Pharmacology for Nurses: A Pathophysiologic Approach

Cover
Half-Tile Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
About the Authors
Thank You
Preface
Unit 1 Core Concepts in Pharmacology
	1 Introduction to Pharmacology
		1.1 History of Pharmacology
		1.2 Pharmacology: The Study of Medicines
		1.3 Pharmacology and Therapeutics
		1.4 Classification of Therapeutic Agents as Drugs, Biologics, Biosimilars, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine Therapies
		1.5 Therapeutic and Pharmacologic Classification of Drugs
		1.6 Chemical, Generic, and Trade Names for Drugs
		1.7 Prescription and Over‐the‐Counter Drugs
		1.8 Differences Between Trade‐Name Drugs and Their Generic Equivalents
		1.9 Decisions Relative to Proper Drug Choices
	2 Drug Approval and Regulation
		2.1 Drug Regulations and Standards
		2.2 The Role of the Food and Drug Administration
		2.3 Phases of Approval for Therapeutic and Biologic Drugs
		2.4 Changes to the Drug Approval Process
		2.5 Prescriptive Authority for Nurses
		2.6 Controlled Substances, Drug Schedules, and Teratogenic Risks
	3 Principles of Drug Administration
		3.1 Medication Knowledge and Understanding
		3.2 The Rights of Drug Administration
		3.3 Patient Adherence and Successful Pharmacotherapy
		3.4 Drug Orders and Time Schedules
		3.5 Systems of Measurement
		3.6 Enteral Drug Administration
			TABLETS AND CAPSULES
			SUBLINGUAL AND BUCCAL DRUG ADMINISTRATION
			RAPID‐DISSOLVING TABLETS AND FILMS
			NASOGASTRIC AND GASTROSTOMY DRUG ADMINISTRATION
		3.7 Topical Drug Administration
			TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY SYSTEM
			OPHTHALMIC ADMINISTRATION
			OTIC ADMINISTRATION
			NASAL ADMINISTRATION
			VAGINAL ADMINISTRATION
			RECTAL ADMINISTRATION
		3.8 Parenteral Drug Administration
			INTRADERMAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION
			INTRAMUSCULAR ADMINISTRATION
			INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION
	4 Pharmacokinetics
		4.1 Pharmacokinetics: How the Body Handles Medications
		4.2 The Passage of Drugs Through Plasma Membranes
		4.3 Absorption of Medications
		4.4 Distribution of Medications
		4.5 Metabolism of Medications
		4.6 Excretion of Medications
		4.7 Drug Plasma Concentration and Therapeutic Response
		4.8 Onset, Peak Levels, and Duration of Drug Action
		4.9 Loading Doses and Maintenance Doses
	5 Pharmacodynamics
		5.1 Pharmacodynamics and Interpatient Variability
		5.2 Therapeutic Index and Drug Safety
		5.3 The Graded Dose—Response Relationship and Therapeutic Response
		5.4 Potency and Efficacy
		5.5 Cellular Receptors and Drug Action
		5.6 Types of Drug—Receptor Interactions
		5.7 Pharmacology of the Future: Customizing Drug Therapy
Unit 2 Pharmacology and the Nurse–Patient Relationship
	6 The Nursing Process in Pharmacology
		6.1 Overview of the Nursing Process
		6.2 Assessment of the Patient
		6.3 Nursing Diagnoses
		6.4 Planning: Establishing Goals and Outcomes
		6.5 Implementing Specific Nursing Actions
			PATIENT EDUCATION
		6.6 Evaluating the Effects of Medications
	7 Medication Errors and Risk Reduction
		7.1 Defining Medication Errors
		7.2 Factors Contributing to Medication Errors
		7.3 The Impact of Medication Errors
		7.4 Reporting and Documenting Medication Errors
			DOCUMENTING IN THE PATIENT’S MEDICAL RECORD
			REPORTING THE ERROR
			SENTINEL AND PATIENT SAFETY EVENTS
		7.5 Strategies for Reducing Medication Errors
		7.6 Medication Reconciliation
		7.7 Effective Patient Teaching for Medication Usage
		7.8 How the Healthcare Industry Is Increasing Medication Safety
	8 Drug Administration Throughout the Lifespan
		8.1 Pharmacotherapy Across the Lifespan
		8.2 Pharmacotherapy of the Pregnant Patient
			PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY THAT AFFECT PHARMACOTHERAPY
			GESTATIONAL AGE AND DRUG THERAPY
			PREGNANCY DRUG CATEGORIES
			PREGNANCY REGISTRIES
		8.3 Pharmacotherapy of the Lactating Patient
