Philosophy: the quest for truth

Cover......Page 1
Half Title Page......Page 2
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright......Page 5
Dedication......Page 6
Contents
......Page 8
IMPROVEMENTS IN THE TENTH EDITION
......Page 14
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
......Page 15
THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD......Page 16
THE MODERN PERIOD......Page 17
THE CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
......Page 18
Part I: What Is Philosophy?
......Page 20
THE GOOD OF PHILOSOPHY
......Page 21
PHILOSOPHICAL TERRAIN
......Page 22
Reasons and Arguments......Page 24
Fallacious Reasoning......Page 33
Identifying Arguments......Page 38
Some Applications......Page 40
Exercises in Critical Reasoning......Page 41
Study and Discussion Questions
......Page 44
I.1 Plato: Socratic Wisdom  
......Page 46
I.2 Plato: The Allegory of the Cave 
......Page 58
I.3 John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth
......Page 61
I.4 Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy
......Page 68
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 72
Part II: Philosophy of Religion
......Page 74
II.A Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God
......Page 75
II.5 Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways
......Page 79
II.6 William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle 
......Page 83
II.7 Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument
......Page 101
II.8 William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker
......Page 111
II.9 David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument
......Page 114
II.10 St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument 
......Page 121
II.11 William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument
......Page 124
II.B Why Is There Evil?
......Page 136
II.12 Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?
......Page 137
II.13 B. C. Johnson: Why Doesn’t God Intervene to Prevent Evil?
......Page 141
II.14 John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil
......Page 147
II.15 William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism 
......Page 152
II.16 Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet
......Page 161
II.17 W. K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief
......Page 165
II.18 William James: The Will to Believe
......Page 170
II.19 Antony Flew, R. M. Hare, and Basil Mitchell: A Debate on the Rationality of Religious Belief 
......Page 179
II.20 Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence
......Page 185
II.21 Søren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth......Page 197
II.22 Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?......Page 201
Key Terms
......Page 207
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 208
Part III: Knowledge
......Page 210
III.A What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge
......Page 211
III.23 René Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge 
......Page 213
III.24 John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge
......Page 219
III.25 George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge
......Page 231
III.26 David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas
......Page 241
III.27 G. E. Moore: Proof of an External World 
......Page 243
III.B. Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism
......Page 247
III.28 Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth
......Page 249
III.29 William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth
......Page 254
III.30 Richard Rorty:  Dismantling Truth: Solidarity Versus Objectivity
......Page 263
III.31 Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth
......Page 271
III.32 Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism 
......Page 278
III.33 Alison Ainley: Feminist Philosophy
......Page 282
III.D Induction
......Page 284
III.34 David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding 
......Page 285
III.35 Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction
......Page 296
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 304
Part IV: Philosophy of Mind: The Mind-Body Problem
......Page 306
IV.A What Am I? A Mind or a Body?
......Page 307
IV.36 René Descartes: Substance Dualism
......Page 310
IV.37 Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes’ “Ghost in the Machine”
......Page 317
IV.38 J. P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism
......Page 324
IV.39 Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism
......Page 335
IV.40 J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes
......Page 350
IV.41 Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
......Page 360
IV.42 Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem
......Page 368
IV.43 David Chalmers: Property Dualism
......Page 379
IV.44 John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers
......Page 381
IV.45 Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism
......Page 389
IV.B Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity?
......Page 395
IV.46 John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self
......Page 399
IV.47 David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical
......Page 402
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 405
Part V: Freedom of the Will and Determinism
......Page 408
V.48 Baron D’holbach: We Are Completely Determined
......Page 414
V.49 William James: The Dilemma of Determinism
......Page 419
V.50 Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self
......Page 430
V.51 Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person 
......Page 438
V.52 David Hume: Liberty and Necessity
......Page 448
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 451
Part VI: Ethics 
......Page 454
What Is Ethics?
......Page 455
VI.A Are There Any Moral Absolutes or Is Morality Completely Relative?
......Page 458
VI.53 Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative
......Page 459
VI.54 James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative
......Page 464
VI.B Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral?
......Page 473
VI.55 Plato: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges’ Ring and Socrates’ Dilemma......Page 474
VI.56 Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand
......Page 480
VI.57 Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism
......Page 485
VI.58 Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law
......Page 499
VI.59 John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism
......Page 512
VI.60 Bernard Williams: Against Utilitarianism
......Page 519
VI.61 Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue
......Page 527
VI.62 Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care
......Page 537
VI.63 Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics 
......Page 547
VI.64 Annette C. Baier: The Need for More Than Justice
......Page 558
VI.65 Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics
......Page 567
VI.66 James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory
......Page 574
VI.67 Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck
......Page 577
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 585
Part VII: Political Philosophy and Justice
......Page 588
VII.A What Is the Most Just Form of Government? 
......Page 589
VII.68 Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism
......Page 590
VII.69 Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords 
......Page 595
VII.70 John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights
......Page 605
VII.71 John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom 
......Page 610
VII.72 John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer
......Page 617
VII.73 Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism
......Page 627
VII.B What Is Social Justice?
......Page 637
VII.74 Martin Luther King, Jr.: Nonviolence and Racial Justice
......Page 638
VII.75 Susan Moller Okin: Justice, Gender, and the Family
......Page 640
VII.76 Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women
......Page 643
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 646
Part VIII: What Is the Meaning of Life?
......Page 648
VIII.77 Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism
......Page 650
VIII.78 Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion
......Page 656
VIII.79 Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd 
......Page 665
VIII.80 Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards
......Page 670
VIII.81 Louis P. Pojman: Religion Gives Meaning to Life
......Page 678
VIII.82 Thomas Nagel: The Absurd
......Page 682
VIII.83 Bertrand Russell: Reflections on Suffering 
......Page 690
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 692
Part IX: Contemporary Moral Problems
......Page 694
IX.A Is Abortion Morally Permissible?
......Page 695
IX.84 Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral
......Page 696
IX.85 Francis J. Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights
......Page 710
IX.86 Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion
......Page 723
IX.87 Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion
......Page 730
IX.88 Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument 
......Page 742
IX.B Is the Death Penalty Morally Permissible?
......Page 749
IX.89 Burton Leiser: The Death Penalty Is Permissible
......Page 750
IX.90 Hugo Adam Bedau: No, the Death Penalty Is Not Morally Permissible 
......Page 756
IX.91 Maggie Gallagher: What Marriage Is For: Children Need Mothers and Fathers
......Page 766
IX.92 Jonathan Rauch: For Better or Worse?
......Page 771
IX.D Do We Have Obligations to the Poor and Hungry? 
......Page 778
IX.93 Peter Singer: Famine, Affluence, and Morality
......Page 780
IX.94 Garrett Hardin: Living on a Lifeboat
......Page 789
Suggestions for Further Reading
......Page 802
Appendix: How to Read and Write Philosophy Papers......Page 804
Glossary......Page 814