What is a Nested Loop?
         Exercise 27.1-1 Say “Hello Zeus”. Counting the Total Number of Iterations.
         Exercise 27.1-2 Creating the Trace Table
      27.2 Rules that Apply to Nested Loops
         Exercise 27.2-1 Violating the First Rule
         Exercise 27.2-2 Violating the Second Rule
      27.3 Review Questions: True/False
      27.4 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      27.5 Review Exercises
   Chapter 28 More about Flowcharts with Loop Control Structures
      28.1 Introduction
      28.2 Converting PHP scripts to Flowcharts
         Exercise 28.2-1 Designing the Flowchart Fragment
         Exercise 28.2-2 Designing the Flowchart Fragment
         Exercise 28.2-3 Designing the Flowchart
         Exercise 28.2-4 Designing the Flowchart Fragment
         Exercise 28.2-5 Designing the Flowchart
      28.3 Converting Flowcharts to PHP scripts
         Exercise 28.3-1 Writing the PHP Script
         Exercise 28.3-2 Writing the PHP Script
         Exercise 28.3-3 Writing the PHP Script
         Exercise 28.3-4 Writing the PHP Script
      28.4 Review Exercises
   Chapter 29 Tips and Tricks with Loop Control Structures
      29.1 Introduction
      29.2 Choosing a Loop Control Structure
      29.3 The “Ultimate” Rule
      29.4 Breaking Out of a Loop
      29.5 Cleaning Out Your Loops
         Exercise 29.5-1 Cleaning Out the Loop
         Exercise 29.5-2 Cleaning Out the Loop
      29.6 Endless Loops and How to Stop Them
      29.7 The “From Inner to Outer” Method
      29.8 Review Questions: True/False
      29.9 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      29.10 Review Exercises
   Chapter 30 More with Loop Control Structures
      30.1 Simple Exercises with Loop Control Structures
         Exercise 30.1-1 Counting the Numbers According to Which is Greater
         Exercise 30.1-2 Counting the Numbers According to Their Digits
         Exercise 30.1-3 How Many Numbers Fit in a Sum
         Exercise 30.1-4 Finding the Total Number of Positive Integers
         Exercise 30.1-5 Iterating as Many Times as the User Wishes
         Exercise 30.1-6 Finding the Sum of the Digits
      30.2 Exercises with Nested Loop Control Structures
         Exercise 30.2-1 Displaying all Three-Digit Integers that Contain a Given Digit
         Exercise 30.2-2 Displaying all Instances of a Specified Condition
      30.3 Data Validation with Loop Control Structures
         Exercise 30.3-1 Finding Odd and Even Numbers - Validation Without Error Messages
         Exercise 30.3-2 Finding the Sum of Four Numbers
      30.4 Finding Minimum and Maximum Values with Loop Control Structures
         Exercise 30.4-1 Validating and Finding the Minimum and the Maximum Value
         Exercise 30.4-2 Validating and Finding the Hottest Planet
         Exercise 30.4-3 ”Making the Grade”
      30.5 Using Loop Control Structures to Solve Mathematical Problems
         Exercise 30.5-1 Calculating the Area of as Many Triangles as the User Wishes
         Exercise 30.5-2 Finding x and y
         Exercise 30.5-3 The Russian Multiplication Algorithm
         Exercise 30.5-4 Finding the Number of Divisors
         Exercise 30.5-5 Is the Number a Prime?
         Exercise 30.5-6 Finding all Prime Numbers from 1 to N
         Exercise 30.5-7 Heron's Square Root
         Exercise 30.5-8 Calculating π
         Exercise 30.5-9 Approximating a Real with a Fraction
      30.6 Exercises of a General Nature with Loop Control Structures
         Exercise 30.6-1 Fahrenheit to Kelvin, from 0 to 100
         Exercise 30.6-2 Rice on a Chessboard
         Exercise 30.6-3 Just a Poll
         Exercise 30.6-4 Is the Message a Palindrome?
      30.7 Review Questions: True/False
      30.8 Review Exercises
   Review in “Loop Control Structures”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part VI Arrays in PHP
   Chapter 31 One-Dimensional Arrays
      31.1 Introduction
      31.2 What is an Array?
         Exercise 31.2-1 Designing an Array
         Exercise 31.2-2 Designing Arrays
         Exercise 31.2-3 Designing Arrays
      31.3 Creating One-Dimensional Arrays in PHP
      31.4 How to Get Values from a One-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 31.4-1 Creating the Trace Table
         Exercise 31.4-2 Using a Non-Existing Index
      31.5 How to Alter the Value of an Array Element
      31.6 How to Iterate Through a One-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 31.6-1 Finding the Sum
      31.7 How to Add User-Entered Values to a One-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 31.7-1 Displaying Words in Reverse Order