		8.4 Pharmacotherapy of Infants
		8.5 Pharmacotherapy of Toddlers
		8.6 Pharmacotherapy of Preschoolers and School‐Age Children
		8.7 Pharmacotherapy of Adolescents
		8.8 Pharmacotherapy of Young and Middle‐Aged Adults
		8.9 Pharmacotherapy of Older Adults
	9 Individual Variations in Drug Response
		9.1 The Concept of Holistic Pharmacotherapy
		9.2 Psychosocial Influences on Pharmacotherapy
		9.3 Cultural and Ethnic Influences on Pharmacotherapy
		9.4 Community and Environmental Influences on Pharmacotherapy
		9.5 Gender Influences on Pharmacotherapy
		9.6 Genetic Influences on Pharmacotherapy
	10 The Role of Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Pharmacology
		10.1 Complementary and Alternative Medicine
		10.2 Brief History of Herbal Therapies
		10.3 Herbal Product Formulations
		10.4 Regulation of Herbal Products and Dietary Supplements
		10.5 The Pharmacologic Actions and Safety of Herbal Products
		10.6 Specialty Supplements
		10.7 Patient Teaching Regarding CAM
	11 Emergency Preparedness and Poisonings
		11.1 The Nature of Worldwide Epidemics and Bioterrorist Threats
		11.2 Role of the Nurse in Emergency Preparedness
		11.3 Strategic National Stockpile
		11.4 Anthrax
		11.5 Viruses
		11.6 Toxic Chemicals
		11.7 Ionizing Radiation
		11.8 Management of Poisonings
Unit 3 The Nervous System
	12 Cholinergic Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System
		12.1 Overview of the Nervous System
		12.2 Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
		12.3 Structure and Function of Autonomic Synapses
		12.4 Acetylcholine and Cholinergic Transmission
		12.5 Classification and Naming of Drugs Affecting the Parasympathetic Nervous System
		12.6 Clinical Applications of Cholinergic Drugs
		12.7 Clinical Applications of Anticholinergics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Cholinergic Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Anticholinergic Drugs
	13 Adrenergic Drugs Affecting the Autonomic Nervous System
		13.1 Norepinephrine and Adrenergic Transmission
		13.2 Clinical Applications of Adrenergic Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic Drugs
		13.3 Clinical Applications of Adrenergic‐Blocking Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Adrenergic‐Blocking Drugs
	14 Drugs for Anxiety and Insomnia
		14.1 Types of Anxiety Disorders
		14.2 Specific Regions of the Brain Responsible for Anxiety and Wakefulness
		14.3 Anxiety Management Through Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Strategies
		14.4 Insomnia and Its Link to Anxiety
		14.5 Use of the Electroencephalogram to Diagnose Sleep Disorders
		14.6 Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with CNS Drugs
		14.7 Treating Anxiety and Insomnia with Benzodiazepines
		14.8 Treating Anxiety with Antidepressants
		14.9 Miscellaneous Anxiolytics for Anxiety and Sleep Disorders
		14.10 Use of Barbiturates as Sedatives
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety or Sleep Disorders
	15 Drugs for Seizures
		15.1 Causes of Seizures
		15.2 Types of Seizures
		15.3 General Concepts of Antiseizure Pharmacotherapy
		15.4 Mechanisms of Action of Antiseizure Drugs
		15.5 Treating Seizures with Barbiturates
		15.6 Treating Seizures with Benzodiazepines
		15.7 Treating Seizures with Hydantoins and Related Drugs
		15.8 Treating Seizures with Succinimides
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antiseizure Drugs
	16 Drugs for Emotional, Mood, and Behavioral Disorders
		16.1 Characteristics and Forms of Depression
		16.2 Assessment and Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Depression
		16.3 Mechanism of Action of Antidepressants
		16.4 Treating Depression with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
		16.5 Treating Depression with Atypical Antidepressants
		16.6 Treating Depression with Tricyclic Antidepressants
		16.7 Treating Depression with MAOIs
		16.8 Characteristics of Bipolar Disorder
