Petroleum Microbiology. The Role of Microorganisms in the Transition to Net Zero Energy

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Section I: Introduction
	Chapter 1: Petroleum Microbiology’s Metamorphosis: Expert Insights on the Energy Transition
Section II: Microbial Ecology of Energy Systems
	Chapter 2: Impact of Microbial Biofilms on Subsurface Energy Systems: From Oil and Gas to Renewable Energy
		2.1 Biofilm Formation in Subsurface Environments
		2.2 Impacts of Biofilm Formation in Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
			2.2.1 Biofilms and Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
			2.2.2 Biofilms-induced Clogging and Potential Use for CO2 Storage
			2.2.3 Surface Effects of Biofilms – Wettability Alteration
		2.3 Potential Effects on Underground H2 Storage
		2.4 Mitigation and Treatment of Biofilms
		2.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Future Biofilm Research
		Conflict of Interest
		References
	Chapter 3: Microbial Control and Sustainability: Can Managing Microorganisms Improve the Environmental Footprint of Oil and Gas Operations?
		3.1 Introduction
		3.2 Assurance of Containment: Control of Microbial-influenced Corrosion (MIC)
		3.3 Biogenic Methane Release from Reservoirs
		3.4 Reservoir Souring
		3.5 Application and Discharge of Biocides
		3.6 Conclusions
		References
Section III: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) and Souring
	Chapter 4: Effects of High Salinity PWRI Practice on Sulfidogenesis and Microbially Influenced Corrosion
		4.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
		4.2 Summary of Methods
			4.2.1 Incubations
			4.2.2 Analytical Procedure
			4.2.3 DNA Sequencing and Bioinformatics
		4.3 Results
			4.3.1 Effects of High Salinity PWRI Practice on Sulfidogenesis and Sulphate Reduction
			4.3.2 Timeframes for Sulphide Depletion, Maximum Rate of Sulphide Depletion, and Maximum Concentration of Sulphide Depleted
				4.3.2.1 Thermal Gradient Impact on Rates of Sulphide Depletion
				4.3.2.2 Time to Reach a Sulphide Depletion of 2mM
				4.3.2.3 Maximum Sulphide Depletion
			4.3.3 Methanogenesis in High Salinity PWRI Practice
			4.3.4 Gravimetric Analyses, Surface Morphology, and Surface Elemental Composition of Corrosion Coupons
			4.3.5 Microbial Community Analysis
				4.3.5.1 Overview of Microbial Community Dynamics for Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C) Incubations at Different Salinities
				4.3.5.2 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for River Tyne Sediment Inoculum
				4.3.5.3 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for the North Sea Water Production System Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C)
				4.3.5.4 Detailed Analysis of Microbial Community Dynamics for the Arabian Gulf Water Production System Thermal Gradient (15°C–60°C)
		4.4 Discussion
			4.4.1 Trends in Microbial Communities Coupled with Electron Acceptor to VFA Stoichiometry
			4.4.2 Salinity Effect on Sulphate Reduction, Sulfidogenesis, and Methanogenesis from (ISW:PW) – Microbial Dynamics Perspective
			4.4.3 Impact of Salinity on Halanaerobium sp. Enrichments
			4.4.4 Impact of Salinity and Temperature on Halanaerobium sp. Enrichments
			4.4.5 Estuarine River Tyne Sediments Microbial Processes
			4.4.6 Implications of Halanaerobium sp. in Oil and Gas Industry Processes and Practices
			4.4.7 Halanaerobium sp. S-species Respiratory Pathways
			4.4.8 Halanaerobium sp.-Induced Microbial Contamination and Control Mechanisms
			4.4.9 The Relevance of Other Microbial sp. Enrichments under PWRI Physicochemical Parameters
			4.4.10 The Observed Pitting Nucleations
		4.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgements
		References
	Chapter 5: Metagenomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion of Carbon Steel in Produced Water
		5.1 Introduction
		5.2 Materials and Methods
			5.2.1 In vitro MIC Experiment
			5.2.2 Corrosion Rate Measurements
			5.2.3 DNA Extraction
			5.2.4 16S rRNA Gene Analysis
			5.2.5 Metabolite Extraction
			5.2.6 Metabolomic Analysis
			5.2.7 Integrated Analysis of Microbiome and Metabolome Data
		5.3 Results
			5.3.1 Corrosion Rate
			5.3.2 Microbial Community Analysis
			5.3.3 Metabolomic Analysis
			5.3.4 Correlation between Microbial Community and Metabolomic Data
		5.4 Discussion
		Acknowledgments
		References
Section IV: Subsurface Reservoir Microbiome and Hydrocarbon Degradation
