Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Other Applications

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Half Title
Chemistry in the Environment Series
Persulfate-based Oxidation Processes in Environmental Remediation
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Preface
Contents
1. Methods of Persulfate Activation for the Degradation of Pollutants: Fundamentals and Influencing Parameters
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Alkaline Activation
		1.2.1 Basic Concepts
		1.2.2 Application of a Catalyst
		1.2.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.3 Organic Substrate Activation
		1.3.1 Basic Concepts
		1.3.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.4 Catalytic Activation
		1.4.1 Basic Concepts
		1.4.2 Metal- based Catalysts
		1.4.3 Carbon-based Catalysts
		1.4.4 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.5 Heat Activation
		1.5.1 Basic Concepts
		1.5.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.6 Microwave Activation
		1.6.1 Basic Concepts
		1.6.2 Application of Catalysts
		1.6.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.7 Ultrasonic Activation
		1.7.1 Basic Concepts
		1.7.2 Application of Catalysts
		1.7.3 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.8 Photo Activation
		1.8.1 Basic Concepts
		1.8.2 Direct Activation
		1.8.3 Dye Sensitizing
		1.8.4 Application of Catalysts
		1.8.5 Influence of Operating Conditions
	1.9 Electro Activation
		1.9.1 Basic Concepts
		1.9.2 Influence of Operating Conditions
	Acknowledgements
	References
2. Photo-activated Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation for Water Treatment
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Fundamentals of Photo-activated PS- AOPs
	2.3 UV-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.4 Fe- based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.5 TiO2-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.6 Other Metal-based Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.7 Bimetallic Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.8 Carbonaceous Photo-activated PS-AOPs
	2.9 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
3. Electrochemical Activation of Persulfate for Organic Pollution Control in Water
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Synergistic Effects of Combining Electrolysis with Persulfate
	3.3 Influence of Operational Factors
		3.3.1 Electrode Types
			3.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Electrodes
			3.3.1.2 Boron-doped Diamond (BDD) Film Electrodes
			3.3.1.3 Carbon-based Electrodes
		3.3.2 Current Intensity
		3.3.3 pH
		3.3.4 Temperature
		3.3.5 Initial Persulfate Concentration
		3.3.6 Water Matrices
		3.3.7 Others
	3.4 Mechanisms
		3.4.1 Electrochemical Anode Activation of Persulfate
		3.4.2 Electrochemical Cathode Activation of Persulfate
	3.5 Outlook
	Acknowledgements
	References
4. Reactive Oxygen Species in Catalytically Activated Peroxydisulfate
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Reactive Oxygen Species in Catalytically Activated Persulfate and Their Detection Techniques
	4.3 The Role of pH on ROS
	4.4 Role of the Matrix Constituents on ROS Generation
		4.4.1 Chloride Influence
		4.4.2 Bromide Influence
		4.4.3 Carbonate/bicarbonate Influence
		4.4.4 Phosphate Buffer Influence
		4.4.5 Other Influences
	4.5 The role of Catalytic Activation on ROS Generation
		4.5.1 Homogeneous Activation Process
		4.5.2 Heterogeneous Activation Process
			4.5.2.1 Metallic Catalysts
			4.5.2.2 Carbon Catalysts
				4.5.2.2.1 Activation of PDS with sp2 Carbon
				4.5.2.2.2 Activation of PDS with sp3 and Other Carbon
	4.6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
5. Heterogeneous Activation of Persulfate Using Metal and Metal Oxides
	5.1 PS Activation by Zero-valent Iron and Zero-valent Copper
		5.1.1 Zero-valent Iron (ZVI)
		5.1.2 Zero-valent Copper (ZVC)
		5.1.3 Merits of PS Activation by Zero-valent Metals
	5.2 PS Activation by Iron Oxides
	5.3 PS activation by Spinel Ferrites
	5.4 PS Activation by Cobalt Oxides
	5.5 PS Activation by Manganese Oxides
	5.6 Conclusions
	References
6. Metal-free Carbocatalysis for Persulfate Activation Toward Organic Oxidation
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Fundamental Principles in Carbocatalysis for PS Activation
		6.2.1 Classification of Activation Pathways
		6.2.2 Identification Strategies of Activation Pathways
		6.2.3 Determination of Active Sites on CBMs for PS activation
	6.3 Application of CBMs for PS activation
		6.3.1 Catalytic Performance of Pristine CBMs in PS activation
		6.3.2 Tailored Modification for Promoting Carbocatalysis in PS activation
		6.3.3 Differences Between Radical and Nonradical Pathways in PS Activation
	6.4 Challenges and Prospects
	6.5 Conclusions
	References
7. Persulfate- based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Environmental Remediation: Theoretical Chemistry Study
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Advantages of Theoretical Chemical Calculations
	7.3 Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes
	7.4 Application of DFT Calculations for P-AOP Systems
		7.4.1 The Basic Indicators of Persulfate Activation
		7.4.2 Active and Degradable Sites for Persulfate and Pollutants
		7.4.3 Pathways of Persulfate Activation and Pollutant Degradation
		7.4.4 Influencing Factors on Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Systems
	7.5 Criteria of Theoretical Chemistry to Evaluate the P-AOPs Performance