		16.9 Pharmacotherapy of Bipolar Disorder
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Mood Disorders
		16.10 Characteristics of Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		16.11 Pharmacotherapy of ADHD
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
	17 Drugs for Psychoses
		17.1 The Nature of Psychoses
		17.2 Schizophrenia
		17.3 Pharmacologic Management of Psychoses
		17.4 Treating Psychoses with Phenothiazines
		17.5 Treating Psychoses with Nonphenothiazines
		17.6 Treating Psychoses with Second‐Generation (Atypical) Antipsychotics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antipsychotic Drugs
		17.7 Treating Psychoses with Dopamine‐Serotonin System Stabilizers
	18 Drugs for the Control of Pain
		18.1 Assessment and Classification of Pain
		18.2 The Neural Mechanisms of Pain
		18.3 Complementary and Alternative Therapies for Pain Management
		18.4 Classification of Opioids
		18.5 Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Agonists
		18.6 Pharmacotherapy with Opioid Antagonists
			OPIOIDS WITH MIXED AGONIST–ANTAGONIST ACTIVITY
		18.7 Treatment for Opioid Dependence
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Pain
		18.8 Pharmacotherapy with NSAIDs
			ASPIRIN, IBUPROFEN, AND COX‐2 INHIBITORS
			CENTRALLY ACTING DRUGS
		18.9 Adjuvant Analgesics
		18.10 Classification of Headaches
			DRUG THERAPY FOR TENSION HEADACHES
			ANTIMIGRAINE DRUGS
		18.11 Drug Therapy for Migraines
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Migraines
	19 Drugs for Local and General Anesthesia
		19.1 Regional Loss of Sensation Using Local Anesthesia
			Local Anesthetics
		19.2 Mechanism of Action of Local Anesthetics
		19.3 Classification of Local Anesthetics
			ESTERS
			AMIDES
		19.4 Characteristics of General Anesthesia
			General Anesthetics
		19.5 Pharmacotherapy with Intravenous General Anesthetics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Local Anesthetics
		19.6 Pharmacotherapy with Inhaled General Anesthetics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with General Anesthetics
		19.7 Drugs as Adjuncts to Surgery
			NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCKERS
	20 Drugs for Degenerative Diseases of the Nervous System
		20.1 Degenerative Diseases of the Central Nervous System
		20.2 Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease
		20.3 Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Dopamine‐Enhancing Drugs
		20.4 Treating Parkinson’s Disease with Anticholinergic Drugs
		20.5 Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease
		20.6 Treating Alzheimer’s Disease with Cholinesterase Inhibitors
		20.7 Characteristics of Multiple Sclerosis
		20.8 Treating Multiple Sclerosis with Disease‐Modifying Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Neurodegenerative Diseases
	21 Drugs for Neuromuscular Disorders
		21.1 Causes of Muscle Spasms
		21.2 Pharmacologic and Nonpharmacologic Strategies to Treat Muscle Spasms
		21.3 Centrally Acting Skeletal Muscle Relaxants Treat Muscle Spasms at the Brain and Spinal Cord Levels
		21.4 Causes and Treatment of Spasticity
		21.5 Direct‐Acting Antispasmodics Treat Muscle Spasms Directly at the Muscle Tissue
		21.6 Neuromuscular Blockers Block the Effect of Acetylcholine at the Receptor
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Muscle Spasms or Spasticity
	22 Substance Abuse
		22.1 Overview of Substance Use Disorder
		22.2 Neurobiologic and Psychosocial Components of Substance Use Disorder
		22.3 Physical and Psychologic Dependence
		22.4 Withdrawal Syndrome
		22.5 Tolerance
		22.6 Central Nervous System Depressants
			SEDATIVES AND SEDATIVE–HYPNOTICS
			OPIOIDS
			ETHYL ALCOHOL
		22.7 Cannabinoids
			MARIJUANA
		22.8 Hallucinogens
			LSD
			RECREATIONAL AND CLUB DRUGS
		22.9 Central Nervous System Stimulants
			AMPHETAMINES AND METHYLPHENIDATE
			COCAINE
			CAFFEINE
		22.10 Nicotine
			TOBACCO USE AND NICOTINE PRODUCTS
		22.11 The Nurse’s Role in Substance Use
