Philosophy Here and Now: Powerful Ideas in Everyday Life

CHAPTER 1. PHILOSOPHY AND YOU

1.1 PHILOSOPHY: THE QUEST FOR UNDERSTANDING

The Good of Philosophy

Philosophical Terrain

1.2 SOCRATES AND THE EXAMINED LIFE

PLATO: The Republic

1.3 THINKING PHILOSOPHICALLY

Reasons and Arguments

Reading Philosophy

Fallacious Reasoning

Narrative: Plato, The Trial and Death of Socrates

CHAPTER 2. GOD AND RELIGION

2.1 OVERVIEW: GOD AND PHILOSOPHY

Why Religion Matters

Overview: The Philosopher's Quest

Belief and Disbelief

2.2 ARGUMENTS FOR THE EXISTENCE OF GOD

Cosmological Arguments

AQUINAS: Summa Theologica

CRAIG: Reasonable Faith

Design Arguments

PALEY: Natural Theology

HUME: Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion

Ontological Arguments

ANSELM: Proslogium

KANT: Critique of Pure Reason

2.3 GOD AND THE PROBLEM OF EVIL

Rowe's Argument from Evil

ROWE: Philosophy of Religion

The Free Will Defense

SWINBURNE: Is There a God?

The Soul-Making Defense

HICK: Evil and the God of Love

2.4 THEISM AND RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE

ST. TERESA OF AVILA: The Life of Teresa of Jesus

MACKIE: The Miracle of Theism

ROWE: Philosophy of Religion

SWINBURNE: The Existence of God

2.5 BELIEF WITHOUT REASON

James: Pragmatic Faith

JAMES: "The Will to Believe"

MARTIN: Atheism: A Philosophical Justification

Pascal: Betting on God

PASCAL: Pens�es and Other Writings

2.6 EASTERN RELIGIONS

Buddhism

SUMEDHO: Buddha-Nature

RAHULA: What the Buddha Taught

Hinduism

Daoism

CHUANG TZU: All Things Are One

LAO-TZU: Tao-te ching

Fiction: Arthur C. Clarke, "The Star"

CHAPTER 3. MORALITY AND THE MORAL LIFE

3.1 OVERVIEW: ETHICS AND THE MORAL DOMAIN

Ethics and Morality

Moral Theories

Religion and Morality

SHAFER-LANDAU: Whatever Happened to Good and Evil?

3.2 MORAL RELATIVISM

Subjective Relativism

Cultural Relativism

3.3 MORALITY BASED ON CONSEQUENCES

Utilitarianism

MILL: "What Utilitarianism Is"

Ethical Egoism

3.4 MORALITY BASED ON DUTY AND RIGHTS

KANT: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals

3.5 MORALITY BASED ON CHARACTER

ARISTOTLE: Nicomachean Ethics

SHAFER-LANDAU: The Fundamentals of Ethics

3.6 FEMINIST ETHICS AND THE ETHICS OF CARE

JAGGAR: "Feminist Ethics"

CROSTHWAITE: "Gender and Bioethics"

HELD: The Ethics of Care

BAIER: "The Need for More Than Justice"

3.7 ALBERT CAMUS: AN EXISTENTIALIST VOICE

CAMUS: The Myth of Sisyphus

3.8 CONFUCIANISM

CONFUCIUS: Analects

NOSS: A History of the World's Religions

Fiction: Ursula K. Le Guin, "The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas"

CHAPTER 4. MIND AND BODY

4.1 OVERVIEW: THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM

4.2 SUBSTANCE DUALISM

DESCARTES: Discourse on the Method of Rightly Conducting the Reason

SCHICK: Doing Philosophy

DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy

SEARLE: Mind

4.3 MIND-BODY IDENTITY

SMART: "Sensations and Brain Processes"

CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind

NAGEL: "What Is It Like to Be a Bat?"

4.4 THE MIND AS SOFTWARE

FODOR: "The Mind-Body Problem"

BLOCK: "Troubles with Functionalism"

SEARLE: Mind

4.5 THE MIND AS PROPERTIES

CHALMERS: The Conscious Mind

Fiction: Terry Bisson, "They're Made out of Meat"

CHAPTER 5. FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM

5.1 OVERVIEW: THE FREE WILL PROBLEM

5.2 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM

D'HOLBACH: "Of the System of Man's Free Agency"

JAMES: "The Dilemma of Determinism"

5.3 COMPATIBILISM

LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

STACE: Religion and the Modern Mind

ROWE: "Two Concepts of Freedom"

5.4 LIBERTARIANISM

VAN INWAGEN: An Essay on Free Will

TAYLOR: Metaphysics

5.5 SARTRE'S PROFOUND FREEDOM

SARTRE: "Existentialism Is a Humanism"

Fiction: Thomas D. Davis, "A Little Omniscience Goes a Long Way"

CHAPTER 6. KNOWLEDGE AND SKEPTICISM

6.1 OVERVIEW: THE PROBLEM OF KNOWLEDGE

6.2 THE RATIONALIST ROAD

Plato's Rationalism

PLATO: Meno

Descartes' Doubt

DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy

Descartes' Certainty

DESCARTES: Meditations on First Philosophy

6.3 THE EMPIRICIST TURN

Locke

LOCKE: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Berkeley

BERKELEY: Of the Principles of Human Knowledge

Hume

HUME: An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding

6.4 THE KANTIAN COMPROMISE

KANT: Critique of Pure Reason

6.5 A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE ON KNOWLEDGE

AINLEY: "Feminist Philosophy"

ANTONY: "Embodiment and Epistemology"

ANDERSON: "Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science"

COLE: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism

Fiction: Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass

CHAPTER 7. AESTHETICS

7.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY OF BEAUTY

7.2 WHAT IS ART?

BELL: Art

7.3 AESTHETIC VALUE

7.4 PLATO, ARISTOTLE, AND HUME

ARISTOTLE: The Poetics

HUME: Of the Standard of Taste

Fiction: Edgar Allan Poe, "The Oval Portrait"

CHAPTER 8. THE JUST SOCIETY

8.1 OVERVIEW: JUSTICE AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY

8.2 PLATO'S THEORY: JUSTICE AS MERIT

PLATO: The Republic

8.3 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORIES

Hobbes

HOBBES: Leviathan

Locke

LOCKE: Second Treatise of Government

Rawls

RAWLS: A Theory of Justice

8.4 SOCIALIST THEORIES

MARX AND ENGELS: Manifesto of the Communist Party

8.5 FEMINISM AND SOCIAL JUSTICE

OKIN: Justice, Gender, and the Family

MILLER: Political Philosophy

Fiction: William Golding, Lord of the Flies

CHAPTER 9. THE MEANING OF LIFE

9.1 OVERVIEW: PHILOSOPHY AND THE MEANING OF LIFE

9.2 PESSIMISM: LIFE HAS NO MEANING

TOLSTOY: My Confession

SCHOPENHAUER: "On the Sufferings of the World"

BAGGINI: What's It All About?

9.3 OPTIMISM: LIFE CAN HAVE MEANING

Meaning from Above

TOLSTOY: My Confession

BAGGINI: What's It All About?

Meaning from Below

EDWARDS: The Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Fiction: Voltaire, "The Good Brahmin"