Peru: a country study

Foreword ill
Acknowledgments v
Preface xiii
Country Profile XV
Introduction xxix
Chapter 1. Historical Setting 1
Peter F. Klaren
ANDEAN SOCIETIES BEFORE THE CONQUEST 5
Pre-Inca Cultures 5
The Incas 8
THE SPANISH CONQUEST, 1532-72 12
Pizarro and the Conquistadors 12
Consolidation of Control 14
THE COLONIAL PERIOD, 1550-1824 16
Demographic Collapse 16
The Colonial Economy 17
Colonial Administration 20
The Colonial Church 21
Indigenous Rebellions 25
INDEPENDENCE IMPOSED FROM WITHOUT,
1808-24 27
POSTINDEPENDENCE DECLINE AND INSTABILITY,
1824-45 29
THE GUANO ERA, 1845-70 31
Consolidation of the State 31
Failed Development 32
THE WAR OF THE PACIFIC, 1879-83 34
RECOVERY AND GROWTH, 1883-1930 35
The New Militarism, 1886-95 35
The Aristocratic Republic, 1895-1914 37
Impact of World War I 38
The Eleven-Year Rule, 1919-30 39
MASS POLITICS AND SOCIAL CHANGE, 1930-68 41
Impact of the Depression and World War II 41
viiRural Stagnation and Social Mobilization,
1948-68 45
FAILED REFORM AND ECONOMIC DECLINE,
1968-85 49
Military Reform from Above, 1968-80 49
Return to Democratic Rule, 1980-85 52
Peru at the Crossroads 56
Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment .... 59
Paul L. Doughty
ENVIRONMENT AND POPULATION 63
Natural Systems and Human Life 63
People, Property, and Farming Systems 74
HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND POPULATION
THROUGH TIME 79
Settlement Patterns 81
Urban, Rural, and Regional Populations 82
Demography of Growth, Migration, and Work 84
Regionalism and Political Divisions 91
CULTURE, CLASS, AND HIERARCHY IN SOCIETY ... 95
Indigenous Peoples 100
Legacy of Peonage 102
Elites 104
Military Classes 106
Urban Classes 108
ASPECTS OF FAMILY LIFE 110
Urban Informal Sector 112
Domestic Servants 113
Godparenthood 113
Rural Family and Household 114
COMMUNITY LIFE AND INSTITUTIONS 116
Catholicism and Community 117
Community Leadership 121
Landlords and Peasant Revolts in the Highlands .... 123
Shining Path and Its Impact 125
EDUCATION, LANGUAGE, AND LITERACY 127
The Education System 127
Universities 131
HEALTH AND WELL-BEING 133
Chapter 3. The Economy 137
John Sheahan
GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE 141
Historical Background 141
viiiStructures of Production 145
Foreign Trade and the Balance of Payments 165
Employment and Wages, Poverty, and Income
Distribution 174
ECONOMIC POLICIES AND THEIR CONSEQUENCES . . 183
The Velasco Government 183
The Search for New Directions, 1975-90 190
OUTSTANDING ISSUES 199
Chapter 4. Government and Politics 205
Carol Graham
GOVERNMENTAL SYSTEM 208
Constitutional Development 209
The Executive 212
The Legislature 214
The Judiciary 217
Public Administration 219
Local and Regional Government 220
The Electoral System 222
POLITICAL DYNAMICS 222
Political Parties 222
Nonparty Organizations 228
INTEREST GROUPS 230
The Military 230
The Church 232
Economic Associations 234
Labor Unions 236
Students 239
News Media 240
POLITICAL TRENDS 241
Roots of the 1990-91 Crisis 241
The Transition to Democracy 241
The Garcia Government, 1985-90 243
The 1990 Campaign and Elections 245
Impact of the "Fujishock" Program 248
Prospects for the Fujimori Government 249
FOREIGN RELATIONS 252
Foreign Relations under Garcia 253
Foreign Relations under Fujimori 255
Chapter 5. National Security 259
David Scott Palmer
THE ARMED FORCES IN SOCIETY AND POLITICS ... 264
Changing Role over Time: Preconquest 264
ixColonial Period 266
Postindependence: Military Defeat and NationBuilding 267
Guardian of the New Liberal Elite 268
Reformer and Agent of Change 270
Protector of Democracy 272
Changing Constitutional Basis 273
Changing Foreign Military Missions
and Impacts 275
THE ARMED FORCES 278
Mission and Organization 278
Training 279
Army 282
Navy 284
Air Force 287
Uniforms, Ranks, and Insignia 288
The Military in the 1990s 289
POLICE FORCES 294
General Police 295
Security Police 300
Technical Police 301
CHANGING THREATS TO NATIONAL
SECURITY 302
External Threats 302
Internal Threats 303
CRIME AND PUNISHMENT 311
Rising Crime Rates 311
Penal Code 313
Penal System 315
Appendix. Tables 319
Bibliography 339
Glossary 379
Contributors 389
Index 391