Unit 4 The Cardiovascular and Urinary Systems
	23 Drugs for Lipid Disorders
		23.1 Types of Lipids
		23.2 Lipoproteins
		23.3 LDL and Cardiovascular Disease
		23.4 Controlling Lipid Levels Through Lifestyle Changes
		23.5 Pharmacotherapy with Statins
		23.6 Bile Acid Sequestrants for Reducing Cholesterol and LDL Levels
		23.7 Pharmacotherapy with Niacin
		23.8 Pharmacotherapy with Fibric Acid Drugs
		23.9 Pharmacotherapy with Miscellaneous Drugs for Dyslipidemias
			Nursing Practice Application Lipid‐Lowering Pharmacotherapy
	24 Diuretic Therapy and Drugs for Kidney Failure
		24.1 Functions of the Kidneys
		24.2 Renal Reabsorption and Secretion
		24.3 Diagnosis and Pharmacotherapy of Kidney Failure
		24.4 Mechanisms of Action of Diuretics
		24.5 Pharmacotherapy with Loop Diuretics
		24.6 Pharmacotherapy with Thiazide Diuretics
		24.7 Pharmacotherapy with Potassium‐Sparing Diuretics
		24.8 Miscellaneous Diuretics for Specific Indications
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Diuretics
	25 Drugs for Fluid Balance, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Disorders
		25.1 Body Fluid Compartments
		25.2 Osmolality, Tonicity, and the Movement of Body Fluids
		25.3 Regulation of Fluid Intake and Output
		25.4 Intravenous Therapy with Crystalloids and Colloids
			CRYSTALLOIDS
			COLLOIDS
		25.5 Physiologic Role of Electrolytes
		25.6 Pharmacotherapy of Sodium Imbalances
			HYPERNATREMIA
			HYPONATREMIA
		25.7 Pharmacotherapy of Potassium Imbalances
			HYPERKALEMIA
			HYPOKALEMIA
		25.8 Buffers and the Maintenance of Body PH
			Nursing Practice Application Intravenous Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement Therapy
		25.9 Pharmacotherapy of Acidosis
		25.10 Pharmacotherapy of Alkalosis
	26 Drugs for Hypertension
		26.1 Factors Responsible for Blood Pressure
		26.2 Physiologic Regulation of Blood Pressure
		26.3 Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hypertension
		26.4 Nonpharmacologic Management of Hypertension
		26.5 Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension
		26.6 Treating Hypertension with Diuretics
		26.7 Treating Hypertension with Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
		26.8 Treating Hypertension with Calcium Channel Blockers
		26.9 Treating Hypertension with Adrenergic Antagonists
			BETA‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
			ALPHA1‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
			ALPHA2‐ADRENERGIC AGONISTS
		26.10 Treating Hypertension with Direct Vasodilators
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Hypertension
	27 Drugs for Heart Failure
		27.1 The Etiology and Pathogenesis of Heart Failure
		27.2 Treatment of Heart Failure with Angiotensin‐Converting Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers
		27.3 Treatment of Heart Failure with Diuretics
		27.4 Treatment of Heart Failure with Beta‐Adrenergic Blockers (Antagonists)
		27.5 Treatment of Heart Failure with Cardiac Glycosides
		27.6 Treatment of Heart Failure with Vasodilators
		27.7 Treatment of Heart Failure with Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure
	28 Drugs for Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Infarction
		28.1 Pathogenesis of Coronary Artery Disease
		28.2 Pathogenesis of Angina Pectoris
		28.3 Nonpharmacologic Management of Angina
		28.4 Treating Angina with Organic Nitrates
		28.5 Treating Angina with Beta‐Adrenergic Blockers
		28.6 Treating Angina with Calcium Channel Blockers
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Organic Nitrates
		28.7 Diagnosis of Acute Coronary Syndrome
		28.8 Treating Myocardial Infarction with Thrombolytics
		28.9 Adjunct Drugs for Symptoms and Complications of Acute Myocardial Infarction
			ANTIPLATELET AND ANTICOAGULANT DRUGS
			NITRATES
			BETA‐ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS
			ANGIOTENSIN‐CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS
			PAIN MANAGEMENT
