Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process: The Future of Wastewater Treatment

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Photoreactors in Advanced Oxidation Process: The Future of Wastewater Treatment
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Contents
Preface
Part 1: Advances in Photocatalysts Synthesis
	1. Advancement and New Challenges in Heterogeneous Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment Photocatalysts for Industrial Wastewater Treatment
		Abstract
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Development of Heterogeneous Photocatalysts
		1.3 Mechanism of Action of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
		1.4 Recent Advances in Heterogeneous Photocatalyst
		1.5 Heterostructure Photocatalysts for the Degradation of Organic Pollutants
		1.6 Photoreactors
		1.7 Photoreactors for the Degradation of Volatile Organic Compounds
			1.7.1 Annular Reactors
			1.7.2 Plate Reactor
			1.7.3 Packed Bed Reactors
			1.7.4 Honeycomb Monolith Reactors
			1.7.5 Fluidized Bed Reactors
			1.7.6 Batch Reactors
			1.7.7 Parabolic Trough Photoreactors
			1.7.8 Inclined Flat Photoreactors
			1.7.9 Gas Phase Photoreactors
		1.8 Advantages and Disadvantages of Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
		1.9 Conclusion
		Acknowledgment
		References
	2. Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process in Wastewater Treatment
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		2.1 Introduction
			2.1.1 Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs)
			2.1.2 AOPs Classification
				2.1.2.1 Catalytic Oxidation
				2.1.2.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Oxidation
		2.2 Effect of Pollutant
		2.3 Type of Catalysts
			2.3.1 Metal Organic Frameworks
				2.3.1.1 Hydro (Solvo) Thermal Technique
			2.3.2 Metal Oxides
				2.3.2.1 Coprecipitation Method
				2.3.2.2 Hydrothermal Synthesis
				2.3.2.3 Sol-Gel Process
				2.3.2.4 Bioreduction Method
				2.3.2.5 Solvent System-Based Green Synthesis
			2.3.3 Perovskites
				2.3.3.1 Ultrasound-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
				2.3.3.2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Perovskites
				2.3.3.3 Mechanosynthesis of Perovskites
			2.3.4 Layered Double Hydroxides
				2.3.4.1 Coprecipitation by the Addition of Base
			2.3.5 Graphene
				2.3.5.1 Electrochemical (EC) Processes
				2.3.5.2 Water Electrolytic Oxidation
		2.4 Some Recent Heterogeneous Catalysts for Advanced Oxidation Process
		2.5 Conclusions and Future Prospect
		Acknowledgement
		References
	3. Green Synthesis of Photocatalysts and its Applications in Wastewater Treatment
		Abstract
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Photocatalysts and Green Chemistry
			3.2.1 Nanophotocatalysts (NPCs)
			3.2.2 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of NPCs
			3.2.3 Biopolymer-Mediated Synthesis of NPCs
				3.2.3.1 Alginic Acid
				3.2.3.2 Carrageenan
				3.2.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan
				3.2.3.4 Guar Gum
				3.2.3.5 Cellulose
				3.2.3.6 Xanthan Gum
			3.2.4 Green Synthesis of NPCs Using Bacteria, Algae, and Fungus
			3.2.5 Characterization of NPCs Using Various Analytical Techniques
				3.2.5.1 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
				3.2.5.2 XRD
				3.2.5.3 SEM, HR-TEM, EDX, and AFM
				3.2.5.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
				3.2.5.5 Dynamic Light Scattering
				3.2.5.6 Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)
				3.2.5.7 Barrett-Joyner-Halenda
			3.2.6 Application of Green Synthesized NPCs in Wastewater Treatment
		3.3 Limitations and Future Aspects
		3.4 Conclusion
		References
	4. Green Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Dyes in Wastewater
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Metal Ferrite Nanoparticles
		4.3 General Synthesis Methods of Metal Ferrites and Their Limitations
		4.4 Biological Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures
			4.4.1 Synthesis of Metal Ferrite Nanostructures Using Bacteria
			4.4.2 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Fungi
			4.4.3 Synthesis of Metal Ferrites Nanostructures Using Plant Extracts
		4.5 Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites as Photocatalysts for Dye Degradation
			4.5.1 Effect of Depositing Noble and Transition Metal on Metal Ferrites for Photodegradation
			4.5.2 Effect of Carbon Deposited on Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
			4.5.3 Effect of Coupling Metal Oxide Semiconductors with Metal Ferrites for Photocatalytic Degradation
			4.5.4 Biological Applications of Plant-Derived Metal Ferrites
