Personality Psychology: A New Perspective

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Fundamentals of Personality
	1.1 What Is Personality?
		1.1.1 Commonsense Notions of Personality
		1.1.2 Concept of Personality in Western Culture
		1.1.3 Scientific Definitions of Personality
		1.1.4 Personality Descriptions and Attributes
		1.1.5 Interpersonal Differences
			1.1.5.1 Personality Differences Everywhere
			1.1.5.2 Interindividual and Intraindividual Variability
	1.2 Study of Personality
		1.2.1 Variable-Centered Approach
		1.2.2 Person-Centered Approach
		1.2.3 Personality Assessment
			1.2.3.1 Psychometric Properties
			1.2.3.2 Standardization and Norms
			1.2.3.3 Observation and Questioning (Interviewing)
			1.2.3.4 Survey
			1.2.3.5 Rating Scales
			1.2.3.6 Psychological Testing
			1.2.3.7 Personality Tests, Questionnaires, and Inventories
			1.2.3.8 Projective/Performance-Based Techniques
			1.2.3.9 Item Analysis
		1.2.4 Personality Research
			1.2.4.1 Relationships Between Personality Variables
			1.2.4.2 Causal and Correlational Relations
			1.2.4.3 Experimental Research
			1.2.4.4 Correlational and Multivariate Research
			1.2.4.5 Natural and Field Research
			1.2.4.6 Clinical Method and Case Study
			1.2.4.7 Ethics in Personality Research
	1.3 Basic Factors of Personality
		1.3.1 Biological Factors
			1.3.1.1 Evolution
			1.3.1.2 Genetics and Heredity
			1.3.1.3 Neuroscientific Factors
		1.3.2 Sociocultural Factors
			1.3.2.1 Environmental Factors
			1.3.2.2 Culture
			1.3.2.3 Social Learning and Social Cognition
		1.3.3 Self-Activity
	1.4 Personality as Source of Mind and Behavior
		1.4.1 Personalism
		1.4.2 Consistency Paradox
		1.4.3 Situationism
		1.4.4 Personalism Strikes Back
		1.4.5 Interactionism
		1.4.6 Attribution Error
		1.4.7 Traitedness, Meta-Traits, and Schematicity
		1.4.8 Sensitivity to Situations as a Trait
	1.5 Units of Personality
		1.5.1 Traits, Styles, and Dimensions
		1.5.2 States, Moods, and Roles
	References
Chapter 2: Personality Theories
	2.1 Dispositional Theories
		2.1.1 Type Theories
		2.1.2 Faculty Theories
		2.1.3 Trait and Personality Dimension Theories
			2.1.3.1 Cattell: Stylistic Dimensions of Personality
			2.1.3.2 Lexical Approach: Implicit Theory of Personality
			2.1.3.3 Big Five Model
		2.1.4 Dimensional Types and Prototypes
	2.2 Psychoanalytic Theories
		2.2.1 Psychoanalysis
			2.2.1.1 Beginnings: The Work with Hysteria
			2.2.1.2 Freud’s Psychoanalytical Theory and Metatheory
			2.2.1.3 Energy and Dynamics
			2.2.1.4 Topology, Structure, and Development of Mind
			2.2.1.5 Freud’s Conception of Object Relations and Narcissism
			2.2.1.6 Defense Mechanisms, Neurosis, and Psychoanalytic Therapy
			2.2.1.7 The Emergence of Culture and Sublimation
			2.2.1.8 Strengths and Weaknesses of Freudian Theory
			2.2.1.9 Diversification of Psychodynamic Models of Personality
		2.2.2 Individual Psychology: Alfred Adler
			2.2.2.1 Striving Toward Power and Perfection
			2.2.2.2 Inferiority Feelings and Compensation
			2.2.2.3 Social Interest
			2.2.2.4 Personal Development and Role of Siblings and Birth Order
		2.2.3 Analytical Psychology: Carl Gustav Jung
			2.2.3.1 Collective Unconscious and Archetypes
			2.2.3.2 Transcendence of Opposites
			2.2.3.3 Personality Types
			2.2.3.4 The Self and the Process of Individuation
		2.2.4 Neo-Analytic and Post-Analytic Theories of Personality
			2.2.4.1 Neo-Analytic Models of Personality
				Harald Schultz-Hencke
				Karen Horney
				Erich Fromm
				Harry Stack Sullivan
			2.2.4.2 Post-Analytic Models of Personality
				Ego-Psychology
				Object Relations
				Narcissism Theory
				Relational Theories
				Attachment Theories
		2.2.5 Socioanalytic Models of Personality
			2.2.5.1 Basic Motives
			2.2.5.2 From Identity to Reputation
			2.2.5.3 Social Skills
	2.3 Behavioral-Social-Cognitive Theories
		2.3.1 Behavioral Orientation
		2.3.2 Learning Approach to Personality
		2.3.3 Social-Cognitive Approach to Personality
			2.3.3.1 Cognitive Theories and Models of Personality
			2.3.3.2 Social Cognitive Theory
			2.3.3.3 Self-Regulation and Self-Efficacy
	2.4 Humanistic Models of Personality
		2.4.1 Humanistic Theories of Personality
			2.4.1.1 Self-Actualization Theory
			2.4.1.2 Humanistic Phenomenology
			2.4.1.3 Existential Humanistic Theory
		2.4.2 Personality in Positive Psychology
		2.4.3 Narrative and Script Models of Personality
	2.5 Models of Self-Concept and Self-Esteem