	29 Drugs for Shock
		29.1 Characteristics of Shock
		29.2 Causes of Shock
		29.3 Treatment Priorities for a Patient in Shock
		29.4 Treating Shock with Intravenous Fluid Therapy
		29.5 Treating Shock with Vasoconstrictors (Vasopressors)
		29.6 Treating Shock with Inotropic Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Shock
		29.7 Pharmacotherapy of Anaphylaxis
	30 Drugs for Dysrhythmias
		30.1 Etiology and Classification of Dysrhythmias
		30.2 Conduction Pathways in the Myocardium
		30.3 The Electrocardiograph
		30.4 Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Dysrhythmias
		30.5 Phases of the Myocardial Action Potential
		30.6 Mechanisms and Classification of Antidysrhythmic Drugs
		30.7 Treating Dysrhythmias with Sodium Channel Blockers
		30.8 Treating Dysrhythmias with Beta‐Adrenergic Antagonists
		30.9 Treating Dysrhythmias with Potassium Channel Blockers
		30.10 Treating Dysrhythmias with Calcium Channel Blockers
		30.11 Miscellaneous Drugs for Dysrhythmias
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antidysrhythmic Drugs
	31 Drugs for Coagulation Disorders
		31.1 The Process of Hemostasis
		31.2 Removal of Blood Clots
		31.3 Alterations of Hemostasis
			THROMBOEMBOLIC DISORDERS
			COAGULATION DISORDERS
		31.4 Mechanisms of Coagulation Modification
		31.5 Pharmacotherapy with Anticoagulants
			HEPARIN, LOW‐MOLECULAR‐WEIGHT HEPARINS, AND RELATED DRUGS
			VITAMIN K ANTAGONISTS
			DIRECT THROMBIN INHIBITORS
			FACTOR XA INHIBITORS
		31.6 Pharmacotherapy with Antiplatelet Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Anticoagulant and Antiplatelet Drugs
		31.7 Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Thrombolytics
		31.8 Pharmacotherapy with Hemostatics
		31.9 Pharmacotherapy of Hemophilia
	32 Drugs for Hematopoietic Disorders
		32.1 Hematopoiesis
		32.2 Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoiesis‐Stimulating Drugs
		32.3 Pharmacotherapy with Colony‐Stimulating Factors
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Erythropoiesis‐Stimulating Drugs
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Colony‐Stimulating Factors
		32.4 Pharmacotherapy with Platelet Enhancers
		32.5 Classification of Anemias
		32.6 Pharmacotherapy with Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid
		32.7 Pharmacotherapy with Iron
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Anemia (Folic Acid, Vitamin B12, Ferrous Sulfate)
Unit 5 The Immune System
	33 Drugs for Inflammation and Fever
		33.1 The Function of Inflammation
		33.2 The Role of Chemical Mediators in Inflammation
		33.3 General Strategies for Treating Inflammation
		33.4 Treating Inflammation with NSAIDs
			SALICYLATES
			IBUPROFEN AND IBUPROFEN‐LIKE NSAIDS
			SELECTIVE COX‐2 INHIBITORS
		33.5 Treating Acute or Severe Inflammation with Corticosteroids
		33.6 Treating Fever with Antipyretics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Anti‐Inflammatory and Antipyretic Drugs
	34 Drugs for Immune System Modulation
		34.1 Innate (Nonspecific) Body Defenses and the Immune Response
		34.2 Humoral Immune Response and Antibodies
		34.3 Administration of Vaccines
		34.4 Cell‐Mediated Immunity and Cytokines
		34.5 Pharmacotherapy with Biologic Response Modifiers
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Immunostimulants
		34.6 Immunosuppressants for Preventing Transplant Rejection and for Treating Inflammation
			TRANSPLANTATION
			ACUTE INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Immunosuppressants
	35 Drugs for Bacterial Infections
		35.1 Pathogenicity and Virulence
		35.2 Describing and Classifying Bacteria
		35.3 Classification of Anti‐Infective Drugs
		35.4 Actions of Anti‐Infective Drugs
		35.5 Acquired Resistance
		35.6 Selection of an Effective Antibiotic
		35.7 Host Factors
			HOST DEFENSES
			LOCAL TISSUE CONDITIONS
			ALLERGY HISTORY
			OTHER PATIENT VARIABLES
		35.8 Pharmacotherapy with Penicillins
