Perspectives on the Japanese Media and Content Policies

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editor and Contributors
Broadcasting Policies
Terrestrial Broadcasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Development of Broadcasting
		2.1 Development of Broadcasting Media
		2.2 Market Size of Broadcasting Media
	3 Regulations of “Broadcasting”
		3.1 Composition of the Broadcasting Act
		3.2 Purpose of the Broadcasting Act
		3.3 Definition of “Broadcasting”
		3.4 General Rules on Editing of Broadcast Programs
		3.5 Structural Regulations
		3.6 Summary
	4 Outline on Digitization of Terrestrial Broadcasting
		4.1 First Step
		4.2 Efforts and Measures by Broadcasters
		4.3 Efforts and Measures by Viewers
		4.4 Last Efforts
		4.5 Summary
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Japanese Public Broadcaster NHK and Its Related Policy: The Origin of Public Broadcasting and Changing Policy Environment in the Digital Transformation
	1 Introduction
	2 A History of the Prewar and Postwar Period of the Public Broadcaster NHK
	3 A Uniqueness of NHK’s Public Broadcasting in Terms of Regulation
	4 The NHK Initiative for the Development of Broadcasting During the Postwar Restoration and High Economic Growth Until the 1970s
	5 The New Development Stage for NHK in Transition: For the Firm Foundation Building of Public Status
	6 Preparation Period of Satellite Broadcasting to Expand Public Broadcasting Status
	7 NHK’s Brave New World and Direct Broadcasting Satellite in the 1980s
	8 Seeking a Harmonization in Dual Structure: Overcoming the Tension Between Public and Commercial Broadcasters
	9 The Age of Satellite Broadcasting and the Road to Introducing New Receiving Fees
	10 Changing Environment in NHK’s Management of Finance and Deregulation in the Early 1990s
	11 Political Impact on the Public Broadcasting Policy and NHK’s Operation Until the MPT Announcement of Digital Transition of Satellite and Terrestrial Broadcasting
	12 Playing a Central Role Before and After Broadcast Digitization and Some Ethical Stumbling Blocks
	13 Continuation of the NHK’s Leadership as Public Broadcaster and Toward the Future Policy-Making
	14 Conclusion
	References
The Developmental Process of Commercial Television Broadcasting Industry
	1 Introduction
	2 The Developmental Process of the Broadcasting Industry
		2.1 The First Stage: The One Station-per-Prefecture Era
		2.2 The Second Stage: The 3+2 Cross-Net Era
		2.3 The Third Stage: The Transitional Period of 4+1 Affiliated Stations
		2.4 The Fourth Stage: The Transitional Period to Digital Broadcasting
		2.5 The Fifth Stage: The Digital Broadcasting Era
	3 The New Direction for the Japanese-Style Broadcasting Industry
	4 Conclusion
	References
Policy on Satellite Broadcasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics and History of Satellite Broadcasting in Japan
		2.1 Characteristics of Satellite Broadcasting in Japan
		2.2 History of Satellite Broadcasting in Japan
		2.3 Efforts Toward the Start of Satellite Broadcasting (1978–1989)
		2.4 Start of Satellite Broadcasting (1989–1993)
		2.5 Digitization of Broadcasting and the Start of 110° East Longitude CS Broadcasting
		2.6 Legal System Revision Toward Development of Satellite Broadcasting (Since 2000)
	3 Legal System and Market Trend of Satellite Broadcasting in Japan
		3.1 Outline of Satellite Broadcasting Legal System
		3.2 Market Trend
	4 Issues on Satellite Broadcasting
		4.1 Effective Use of Frequency
		4.2 New 4K/8K Satellite Broadcasting
	5 Conclusion
	References
Regional Media Policies
Cable Television
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of the Cable Industry
		2.1 Types of Cable Operators
		2.2 Cable Services and Market Situation
		2.3 The Direction of Business Strategy
	3 Policies and Regulations
		3.1 Brief History of Legislative Changes: From a De Facto Local Monopoly to Sweeping Deregulation
		3.2 Revision of the Broadcasting Act
	4 Ties Between Cable Operators and Government
		4.1 Emergence of a Close Enterprise–Government Interaction
		4.2 Governmental Financial Support and Public–Private Initiatives
		4.3 Cable Policy Toward the 2020s
	5 Conclusion
	References
Community Radio Broadcasting
	1 Introduction
	2 Community Radio Broadcasting Under Broadcasting Act
		2.1 Purpose
		2.2 License
		2.3 JCBA and Lobbying
	3 Current Community Radio Broadcasting
	4 Disaster Broadcasting as a Main Broadcaster
	5 The Broadcasting Network Resilience
	6 Conclusion
	References
Content Policies
Film and the Other Video Contents (TV program and Internet Video)
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and History
		2.1 The History and Relationship between Film and TV
		2.2 The 1980s—The Beginning of Investment by TV Stations
		2.3 The 1990s—The Recovery Season of Japanese Film Industry
	3 The Relationship Between Government and Media Industries in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century
		3.1 Japan Foundation
		3.2 JAMCO (Japan Media Communication Center)
