PET/CT in Breast Cancer (Clinicians’ Guides to Radionuclide Hybrid Imaging)

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
1: Clinical Background of Breast Cancer
	1.1	 Epidemiology and Risk Factors
		1.1.1	 Clinical Presentation
		1.1.2	 Diagnosis
		1.1.3	 Staging and Classification
		1.1.4	 Outcomes
	References
2: Pathology of Breast Cancer
	2.1	 Invasive Breast Carcinoma of No Special Type (IC-NST)
	2.2	 Invasive Lobular Carcinoma
	2.3	 Invasive Tubular Carcinoma
	2.4	 Invasive Mucinous Carcinoma
	2.5	 Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma
	2.6	 Invasive Metaplastic Carcinoma
	2.7	 Invasive Carcinoma with Medullary Features
	2.8	 Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma (AdCC)
	2.9	 Prognostic and Predictive Factors
	References
3: Management of Breast Cancer
	3.1	 Local Management of Early Breast Cancer
		3.1.1	 Pure Non-Invasive Carcinoma: Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
		3.1.2	 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (LCIS) or Lobular Neoplasia
		3.1.3	 Early-stage Invasive Breast Cancer
		3.1.4	 Locally Advanced Breast Cancer
		3.1.5	 T4 and Inflammatory Breast Cancer
	3.2	 Breast Cancer Subtypes and Systemic Therapy
	3.3	 Patient Follow-Up
	3.4	 Male Breast Cancer
	3.5	 Stage IV or Metastatic Breast Cancer
		3.5.1	 Endocrine Therapy for Metastatic Disease
		3.5.2	 HER2-Targeted Therapy for Metastatic Breast Cancer
		3.5.3	 Triple-Negative Disease
		3.5.4	 BRCA Mutant Breast Cancer
	3.6	 Assessing Treatment Response in Metastatic Breast Cancer
	References
4: Radiological Imaging of Breast Cancer
	4.1	 Introduction
	4.2	 Screening and Diagnosis
		4.2.1	 Mammography
		4.2.2	 USG
		4.2.3	 MRI
		4.2.4	 Thermography
	4.3	 Staging of Breast Cancer
	4.4	 Response Assessment and Surveillance
	4.5	 Radiotherapy Planning
	4.6	 Artifacts on Imaging
	4.7	 Essential to Remember
	References
5: FDG PET/CT in Breast Cancer
	5.1	 Introduction
	5.2	 Primary Diagnosis and Staging
	5.3	 Response Assessment
	5.4	 Radiotherapy Planning
	5.5	 Normal Variants and Artifacts
		5.5.1	 Benign Variants
		5.5.2	 Effects of Inflammation and Therapy
	5.6	 Artifacts
	5.7	 Advantages
	5.8	 Limitations/Pitfalls
	5.9	 Sentinel Lymph Node
	5.10	 Positron Emission Mammography
	References
6: FDG-PET/CT in Breast Cancer: Normal Variants, Artifacts, and Pitfalls
	6.1	 Introduction
		6.1.1	 Normal Variants
			6.1.1.1	 Physiological Breast Changes
			6.1.1.2	 Iatrogenic Changes
		6.1.2	 Benign Breast Tumors
		6.1.3	 Artifacts and Pitfalls
			6.1.3.1	 Elsewhere in the Body in Breast Cancer Assessment
			6.1.3.2	 Technical Artifacts
		6.1.4	 False Negatives
	References
7: Recent Advances in Molecular Imaging of Breast Cancer
	7.1	 Novel Tracers Used in Management of Breast Carcinoma
		7.1.1	 Estrogen Receptor Imaging
		7.1.2	 HER2 Targeted Imaging
		7.1.3	 Proliferation Marker
		7.1.4	 Hypoxia Imaging
		7.1.5	 Angiogenesis Imaging
		7.1.6	 Tumor Neovascularization Imaging
		7.1.7	 Fibroblast Activating Protein Targeted Imaging
		7.1.8	 Chemokine Receptor Imaging
	7.2	 PET-MRI in Breast Cancer
	References
8: Clinical Cases
	8.1	 Case-1: FDG PET-CT in Staging of Breast Cancer
	8.2	 Case-2: Multifocal Primary Disease
	8.3	 Case-3: False Positives on FDG PET-CT
	8.4	 Case-4: False-Positive PET-CT Due to Fat Necrosis
	8.5	 Case-5: False Positive Uptake in the Lactating Breasts
	8.6	 Case-6: False Positive in Fibroadenoma
	8.7	 Case-7: False-Negative FDG PET-CT in Lobular Carcinoma
	8.8	 Case-8: Paget’s Disease of Breast
	8.9	 Case-9: Role of FDG PET-CT in Indeterminate Lesions on CT
	8.10	 Case-10: Role of FDG PET-CT in Indeterminate Lesions on CT
	8.11	 Case-11: Indeterminate Lesions on FDG PET-CT
	8.12	 Case-12: Recurrent Disease
	8.13	 Case-13: FDG PET-CT in Response Assessment
	8.14	 Case-14: FDG PET-CT in Response Assessment