		35.9 Pharmacotherapy with Cephalosporins
		35.10 Pharmacotherapy with Tetracyclines
		35.11 Pharmacotherapy with Macrolides
		35.12 Pharmacotherapy with Aminoglycosides
		35.13 Pharmacotherapy with Fluoroquinolones
		35.14 Pharmacotherapy with Sulfonamides and Urinary Antiseptics
		35.15 Pharmacotherapy with Carbapenems and Miscellaneous Antibacterials
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antibacterial Drugs
	36 Drugs for Tubercular, Fungal, Protozoan, and Helminthic Infections
		36.1 Pharmacotherapy of Tuberculosis
		36.2 Characteristics of Fungi
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antitubercular Drugs
		36.3 Classification of Mycoses
		36.4 Mechanism of Action of Antifungal Drugs
		36.5 Pharmacotherapy of Systemic Fungal Diseases
		36.6 Pharmacotherapy with the Azole Antifungals
			SYSTEMIC AZOLES
			TOPICAL AZOLES
		36.7 Pharmacotherapy of Superficial Fungal Infections
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antifungal Drugs
		36.8 Pharmacotherapy of Malaria
		36.9 Pharmacotherapy of Nonmalarial Protozoan Infections
		36.10 Pharmacotherapy of Helminthic Infections
	37 Drugs for Viral Infections
		37.1 Characteristics of Viruses
		37.2 Replication of HIV
		37.3 General Principles of HIV Pharmacotherapy
		37.4 Classification of Drugs for HIV and AIDS
		37.5 Pharmacotherapy with Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
		37.6 Pharmacotherapy with Protease Inhibitors
		37.7 Pharmacotherapy with Integrase Strand Inhibitors and Entry Inhibitors
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for HIV and AIDS
		37.8 Prevention of Perinatal Transmission of HIV
		37.9 Postexposure Prophylaxis of HIV Infection Following Occupational Exposure
		37.10 Pharmacotherapy of Herpesvirus Infections
		37.11 Pharmacotherapy of Influenza
		37.12 Pharmacotherapy of Viral Hepatitis
			HEPATITIS A
			HEPATITIS B
			HEPATITIS C AND OTHER HEPATITIS VIRUSES
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Non‐HIV Viral Infections
	38 Drugs for Neoplasia
		38.1 Characteristics of Cancer
		38.2 Causes of Cancer
		38.3 Goals of Cancer Chemotherapy: Cure, Control, and Palliation
		38.4 Growth Fraction and Success of Chemotherapy
		38.5 Achieving a Total Cancer Cure
		38.6 Special Chemotherapy Protocols and Strategies
			COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY
			DOSING SCHEDULES
		38.7 Toxicity of Antineoplastic Drugs
		38.8 Pharmacotherapy with Alkylating Agents
		38.9 Pharmacotherapy with Antimetabolites
			FOLIC ACID ANALOGS
			PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS
		38.10 Pharmacotherapy with Antitumor Antibiotics
		38.11 Pharmacotherapy with Natural Products
		38.12 Pharmacotherapy with Hormones and Hormone Antagonists
			CORTICOSTEROIDS (GLUCOCORTICOIDS)
			GONADAL HORMONES
			ESTROGEN ANTAGONISTS (ANTIESTROGENS)
			ANDROGEN ANTAGONISTS (ANTIANDROGENS)
		38.13 Pharmacotherapy with Biologic Response Modifiers and Targeted Therapies
		38.14 Miscellaneous Antineoplastics
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Cancer
Unit 6 The Respiratory System
	39 Drugs for Allergic Rhinitis and the Common Cold
		39.1 Physiology of the Upper Respiratory Tract
		39.2 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis
		39.3 Pharmacology of Allergic Rhinitis with H1‐Receptor Antagonists and Mast Cell Stabilizers
		39.4 Pharmacotherapy of Allergic Rhinitis with Intranasal Corticosteroids
		39.5 Pharmacotherapy of Nasal Congestion with Decongestants
			COMMON COLD
		39.6 Pharmacotherapy with Antitussives
		39.7 Pharmacotherapy with Expectorants, Mucolytics, and Drugs for Cystic Fibrosis
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Symptomatic Cold Relief
	40 Drugs for Asthma and Other Pulmonary Disorders
		40.1 Physiology of the Lower Respiratory Tract
		40.2 Bronchiolar Smooth Muscle
		40.3 Administration of Pulmonary Drugs via Inhalation
		40.4 Pathophysiology of Asthma
		40.5 Treating Acute Asthma with Beta‐Adrenergic Agonists