	Chapter 6: The Ecological Interactions of Microbial Co-occurrence in Oil Degradation: The Intra- and Interspecies Relationships in Hydrocarbon Metabolism
		6.1 Introduction
		6.2 The Microbial Interactions Intra- and Interspecies Relationships
		6.3 The Relationship between Oil Spills on Soil and Its Microbiome
		6.4 Conclusion
		References
Section V: Microbial Based Emerging Technologies in Energy Systems
	Chapter 7: Improved MIC Management Using Multiple Lines of Evidence Drives Movement toward Sustainability: A Case Study in Heavy Oil Production
		7.1 Introduction
		7.2 Historical Overview of MIC issues in Heavy Oil Production
			7.2.1 Field Overview
			7.2.2 Production Wells
			7.2.3 Production Facilities
			7.2.4 Physical-Chemical Characteristics
			7.2.5 Past Corrosion Issues and Failures
			7.2.6 Monitoring and Mitigation Strategies
		7.3 Detailed Assessment of Corrosion Mechanisms and Conclusions
			7.3.1 Sampling Strategy
			7.3.2 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Production Wells
			7.3.3 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Produced Water Treatment
			7.3.4 Results of Corrosion Assessment in the Injection Water
			7.3.5 Conclusions of the Corrosion Assessment
		7.4 Recommendations for Future Monitoring and Mitigation
		7.5 Applying This Strategy to Other Engineered Environments and Assets
		References
	Chapter 8: Halophyte-based Biocides for Mitigation of Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) in Industrial Water Systems
		8.1 Halophytes and the Problem of Soil Salinization
		8.2 Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion
		8.3 The Use of Multiple Biocides and the “Hurdle Effect”
		8.4 Natural Biocides
		8.5 Conclusions
		Acknowledgment
		Notes
		Bibliography
	Chapter 9: Response of a Model Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Community to Biocide Challenge
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Materials and Methods
			9.2.1 Bioreactor Setup and Components
			9.2.2 Bioreactor Inoculation, Operation, and Sampling
			9.2.3 Microbial Growth Testing
				9.2.3.1 Optical Density
				9.2.3.2 ATP Activity
				9.2.3.3 DNA Extraction, Concentration, and Cleaning
				9.2.3.4 Quantitative PCR
			9.2.4 Community Composition Verification
			9.2.5 MDREP Ratio Calculations and Statistics
		9.3 Results and Discussion
			9.3.1 THPS Trial
				9.3.1.1 Growth Monitoring
				9.3.1.2 MDREP Ratio
			9.3.2 BAC Trial
				9.3.2.1 Growth Monitoring
				9.3.2.2 MDREP Ratio
				9.3.2.3 Community Composition
		9.4 Conclusions
		References
Section VI: Future Perspectives on Microorganisms in the Energy Transition
	Chapter 10: Future Perspectives: Where Do We Go from Here?
		10.1 Introduction: Background and Driving Forces
		10.2 Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Energy and Photovoltaics
			10.2.1 Future Perspectives of Solar Energy and Photovoltaic
		10.3 Renewable Energy Sources: Wind Energy
			10.3.1 Physics of Wind Turbines
			10.3.2 Types of Wind Turbines
				10.3.2.1 Three Blade Horizontal Wind Turbine
				10.3.2.2 Vertical Wind Turbine
				10.3.2.3 Bladeless Wind Turbines
				10.3.2.4 Hybrid Wind Turbines (Wind and Solar Energy)
			10.3.3 The Tower of Wind Turbines
			10.3.4 The Foundation of the Wind Turbines
			10.3.5 Offshore Equipment
			10.3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Energy
		10.4 Renewable Energy Sources: Hydro Power
			10.4.1 Macro- and Micro-organisms in Hydropower Systems
		10.5 Renewable Energy Sources: Bioenergy
			10.5.1 Biogas
			10.5.2 Biofuels
			10.5.3 Solid Bioenergy (Biomass)
		10.6 Renewable Energy Sources: Geothermal Energy
			10.6.1 Geological Foundations
				10.6.1.1 Earth’s Internal Structure
			10.6.2 Heat (Source, Mechanism of Transfer, Spatial Distribution)
				10.6.2.1 Source
				10.6.2.2 Mechanism of Transfer
				10.6.2.3 Spatial Distribution
			10.6.3 Geothermal Systems and Their Utilization
				10.6.3.1 High-Enthalpy Systems
				10.6.3.2 Low-Enthalpy Systems
				10.6.3.3 Power Generation
					10.6.3.3.1 Direct Use
			10.6.4 Geothermal Energy and Microbiology
			10.6.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Geothermal Energy
		10.7 How to Store Renewable Energy?
			10.7.1 Electric Power Storage
			10.7.2 Underground Natural Geological Storage Systems
		10.8 Concluding Remarks: The Role of Microbiology in the Energy Transition
		References
Index