		4.6 Challenges of these Materials and Photocatalysis
		4.7 Conclusion: Future Perspectives
		References
Part 2: Advanced Oxidation Processes
	5. Selected Advanced Oxidation Processes for Wastewater Remediation
		Abstract
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Photocatalysis and Ozonation
			5.2.1 Photocatalysis
			5.2.2 Ozonation
		5.3 Hybrid AOP Technologies
			5.3.1 Hydrodynamic Cavitation
			5.3.2 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Hydrodynamic Cavitation
			5.3.3 Hybrid AOP Systems Based on Ultrasound Radiation
				5.3.3.1 Sonoelectrochemical Oxidation
				5.3.3.2 Sonophotocatalytic Degradation
		5.4 Membrane-Based AOPs
		5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	6. Advanced Oxidation Processes-Mediated Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen in Wastewater
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Basic Chemistry and Occurrence of Ammonia Nitrogen
			6.2.1 Basic Chemistry of Ammonia Nitrogen
			6.2.2 Sources of Ammonia Nitrogen
			6.2.3 Effects of Ammonia Nitrogen on Aquaculture Species
		6.3 Photocatalytic Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
			6.3.1 TiO2/TiO2-Based Photocatalyst
			6.3.2 Modified TiO2 Photocatalyst
		6.4 Ozonation Technique for Removal of Aqueous Ammonia Nitrogen From Wastewater
			6.4.1 Noncatalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
			6.4.2 Catalytic Ozonation of Ammonia Nitrogen
		6.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects
		Acknowledgments
		References
Part 3: Design and Modelling of Photoreactors
	7. Recent Advances in Photoreactors for Water Treatment
		Abstract
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Photocatalysis Fundamentals and Mechanism
		7.3 Configuration of Photoreactor
			7.3.1 Source of Light Irradiation
			7.3.2 Geometry of Photoreactor
			7.3.3 Light Source Placement and Distribution
			7.3.4 Photoreactor Materials
		7.4 Types of Photoreactors
			7.4.1 Slurry Photoreactors
			7.4.2 Photocatalytic Membrane Photoreactors
			7.4.3 Rotating Drum Photoreactors
			7.4.4 Microphotoreactors
			7.4.5 Annular Photoreactor (APR)
			7.4.6 Closed-Loop Step Photoreactors
		7.5 Photocatalytic Water Purification Using Photoreactors
		7.6 Challenges for Effective Photoreactors
		7.7 Conclusion
		References
	8. Design of Photoreactors for Effective Dye Degradation
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		8.1 Introduction
			8.1.1 Mechanisms and Theory of AOP
			8.1.2 Design of Photoreactors
				8.1.2.1 Source of Irradiation
				8.1.2.2 Wavelength/Lamp Selection
			8.1.3 Placement of Light Source and Light Distribution
		8.2 Different Photoreactors Are Used for Wastewater Treatment
			8.2.1 Some Typical Photoreactors Used for Wastewater Treatment Are Described Below
			8.2.2 Homogenous and Heterogenous Systems
			8.2.3 Heterogenous Photocatalyst Arrangement
			8.2.4 Amount of Photocatalyst
		8.3 Photoreactors Designed to Work Under Visible-Light Irradiation Toward Wastewater Treatment
			8.3.1 Limitations of the Currently Employed Photoreactors and Future Scope
		8.4 Current and Future Developments
		References
	9. Simulation of Photocatalytic Reactors
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Modeling of Light Distribution
			9.2.1 Light Distribution
			9.2.2 Light Distribution Methods
			9.2.3 Simulation Parameters
			9.2.4 Influence of Bubbles on Light Distribution
			9.2.5 Validation of Light Distribution Models
		9.3 Photocatalysis Kinetics
		9.4 Conclusion
		References
	10. The Development of Self-Powered Nanoelectrocatalytic Reactor for Simultaneous Piezo-Catalytic Degradation of Bacteria and Organic Dyes in Wastewater
		Abstract
		Abbreviations
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Degradation Techniques
			10.2.1 Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation Processes (EAOPs)
		10.3 Characteristics and Properties of Piezoelectric Materials
			10.3.1 Natural Piezoelectric Materials
			10.3.2 Synthetic Piezoelectric Materials
		10.4 Synthesis of Piezoelectric Materials
			10.4.1 Electrospinning Technique
			10.4.2 Template Synthesis
			10.4.3 Mixed Metal Oxide (MMO)/Solid State Synthesis
			10.4.4 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Method
			10.4.5 Sol-Gel Method
		10.5 Challenges of Piezoelectric Nanomaterials/Nanogenerators
		10.6 Application of Piezoelectric Materials for Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
			10.6.1 Piezo-Electrocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes and Bacteria in Wastewater
		10.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		Acknowledgments
		References
Index