Philosophy of Science for Scientists

Preface and Overview of the Book
Contents
Part I: What Is Science?
	Chapter 1: The Evolution of Science
		1.1 Greece: The Dawn of Science
		1.2 The Medieval Worldview
		1.3 The Scientific Revolution
		1.4 Theory of Science and Philosophy of Science
		1.5 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 2: Knowledge
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Knowing That, Knowing How and Acquaintance
		2.3 The Definition of Propositional Knowledge
			2.3.1 P Is True
			2.3.2 Good Reasons for P
			2.3.3 What Does It Mean to Believe That P?
		2.4 Can One Know Without Knowing that One Knows?
		2.5 Reliabilism
		2.6 Data, Information, Knowledge
		2.7 The Philosopher´s Versus the Sociologist´s Concept of Knowledge
		2.8 The Expression `It Is True for Me that. . .’
		2.9 Knowledge of Religious Beliefs
		2.10 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 3: Hypotheses and Hypothesis Testing
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Unity of Science?
		3.3 Hypothetical-Deductive Method
		3.4 Hypothesis Testing in the Social Sciences
		3.5 Hypothesis Testing in History: The Wallenberg Affair
		3.6 Statistical Testing of Hypotheses
			3.6.1 Bayesianism
			3.6.2 Statistical Inference -Neyman-Pearson´s Method
		3.7 Unacceptable Auxiliary Assumptions: Ad Hoc-Hypotheses
		3.8 Summary
		Further Reading
		General
		Hermeneutics as Hypothesis Testing
		Statistical Testing of Hypotheses: There Are Numerous Textbooks on Neyman-Person´s Method, e.g.
		Bayesian Inference, See e.g.
	Chapter 4: On Scientific Data
		4.1 Measurement and Scales
		4.2 Statistical Relations
		4.3 Data, Observation, Observational Statement
		4.4 On the Theory-Dependence of Observational Statements
		4.5 Observations and History: On Source Criticism
		4.6 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 5: Qualitative Data and Methods
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Intentionality and Meaning
		5.3 Hermeneutics
		5.4 Grounded Theory
		5.5 The Intentionality of Observations
		5.6 Are Quantitative Methods Better than Qualitative?
		5.7 Objectivity and the Use of Qualitative Methods
		5.8 Searle on Brute and Social Facts
		5.9 Social Constructions
		5.10 Criteria for Correct Interpretations
		5.11 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 6: Theories About the Development of Science
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 Logical Positivism
		6.3 Falsificationism
		6.4 Normal Science, Scientific Revolutions and Paradigm Shifts
		6.5 Lakatos´ Theory of Research Programmes
		6.6 Methodological Anarchism: Anything Goes
		6.7 Summary of the Debate
		6.8 The Rationality of Science: A Model
		Further Reading
Part II: Philosophical Reflections on Four Core Concepts in Science: Causes, Explanations, Laws and Models
	Chapter 7: On Causes and Correlations
		7.1 Causes Are INUS Conditions
		7.2 Cause-Effect and Order in Time
		7.3 Causes and Statistical Correlations
		7.4 Risk Factors and Conditional Probabilities
		7.5 Direct and Indirect Causes
		7.6 Causes as Physical Effects
		7.7 Cause and Effect in History
		7.8 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 8: Explanations
		8.1 Explanation and Prediction
		8.2 What Is Explained?
		8.3 The D-N Model
			8.3.1 Problems with the D-N Model
		8.4 Causal Explanations
		8.5 Explanation as Unification
		8.6 Statistical Explanations
		8.7 Action Explanations
		8.8 Pragmatic Explanations
		8.9 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 9: Explanation in the Humanities and Social Sciences
		9.1 Methodological Collectivism Versus Methodological Individualism
		9.2 Explanations of Historical Events
		9.3 Explanation of Social Phenomena
		9.4 Functional Explanations
		9.5 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 10: Scientific Laws
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Empirical Generalizations: Fundamental Laws
		10.3 Deterministic and Statistical Laws
		10.4 The Extension of the Concept of a Natural Law
		10.5 Laws and Accidental Generalisations
		10.6 van Fraassen´s Alternative
		10.7 A Proposal: Some Laws Are Implicit Definitions of Quantities
		10.8 Summary
		Further Reading
	Chapter 11: Theories, Models and Reality
		11.1 Introduction
		11.2 Structural Similarity as a Mapping of Relations
		11.3 Mathematical Models
		11.4 Wave-Particle Dualism
		11.5 Can One Measure Structural Similarity?
		11.6 Ontology and Structural Similarity
		Further Reading
Part III: Some Auxiliaries
	Chapter 12: The Mind-Body Problem
		12.1 Introduction
		12.2 Substance Dualism
		12.3 Property Dualism
		12.4 Monism
		12.5 Monistic Theories
		12.6 Three Important Problems for Reductionists
		12.7 Mental Causes
		12.8 Speculations
		12.9 The Science of Man
		Further Reading
	Chapter 13: Science and Values
		13.1 Values and Their Role in Science
		13.2 Value-Free and Value-Laden
		13.3 Is Science Valuable?
		13.4 Feminist Critique: Hidden Values in Science
		13.5 Research Ethics
		Further Reading
	Chapter 14: Some Recent Trends in Science
		14.1 The Impact of University Mass Education
		14.2 Publish or Perish: The Value of a Research Paper
		14.3 Research Funding and Planning
		14.4 Big Science
		14.5 The Scientific Attitude and the Search for Meaning
Appendix: Logical Forms
	Introduction
	Logical Form 1: Sentences
	Variables
	Predicates
	Logical Form 2: Argument
		Some Common Valid Argument Forms
		Some Invalid Argument Forms
	The `if. . .then´ Construction
	Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
	Further Reading
Definitions of Some Core Concepts
	Scales
Literature
Index