         Exercise 31.7-2 Displaying Positive Numbers in Reverse Order
         Exercise 31.7-3 Finding the Average Value
         Exercise 31.7-4 Displaying Reals Only
         Exercise 31.7-5 Displaying Elements with Odd-Numbered Indexes
         Exercise 31.7-6 Displaying Even Numbers in Odd–Numbered Index Positions
      31.8 What is an Map?
      31.9 Creating Associative Arrays in PHP
      31.10 How to Get a Value from an Associative Array
         Exercise 31.10-1 Roman Numerals to Numbers
         Exercise 31.10-2 Using a Non-Existing Key in Dictionaries
      31.11 How to Alter the Value of an Element of an Associative Array
      31.12 How to Iterate Through an Associative Array
      31.13 Review Questions: True/False
      31.14 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      31.15 Review Exercises
   Chapter 32 Two-Dimensional Arrays
      32.1 Creating Two-Dimensional Arrays in PHP
      32.2 How to Get Values from Two-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 32.2-1 Creating the Trace Table
      32.3 How to Iterate Through a Two-Dimensional Array
      32.4 How to Add User-Entered Values to a Two-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 32.4-1 Displaying Reals Only
         Exercise 32.4-2 Displaying Odd Columns Only
      32.5 What's the Story on Variables $i and $j?
      32.6 Square Matrices
         Exercise 32.6-1 Finding the Sum of the Elements on the Main Diagonal
         Exercise 32.6-2 Finding the Sum of the Elements on the Antidiagonal
         Exercise 32.6-3 Filling in the Array
      32.7 Review Questions: True/False
      32.8 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      32.9 Review Exercises
   Chapter 33 Tips and Tricks with Arrays
      33.1 Introduction
      33.2 Processing Each Row Individually
         Exercise 33.2-1 Finding the Average Value
      33.3 Processing Each Column Individually
         Exercise 33.3-1 Finding the Average Value
      33.4 How to Use More Than One Arrays in a Script
         Exercise 33.4-1 Using Three One-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 33.4-2 Using a One-Dimensional Array Along with a Two-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 33.4-3 Using an Indexed Array Along with an Associative Array
      33.5 Creating a One-Dimensional Array from a Two-Dimensional Array
      33.6 Creating a Two-Dimensional Array from a One-Dimensional Array
      33.7 Useful Array Functions (Subprograms)
      33.8 Review Questions: True/False
      33.9 Review Questions: Multiple Choice
      33.10 Review Exercises
   Chapter 34 More with Arrays
      34.1 Simple Exercises with Arrays
         Exercise 34.1-1 Creating an Array that Contains the Average Values of its Neighboring Elements
         Exercise 34.1-2 Creating an Array with the Greatest Values
         Exercise 34.1-3 Merging One-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 34.1-4 Creating Two Arrays – Separating Positive from Negative Values
         Exercise 34.1-5 Creating an Array with Those who Contain Digit 5
      34.2 Data Validation with Arrays
         Exercise 34.2-1 Displaying Odds in Reverse Order
      34.3 Finding Minimum and Maximum Values in Arrays
         Exercise 34.3-1 Which Depth is the Greatest?
         Exercise 34.3-2 Which Lake is the Deepest?
         Exercise 34.3-3 Which Lake, in Which Country, Having Which Average Area, is the Deepest?
         Exercise 34.3-4 Which Students Have got the Greatest Grade?
         Exercise 34.3-5 Finding the Minimum Value of a Two-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 34.3-6 Finding the City with the Coldest Day
         Exercise 34.3-7 Finding the Minimum and the Maximum Value of Each Row
      34.4 Sorting Arrays
         Exercise 34.4-1 The Bubble Sort Algorithm – Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays with Numeric Values
         Exercise 34.4-2 Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays with Alphanumeric Values
         Exercise 34.4-3 Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays While Preserving the Relationship with a Second Array
         Exercise 34.4-4 Sorting Last and First Names
         Exercise 34.4-5 Sorting a Two-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 34.4-6 The Modified Bubble Sort Algorithm – Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 34.4-7 The Selection Sort Algorithm – Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 34.4-8 Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays While Preserving the Relationship with a Second Array
         Exercise 34.4-9 The Insertion Sort Algorithm – Sorting One-Dimensional Arrays
         Exercise 34.4-10 The Three Worst Elapsed Times
      34.5 Searching Elements in Arrays
         Exercise 34.5-1 The Linear Search Algorithm – Searching in a One-Dimensional Array that may Contain the Same Value Multiple Times
         Exercise 34.5-2 Display the Last Names of All Those People Who Have the Same First Name
         Exercise 34.5-3 The Linear Search Algorithm – Searching in a Two-Dimensional Array that May Contain the Same Value Multiple Times
         Exercise 34.5-4 The Linear Search Algorithm – Searching in a One-Dimensional Array that Contains Unique Values
         Exercise 34.5-5 Searching for a Social Security Number
         Exercise 34.5-6 The Linear Search Algorithm – Searching in a Two-Dimensional Array that Contains Unique Values
         Exercise 34.5-7 Checking if a Value Exists in all Columns
         Exercise 34.5-8 The Binary Search Algorithm – Searching in a Sorted One-Dimensional Array
         Exercise 34.5-9 Display all the Historical Events for a Country
         Exercise 34.5-10 Searching in Each Column of a Two-Dimensional Array
      34.6 Exercises of a General Nature with Arrays
         Exercise 34.6-1 On Which Days was There a Possibility of Snow?
