Pesticides in the Atmosphere Distribution Trends

Pesticides in the Atmosphere Distribution, Trends, and Governing Factors......Page 1
INTRODUCTION TO THE SERIES......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 5
EDITOR'S NOTE......Page 6
CONTENTS......Page 7
FIGURES......Page 9
LIST OF TABLES......Page 11
CONVERSION FACTORS......Page 12
ABBREVIATIONS & ACRONYMS......Page 13
ABSTRACT......Page 14
CHAPTER 1: Introduction......Page 15
Table of Contents......Page 0
1.3 APPROACH......Page 17
2.1 GENERAL DESIGN FEATURES......Page 22
2.3 MATRICES......Page 30
2.4 TARGET ANALYTES......Page 31
2.5 ANALYTICAL DETECTION LIMITS......Page 32
3.1 PESTICIDES DETECTED......Page 88
3.3 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO USE......Page 91
ORGANOCHLORINE INSECTICIDES......Page 99
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS INSECTICIDES......Page 110
TRlAZlNE AND ACETANlLlDE HERBICIDES......Page 113
OTHER HERBICIDES......Page 119
SUMMARY......Page 123
APPLICATION PROCESSES......Page 126
Formulations......Page 127
Spray-Cloud Processes......Page 128
POST-APPLICATION PROCESSES......Page 129
Tillage Practices......Page 132
LOCAL TRANSPORT......Page 133
REGIONAL AND LONG-RANGE TRANSPORT......Page 134
4.3 REMOVAL PROCESSES......Page 135
DRY DEPOSITION......Page 137
WET DEPOSITION......Page 140
CHEMICAL REACTIONS......Page 141
5.1 SEASONAL AND LOCAL USE PAlTERNS......Page 142
5.2 EFFECTS OF AGRICULTURAL MANAGEMENT PRACTICES......Page 147
5.3 URBAN AREAS......Page 150
5.4 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF LOCAL, REGIONAL, ANDLONG-RANGE TRANSPORT......Page 151
5.5 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE......Page 154
6.1 INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES......Page 156
6.2 PHASE DISTRIBUTION AND TRANSFORMATION REACTIONS......Page 158
6.3 RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WET AND DRY DEPOSITION......Page 162
6.4 SAMPLING METHOD EFFECTS ON APPARENT PHASE DISTRIBUTIONS......Page 163
7.1 CONTRIBUTION TO SURFACE- AND GROUND-WATER......Page 166
7.2 HUMAN HEALTH AND AQUATIC LIFE......Page 168
CHAPTER 8: Summary and Conclusions......Page 173
GLOSSARY OF COMMON AND CHEMICAL NAMES OF PESTICIDES......Page 177
REFERENCES......Page 183