		3.3 The 2000s—The Beginning of Positive Commitment by Japanese Government
		3.4 The Policy by Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (Hereinafter Referred to as METI), the Successor of Ministry of International Trade and Industry (Hereinafter Referred to as MITI)
		3.5 The Policy by Agency for Cultural Affairs (Hereinafter Referred to as ACA)
		3.6 The Policy by the Cabinet Office, IP Strategy Headquarters
		3.7 The Policy of Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (Hereinafter Referred to as MIC)
		3.8 Industrial Promotion by the Private Sector
		3.9 The 2010s—The Beginning of Positive Investment by Japanese Government
		3.10 Export, Cool-Japan
	4 Policies in the Present (2012–)
		4.1 Organization
		4.2 Acts and Regulations Policy Menu
		4.3 Act and Promotion Policy Menu
		4.4 METI
		4.5 ACA
		4.6 MIC
		4.7 Cabinet Office, IP Headquarters
		4.8 Budget
	5 No Systems/Weak Systems in Japan
	References
Anime’s Economic Value: the Government’s Response to a Changing Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Current State and Characteristics of the Japanese Anime Industry
	3 Problems Faced by the Japanese Anime Industry
	4 Policy for Promoting the Anime Industry
		4.1 Policy on Economic Aspects Which Started After 2000
		4.2 Policy Regarding Anime’s Cultural Aspects
	5 Conclusion
	References
Video Games: the Once Sustainable Industry is in Need of Policy
	1 Introduction
	2 Scope of Video Games Considered in This Chapter and the History of Video Games in Japan
	3 Current State of Japan’s Video Game Industry
	4 Japan’s Video Game Policy
		4.1 Video Game Policy in the Frameworks of Content, Cool Japan, and Media Arts
		4.2 Specific Policy Measures on Video Games
	5 Conclusion
	References
Music
	1 Introduction
	2 RPM
		2.1 The Birth of RPM for Records
		2.2 The First Review of the RPM
		2.3 The Second Review of the RPM
	3 Education
		3.1 Music Taught in Compulsory Education
		3.2 Music Education Promotion Act
	4 The Issues Surrounding the Artist Management Industry: Five-Company Agreement
		4.1 The Business Model of Artist Management in Japan
		4.2 Stage Names and Trademark
		4.3 Report on Competition Policies and Workforce by the FTC
	5 Policy Revisions Regarding Music Copyright Collection
		5.1 The Birth of the Copyright Management Service Act
		5.2 The Cease and Desist Order by the FTC to JASRAC
		5.3 Agreement Between Stakeholders
	6 Conclusion
	References
Copyright Clearance
	1 Introduction
	2 Expansion of Opportunities for Using Contents and the History of System Development
		2.1 Expansion of Opportunities for Use of Contents
		2.2 Clearance of Broadcast Programs and Revisions of Laws: Copyright Act
		2.3 Clearance of Broadcast Programs and Revision of Laws: Broadcasting Act
		2.4 Copyright Management Organizations and Centralized Control Systems
	3 What is the “wall” Known as Copyright Clearance?
		3.1 Submission of Application to Copyright Management Organizations and Individual Clearance
		3.2 Approaches to Copyrighted Works, etc. With Unknown Right Holders
		3.3 Works for Which Clearance Judgment is Difficult
	4 The “wall” of Copyright Clearance and the Digital Network Era
		4.1 Trends in Contents in Actual Copyright Clearance Work
		4.2 Measures for Issues of Each Content Type
		4.3 Examinations from the Perspective of Actual Work
	5 Conclusion
	References
Globalization
Over-the-Top (OTT) Video Service
	1 Introduction
	2 What is OTT?
	3 Acceptance of OTT in Japan and the Main OTT Providers
	4 Development of OTT Services in Japan
	5 OTT Market Scale and Growth in Japan
		5.1 Overview of Video Content Market and Transitions in the Broadcasting Market in Japan
	6 OTT Market Sales and Forecast
	7 Ecosystem of Program Production and Distribution in Japan
	8 Conclusion
	References
Assistance for International Coproductions and Overseas Broadcasts of Japanese Broadcast Content
	1 Introduction
	2 The Beginnings of Broadcast Content Stimulus as Industrial Policy
	3 Content Stimulus Measures as Part of General Government Policy
		3.1 IT Policies
		3.2 Policies Pertaining to the Strategic Protection and Use of Intellectual Property
		3.3 “Cool Japan” Strategy and Export of Broadcast Content as Part of the Third ABENOMICS Arrow (Growth Strategies)
	4 Initiatives by MIC
		4.1 MIC’s Initiatives Until Around 2006 (Implementation of Measures Concerned with Rights Processing and Fair Program Production Dealings)
		4.2 MIC’s Initiatives from Around 2007 to Around 2009 (Recognition of Global Content Deployment Importance with Expectation of Knock-On Benefits to Wide Industries)
		4.3 MIC’s Initiatives from Around 2010 to Around 2012 (Deepening Examinations on Concrete Assistance Models for Global Content Deployment)
		4.4 Realization of Concrete Budgetary Measures
		4.5 MIC’s Priority Measures Under Growth Strategies Since 2013 and the Establishment of the Broadcast Program Export Association of Japan
	5 Results and Future Prospects
	6 Conclusion
	References