		40.6 Treating Chronic Asthma with Anticholinergics
		40.7 Treating Chronic Asthma with Methylxanthines
		40.8 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Corticosteroids
		40.9 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Leukotriene Modifiers
		40.10 Prophylaxis of Asthma with Mast Cell Stabilizers
		40.11 Monoclonal Antibodies for Asthma Prophylaxis
		40.12 Pharmacotherapy of COPD
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Asthma and COPD
Unit 7 The Gastrointestinal System
	41 Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
		41.1 Normal Digestive Processes
		41.2 Acid Production by the Stomach
		41.3 Pathogenesis of Peptic Ulcer Disease
		41.4 Pathogenesis of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
		41.5 Pharmacotherapy with Proton Pump Inhibitors
		41.6 Pharmacotherapy with H2‐Receptor Antagonists
		41.7 Pharmacotherapy with Antacids
		41.8 Pharmacotherapy of H. Pylori Infection
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Peptic Ulcer and Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases
		41.9 Miscellaneous Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease
	42 Drugs for Bowel Disorders and Other Gastrointestinal Conditions
		42.1 Normal Function of the Lower Digestive Tract
		42.2 Pathophysiology of Constipation
		42.3 Pharmacotherapy with Laxatives
		42.4 Pathophysiology of Diarrhea
		42.5 Pharmacotherapy with Antidiarrheals
		42.6 Pharmacotherapy of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
		42.7 Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Bowel Disorders
		42.8 Pathophysiology of Nausea and Vomiting
		42.9 Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetics
			SEROTONIN (5‐HT3 ) ANTAGONISTS
			ANTIHISTAMINES AND ANTICHOLINERGICS
			PHENOTHIAZINE AND PHENOTHIAZINE‐LIKE DRUGS
			CORTICOSTEROIDS
			OTHER ANTIEMETICS
			EMETICS
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Antiemetic Drugs
		42.10 Pharmacotherapy of Pancreatitis
	43 Drugs for Nutritional Disorders
		43.1 Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Health
		43.2 Classification of Vitamins
		43.3 Recommended Dietary Allowances
		43.4 Indications for Vitamin Pharmacotherapy
		43.5 Pharmacotherapy with Lipid‐Soluble Vitamins
		43.6 Pharmacotherapy with Water‐Soluble Vitamins
		43.7 Indications for Mineral Pharmacotherapy
		43.8 Pharmacotherapy with Minerals
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Vitamins and Minerals
		43.9 Etiology of Undernutrition
		43.10 Enteral Nutrition
		43.11 Parenteral Nutrition
			Nursing Practice Application Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition Therapy
		43.12 Etiology of Obesity
		43.13 Pharmacotherapy of Obesity
Unit 8 The Endocrine System
	44 Drugs for Pituitary, Thyroid, and Adrenal Disorders
		44.1 The Endocrine System and Homeostasis
		44.2 Indications for Hormone Pharmacotherapy
		44.3 The Endocrine Structures of the Brain
		44.4 Pharmacotherapy with Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
			GROWTH HORMONE
			ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
		44.5 Normal Function of the Thyroid Gland
		44.6 Pharmacotherapy of Hypothyroidism
		44.7 Pharmacotherapy of Hyperthyroidism
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Thyroid Disorders
		44.8 Normal Function of the Adrenal Glands
			GONADOCORTICOIDS
			MINERALOCORTICOIDS
			GLUCOCORTICOIDS
		44.9 Regulation of Corticosteroid Secretion
		44.10 Pharmacotherapy with Corticosteroids
		44.11 Pharmacotherapy of Cushing’s Syndrome
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Systemic Corticosteroids
	45 Drugs for Diabetes Mellitus
		45.1 Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels
		45.2 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
		45.3 Pharmacotherapy for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
			INSULIN ADJUNCT
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Insulin