	7.6 Conclusions and Prospects
	Acknowledgements
	References
8. Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water and Wastewater Disinfection
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Microorganism Inactivation by Various SO4•–based Processes
		8.2.1 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by Iron Species
		8.2.2 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by Light
		8.2.3 Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes Mediated by a Base
		8.2.4 Inactivation by Piezo-catalytic and Electro-catalytic Processes
	8.3 Effects of Operational and Environmental Conditions
		8.3.1 Effect of CT Value
		8.3.2 Effect of pH
		8.3.3 Effect of Water Matrix Components
	8.4 Mechanisms of Microorganism Inactivation by SO4•–based Processes
		8.4.1 Generation and Contribution of Reactive Species
		8.4.2 Destruction of Microorganisms
	8.5 Formation of Disinfection By-products
		8.5.1 Formation of Inorganic By-products
		8.5.2 Formation of Organic By-products
	8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
9. Inactivation of Pathogenic Microorganisms with Sulfate Radical-based Advanced Oxidation Processes
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Sulfate Radical Generation
		9.2.1 Thermal Activation
		9.2.2 Alkaline Activation
		9.2.3 Radiation Activation
		9.2.4 Transition Metals
		9.2.5 Carbon-based Catalysts
	9.3 Inactivation of Pathogens with SR-AOPs
	9.4 Inactivation of Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria and Genes
	9.5 Inactivation Mechanisms and Kinetics
		9.5.1 Mechanisms of Sulfate Radical Generation
		9.5.2 Mechanisms of Bacteria Inactivation
	9.6 Pilot/Full Scale Applications: Economic Assessment
	9.7 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Acknowledgements
	References
10. Persulfate Application for Landfill Leachate Treatment: Current Status and Challenges
	10.1 Introduction: Landfill Leachate Characterizations
	10.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes with Focus on Persulfate Activation
	10.3 Persulfate Activation by Homogeneous Activators(Transition Metals) for Landfill Leachate Treatment
	10.4 Heterogeneous Persulfate Activation by Transition Metals for Landfill Leachate Treatment
	10.5 Persulfate Activation by High Energy InputMethods (Microwave, Heat, Ultraviolet, and Ultrasound) for Landfill Leachate Treatment
		10.5.1 Microwave/Persulfate
		10.5.2 Heat/Persulfate
		10.5.3 Persulfate Activation by UV and US
	10.6 Other Persulfate Activation Methods for Landfill Leachate Treatment
	10.7 Meta-analysis of the Existing Literature on LL Treatment by Persulfate Activation
	10.8 Conclusions, Perspectives, and Future Challenges
	Acknowledgements
	References
11. Novel Strategy for Soil Remediation of Contaminated Sites Using Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Technologies
	1.1 Limitation of Traditional Technologies for Contaminated Site Remediation
		11.1.1 Incineration
		11.1.2 Thermal Desorption
		11.1.3 Soil Vapor Extraction
		11.1.4 Soil Washing
		11.1.5 Bioremediation
		11.1.6 Electroremediation
		11.1.7 In Situ Chemical Oxidation
	11.2 Advanced Oxidation Processes for Soil Remediation
		11.2.1 PDS-based AOPs
		11.2.2 PMS-based AOPs
	11.3 Fundamental Knowledge of Persulfate Activation for Pollutant Degradation in Soil
		11.3.1 Degradation Reaction Process
		11.3.2 Mechanism and Influencing Factors
		11.3.3 Non-radical Activation Pathways
		11.3.4 Key Influential Factors of SR-AOPs
	11.4 Underlying Mechanism of Persulfate Interaction with Soil Components
		11.4.1 Decomposition of Peroxydisulfate (PDS) by Soil Minerals
		11.4.2 Decomposition of Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) by Soil Minerals
		11.4.3 Interaction of Persulfate with SOM
		11.4.4 Soil Chemistry Processes of Persulfate in Soil Liquid Phases
	11.5 Many Case Studies of Persulfate Used in Field Applications for Soil
		11.5.1 Persulfate Without Direct Activation for Soil Remediation
		11.5.2 Persulfate Activated by Activators for Soil Remediation
		11.5.3 Thermally Activated Persulfate for Soil Remediation
	11.6 Combination of Persulfate with Other Remediation Methods
		11.6.1 Biological SR-AOPs Methods
		11.6.2 Electrokinetic SR-AOPs Methods
		11.6.3 Chemical Oxidation and Reduction SR-AOP Methods
		11.6.4 Thermal Remediation SR-AOP Methods
		11.6.5 Mechanochemical (MC) SR- AOP Methods
	References
12. Persulfate-based Advanced Oxidation Processes in Other Applications
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Application of Persulfate in Deep Dewatering of Sludge
	12.3 Application of Persulfate in Activated Carbon Regeneration
	12.4 Application of Persulfate to Contaminated Soil Remediation
	12.5 Application of Persulfate in Waste Gas Treatment
		12.5.1 Application of Persulfate in Desulfurization and Denitrification
		12.5.2 Application of Persulfate in Exhaust Gas Deodorization
		12.5.3 Application of Persulfate in Mercury Removal
	12.6 Application of Persulfate in Metal Recovery
		12.6.1 Application of Persulfate in Silver Recovery
		12.6.2 Application of Persulfate in Copper Recovery
	12.7 Application of Persulfate in Water Quality Analysis
		12.7.1 Application of Persulfate in the Determination of Total Phosphorus in Water
		12.7.2 Application of Persulfate in the Determination of Total Nitrogen in Water
		12.7.3 Application of Persulfate in theDetermination of Total Organic Carbon in Water
	12.8 Conclusion
	References
Subject Index