         Exercise 34.6-2 Was There Any Possibility of Snow?
         Exercise 34.6-3 In Which Cities was There a Possibility of Snow?
         Exercise 34.6-4 Display from Highest to Lowest Grades by Student, and in Alphabetical Order
         Exercise 34.6-5 Archery at the Summer Olympics
         Exercise 34.6-6 The Five Best Scorers
         Exercise 34.6-7 Counting the Frequency of Vowels
      34.7 Review Questions: True/False
      34.8 Review Exercises
   Review in “Arrays in PHP”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part VII Subprograms
   Chapter 35 Introduction to Subprograms
      35.1 What Exactly is a Subprogram?
      35.2 What is Procedural Programming?
      35.3 What is Modular Programming?
      35.4 Review Questions: True/False
   Chapter 36 User-Defined Subprograms
      36.1 Subprograms that Return a Value
      36.2 How to Make a Call to a Function
      36.3 Subprograms that Return no Values
      36.4 How to Make a Call to a void Function
      36.5 Formal and Actual Arguments
      36.6 How Does a Function Execute?
         Exercise 36.6-1 Back to Basics – Calculating the Sum of Two Numbers
         Exercise 36.6-2 Calculating the Sum of Two Numbers Using Fewer Lines of Code!
      36.7 How Does a void Function Execute?
         Exercise 36.7-1 Back to Basics – Displaying the Absolute Value of a Number
      36.8 Review Questions: True/False
      36.9 Review Exercises
   Chapter 37 Tips and Tricks with Subprograms
      37.1 Can Two Subprograms use Variables of the Same Name?
      37.2 Can a Subprogram Call Another Subprogram?
      37.3 Passing Arguments by Value and by Reference
      37.4 Passing and/or Returning an Array
      37.5 Default Argument Values (Optional Arguments) and Named Arguments
      37.6 The Scope of a Variable
      37.7 Converting Parts of Code into Subprograms
      37.8 Recursion
      37.9 Review Questions: True/False
      37.10 Review Exercises
   Chapter 38 More with Subprograms
      38.1 Simple Exercises with Subprograms
         Exercise 38.1-1 A Simple Currency Converter
         Exercise 38.1-2 Finding the Average Values of Positive Integers
         Exercise 38.1-3 Finding the Sum of Odd Positive Integers
         Exercise 38.1-4 Finding the Values of y
      38.2 Exercises of a General Nature with Subprograms
         Exercise 38.2-1 Validating Data Input Using a Subprogram
         Exercise 38.2-2 Sorting an Array Using a Subprogram
         Exercise 38.2-3 Progressive Rates and Electricity Consumption
         Exercise 38.2-4 Roll, Roll, Roll the… Dice!
         Exercise 38.2-5 How Many Times Does Each Number of the Dice Appear?
      38.3 Review Exercises
   Review in “Subprograms”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part VIII Object-Oriented Programming
   Chapter 39 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
      39.1 What is Object-Oriented Programming?
      39.2 Classes and Objects in PHP
      39.3 The Constructor and the Keyword $this
      39.4 Passing Initial Values to the Constructor
         Exercise 39.4-1 Historical Events
      39.5 Getter and Setter Methods
         Exercise 39.5-1 The Roman Numerals
      39.6 Can a Method Call Another Method of the Same Class?
         Exercise 39.6-1 Doing Math
      39.7 Class Inheritance
      39.8 Review Questions: True/False
      39.9 Review Exercises
   Review in “Object-Oriented Programming”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Part IX Files
   Chapter 40 Introduction to Files
      40.1 Introduction
      40.2 Opening a File
      40.3 Closing a File
      40.4 Writing in (or Appending to) a File
      40.5 The File Pointer
      40.6 Reading from a File
      40.7 Iterating Through the Contents of a File
      40.8 Review Questions: True/False
      40.9 Review Exercises
   Chapter 41 More with Files
      41.1 Exercises of a General Nature with Files
         Exercise 41.1-1 Calculating the Sum of 10 Numbers
         Exercise 41.1-2 Calculating the Average Value of an Unknown Quantity of Numbers
         Exercise 41.1-3 Finding Minimum and Maximum Values
         Exercise 41.1-4 Concatenating Files
         Exercise 41.1-5 Searching in a File
         Exercise 41.1-6 Combining Files with Subprograms
      41.2 Review Exercises
   Review in “Files”
      Review Crossword Puzzle
      Review Questions
Some Final Words from the Author