		45.4 Etiology and Characteristics of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		45.5 Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
			SULFONYLUREAS
			BIGUANIDES
			ALPHA‐GLUCOSIDASE INHIBITORS
			THIAZOLIDINEDIONES
			MEGLITINIDES
			INCRETIN THERAPIES AND MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes
	46 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Female Reproductive System
		46.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Female Reproductive Function
		46.2 Ovarian Control of Female Reproductive Function
		46.3 Estrogens and Progestins as Oral Contraceptives
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Hormonal Contraceptives
		46.4 Drugs for Emergency Contraception and Termination of Early Pregnancy
		46.5 Hormone Replacement Therapy
		46.6 Pharmacotherapy with Progestins
		46.7 Pharmacologic Management of Uterine Contractions
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Oxytocin
		46.8 Pharmacotherapy of Female Fertility
		46.9 Pharmacotherapy of Female Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
	47 Drugs for Disorders and Conditions of the Male Reproductive System
		47.1 Hypothalamic and Pituitary Regulation of Male Reproductive Function
		47.2 Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy with Androgens
		47.3 Pharmacotherapy of Male Infertility
		47.4 Pharmacotherapy of Erectile Dysfunction
		47.5 Pharmacotherapy of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Unit 9 The Integumentary System, Eyes, and Ears
	48 Drugs for Bone and Joint Disorders
		48.1 Role of Calcium and Vitamin D in Bone Homeostasis
		48.2 Pharmacotherapy of Hypocalcemia
		48.3 Pathophysiology of Metabolic Bone Diseases
		48.4 Pharmacotherapy of Metabolic Bone Diseases
			VITAMIN D THERAPY
			BISPHOSPHONATES
			SELECTIVE ESTROGEN RECEPTOR MODULATORS
			OTHER DRUGS FOR METABOLIC BONE DISEASE
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Osteoporosis
		48.5 Pharmacotherapy of Osteoarthritis
		48.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rheumatoid Arthritis
		48.7 Pharmacotherapy of Gout and Hyperuricemia
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis
			TREATMENT OF ACUTE GOUT
			TREATMENT OF CHRONIC GOUT AND PROPHYLAXIS
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Gout
	49 Drugs for Skin Disorders
		49.1 Structure and Function of the Skin
			EPIDERMIS
			DERMIS
			SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
		49.2 Classification of Skin Disorders
		49.3 Pharmacotherapy of Bacterial, Fungal, and Viral Skin Infections
		49.4 Pharmacotherapy with Scabicides and Pediculicides
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Lice or Mite Infestation
		49.5 Pharmacotherapy of Acne
		49.6 Pharmacotherapy of Rosacea
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Acne and Related Skin Conditions
		49.7 Pharmacotherapy of Dermatitis
		49.8 Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis
			TOPICAL THERAPIES
			SYSTEMIC THERAPIES
			NONPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES
		49.9 Pharmacotherapy of Sunburn and Minor Skin Irritation
	50 Drugs for Eye and Ear Disorders
		50.1 Anatomy of the Eye
		50.2 Types of Glaucoma
		50.3 General Principles of Glaucoma Pharmacotherapy
		50.4 Pharmacotherapy of Glaucoma
			PROSTAGLANDIN ANALOGS
			AUTONOMIC DRUGS
			CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS AND MISCELLANEOUS DRUGS
			OSMOTIC DIURETICS
		50.5 Pharmacotherapy for Eye Exams and Minor Eye Conditions
			Nursing Practice Application Pharmacotherapy for Glaucoma
		50.6 Pharmacotherapy with Otic Medications
Appendix A Answers
Appendix B Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP): ISMP List of Error-Prone Abbreviations, Symbols, and Dose Designations
Appendix C Institute for Safe Medication Practices (ISMP) List of High-Alert Medications in Acute Care Settings
Appendix D Calculating Dosages
Index
Special Features
Glossary