Photo-switched Biodegradation of Bioplastics in Marine Environments

Preface
Contents
Introduction—Next Generation Biodegradable Plastics
	1	General Introduction
	2	Innovative Natural Polymers Used as Plastics
		2.1	Polysaccharide-Derived
		2.2	Protein-Derived
		2.3	Nucleic Acid-Derived
	3	Biomass Plastic Showing Biodegradability
		3.1	Poly(Lactic Acid)
		3.2	Poly(Glycolic Acid)
	4	Petroleum-Derived Plastics Showing Biodegradability
		4.1	Poly(Butylene Succinate)
		4.2	Poly(Butylene Adipate Terephthalate)
	5	Biomass Plastic Showing Biodegradability Under Special Conditions
		5.1	Bio-PET
		5.2	Bio-Polyurethane
	References
Biorefinery: Microbial Production of Building Blocks from Plant Resources for the Synthesis of Bioplastics
	1	Biorefinery to Utilize Lignocellulosic Biomass
		1.1	Biorefinery Feedstocks
		1.2	Sorghum: As a Leading Candidate of Biorefinery Feedstock
		1.3	Pretreatment and Hydrolyzation of Biorefinery Feedstocks
	2	Microbial Production of Building Blocks for Bio-based Polymer Synthesis
		2.1	Introduction
		2.2	Production of Aliphatic Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		2.3	Production of Aromatic Compounds from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		2.4	Production of Itaconic Acid from Lignocellulosic Biomass
		2.5	Bioplastics Produced from Biomass
		2.6	Future Perspectives
	References
Syntheses of Biobased Polymers Using Bio/Naturally Derived Products
	1	Production of Biobased Polymers
	2	Polycinnamate as Biobased Aromatic Polyester
		2.1	High-Performance Polymers
		2.2	Biobased Adhesive
		2.3	Photoresponsive Materials
		2.4	Shape Memory Materials
	3	Biobased High-Performance Polymers Using Amino Acid as Diamine
		3.1	Hetero Diamine-Based Polymers
		3.2	Cyclic Dipeptide-Based Polymers for Self-assembly
	4	Biobased High-Performance and Functional Polymers Using Cinnamate Dimers
		4.1	Biobased Polyimides
		4.2	Organic-Solvent/Water-Soluble Polyimides
		4.3	Polyimide Hydrogels for PH-Responsive Gel
	5	Itaconic Acid-Based Polyamides as a Degradable Plastics
	6	Summary
	References
Modification Techniques for Biomass-Based Plastics
	1	Viscoelastic Properties in the Molten State
	2	Modification of Rheological Properties and Processability
	3	Modification of Crystallization Rate
	4	Modification of Mechanical Toughness
	References
Photoinduced Hydrophilicity and Antimicrobial Activity by Photocatalysis
	1	Introduction
	2	Photocatalytic Activity
	3	Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Thin Films
	4	Photoinduced Hydrophilicity of Photocatalysts
	5	Antibacterial and Antiviral
	6	Antibacterial and Antiviral Activity with Photocatalyst
	References
Environmental Degradation of Polymers and Methods of Its Acceleration/Suppression
	1	Environmental Degradation of Polymers
	2	Photocatalysts in Accelerating the Environmental Degradation of Polymers
	3	Stabilization of Polymers by Additives
	References
Biodegradation of Biodegradable Plastics in Seawater
	1	Marine Plastic Litter Problem and Biodegradable Plastics
	2	Biodegradable Plastics
	3	Evaluation Method of Marine Biodegradation
	4	Seawater Biodegradability of Biodegradable Plastics
	5	Polyamide 4 and Its Biodegradation
	6	Conclusion
	References
Biodegradation Control of Ocean-Degradable Plastics by Photo-Switching
	1	Introduction
	2	Biodegradable Plastics and Biodegradation Control
	3	Development of Photo-Switching Ocean-Degradable Plastics Utilizing the Antibacterial Function of Photocatalyst
	4	Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Photocatalytic Composite Film Under Light Irradiation
	5	Future Subjects and Prospects
	References
Structural Analysis of Nylon Hydrolase and Enzymatic Approach to Hydrolyze Polyamide Nylon
	1	Introduction
	2	Characterization and Structure of NylC
	3	Effect of Amino Acid Substitutions on Protein Thermostability
	4	Structural Basis for the Enhanced Thermostability by Mutations
	5	Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Polyamide Nylon6
	6	Quantification of Degradation Velocity Using Thin Nylon Film
	7	Prospects for Industrial Applications of Nylon Hydrolase
	References
Ecotoxicity Assessment of Biodegradable Plastics in Marine Environments
	Abbreviations
	1	Risk Assessment of Chemicals
		1.1	Basic Concept
		1.2	Ecotoxicity Testing to Determine PNEC
			1.2.1 Effects on Bacteria and Algae
			1.2.2 Effects on Invertebrates
			1.2.3 Effects on Fish
		1.3	Example of Environmental Risk Assessment
	2	Ecotoxicity of BPs, CPs, and Related Compounds
		2.1	Ecotoxicity on Microorganisms and Small Organisms
			2.1.1 PLA
			2.1.2 PHB
			2.1.3 Commercial Products
		2.2	Effects of Chemicals Blended in Plastics on Fish
		2.3	Effects of Microplastics on Fish
	3	Ecotoxicological Concerns on Biodegradable Plastics
	References