Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Effects and Risks

Front Matter....Pages I-XXI
Introduction: Pharmaceuticals in the Environment....Pages 1-8
Front Matter....Pages 9-9
Effects on Pharmaceuticals in the Environment — an Overview and Principle Considerations....Pages 11-17
Environmental Loads and Detection of Pharmaceuticals in Italy....Pages 19-27
Emission and Biodegradability of Pharmaceuticals, Contrast Media, Disinfectants and AOX from Hospitals....Pages 29-41
Emissions from Clinical-Chemical Laboratories....Pages 43-48
Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Focus on 17 α -ethinyloestradiol....Pages 49-65
What Do We Know about Antibiotics in the Environment?....Pages 67-76
Antibiotics in the Environment: Zinc Bacitracin — Environmental Toxicity and Breakdown....Pages 77-79
Pharmaceutical Residues in the Aquatic Environment and their Significance for Drinking Water Production....Pages 81-89
Pharmaceuticals as Environmental Contaminants: Modelling Distribution and Fate....Pages 91-102
Front Matter....Pages 103-103
Risk Assessment of Organic Xenobiotics in the Environment....Pages 105-121
Ecotoxicological Evaluation of Pharmaceuticals....Pages 123-141
Worst-Case Estimations of Predicted Environmental Soil Concentrations (PEC) of Selected Veterinary Antibiotics and Residues Used in Danish Agriculture....Pages 143-157
Regulatory and Methodological Aspects Concerning the Risk Assessment for Medicinal Products; Need for Research....Pages 159-174
A Data-based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals I — Collation of Available Ecotoxicity Data....Pages 175-201
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals II — Aquatic Risk Characterisation....Pages 203-219
A Data Based Perspective on the Environmental Risk Assessment of Human Pharmaceuticals III — Indirect Human Exposure....Pages 221-230
The ECO-SHADOW Concept — A New Way of Following Environmental Impacts of Antimicrobials....Pages 231-236
Front Matter....Pages 237-237
Present Knowledge and Need for Further Research....Pages 239-245
Back Matter....Pages 247-265