		2.5.1 Self-Esteem
		2.5.2 Self-Concept and Self-Construal
	2.6 Bio-evolutionary Theories
		2.6.1 First Biological Approaches to Personality
			2.6.1.1 Kretschmer Constitutional Typology
			2.6.1.2 Sheldon Constitutional Dimensiology
		2.6.2 Evolutionary Approach to Personality
		2.6.3 Genetic Approach to Personality
		2.6.4 Neuroscience of Personality
	References
Chapter 3: Structure of Personality
	3.1 From the History
		3.1.1 Typological Paradigm
		3.1.2 Psychodynamic Paradigm
		3.1.3 Behavioral Paradigm
		3.1.4 Dimensional (Psychometric) Paradigm
		3.1.5 Hierarchical Organization of Personality Structure
	3.2 The Personality Pyramid
		3.2.1 Personality Meta-Traits: Higher-Order Factors of Personality
			3.2.1.1 Big Two: Alpha and Beta or Stability and Plasticity
			3.2.1.2 The Emergence of the Big One
			3.2.1.3 The General Factor of Personality (GFP)
			3.2.1.4 The Origins of the GFP
		3.2.2 From Specific to General
			3.2.2.1 Pyramidal Structure of Personality
			3.2.2.2 Specific Responses and Items
			3.2.2.3 Traits and Facets
			3.2.2.4 Higher-Order Dimensions: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Level
		3.2.3 Studies of the Structural Hierarchy of Personality
			3.2.3.1 From Items to GFP I: A IPIP-NEO Example
			3.2.3.2 From Items to GFP II: A BFI and TIPI Example
		3.2.4 Examples of Higher-Order Levels of Personality Hierarchy
			3.2.4.1 First Study: Three Slovenian Samples
			3.2.4.2 Second Study: Meta-Analytic, Cross-National, and Large-Population Data
	References
Chapter 4: Personality Dynamics
	4.1 Introduction to Personality Dynamics
		4.1.1 Homeostasis and Optimal Arousal
		4.1.2 Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
		4.1.3 Push and Pull
		4.1.4 Approach and Avoidance
		4.1.5 Personality and Motivation
	4.2 Biodynamics of Personality
		4.2.1 Psychodynamic Concept of Instinct
		4.2.2 Instincts and Propensities
		4.2.3 Ethology
		4.2.4 Biosociology
		4.2.5 Drive Theory
		4.2.6 Incentive
	4.3 Dynamic Traits
		4.3.1 Ergs
		4.3.2 Sentiments
		4.3.3 Motivation Strength Components
	4.4 Dynamic Dimensions
		4.4.1 Hierarchical Model of Personality Dynamics
		4.4.2 Ego Strength
		4.4.3 Determination
		4.4.4 Social Efficacy
		4.4.5 Partnership
		4.4.6 Superego Strength
		4.4.7 Id Strength
		4.4.8 Achievement Motivation
		4.4.9 Present-Mindedness (Today Focus)
		4.4.10 Attachment
		4.4.11 External Validity of Dynamic Dimensions
	4.5 Goals, Values, and Domains of Motivation
		4.5.1 From Push to Pull
		4.5.2 Defining Values
		4.5.3 Toward the Comprehensive Theory of Values
		4.5.4 Psychological Trilogy
		4.5.5 Values and Domains of Motivation
	4.6 Situation as Moving Force of Personality
		4.6.1 Situations
		4.6.2 Positive and Negative Situational Experiences
		4.6.3 Situational Experiences and Personality
		4.6.4 Situational Experiences and Value Orientations
	References
Chapter 5: Development and Change of Personality
	5.1 Personality Development
		5.1.1 The Basics of Personality Development
			5.1.1.1 Nature–Nurture Interplay
			5.1.1.2 Continuity and Discontinuity
			5.1.1.3 Stability and Change
		5.1.2 Changing Personality
			5.1.2.1 Genetically Caused Changes
			5.1.2.2 Mental and Physical Diseases and Disorders
			5.1.2.3 Situations and Life Events
			5.1.2.4 Shifting Social Roles
			5.1.2.5 Volitional Changes
		5.1.3 Developmental Models and Theories of Personality
	5.2 Personality in Life Periods
		5.2.1 Childhood
		5.2.2 Adolescence
		5.2.3 Adulthood
			5.2.3.1 Early Adulthood
			5.2.3.2 Middle Adulthood and Maturity
			5.2.3.3 Late Adulthood: The Old Age
		5.2.4 Personality Across the Life Span
			5.2.4.1 Big Five Dimensions in Childhood
			5.2.4.2 Big Five in Teenage, Puberty, and Adolescence
			5.2.4.3 Big Five in Adulthood
		5.2.5 Periods of Acceleration and Stabilization
	References
Chapter 6: Personality in Life
	6.1 Personality and Variables Important in Our Life
		6.1.1 Prosocial Behavior
			6.1.1.1 Social Desirability, Impression Management, and Approval Seeking
			6.1.1.2 Bright and Dark Triad
			6.1.1.3 Empathy and Altruism
			6.1.1.4 Emotional Intelligence
		6.1.2 Social Effectiveness
		6.1.3 Spirituality and Religiosity
		6.1.4 Wisdom
		6.1.5 Values and Ethical Standards
		6.1.6 Decision-Making
	6.2 Personality: A Powerful Predictor
		6.2.1 What in Our Life Can Be Predicted by Personality
			6.2.1.1 GFP as a Predictor
			6.2.1.2 Big Five and GFP in Canonical Correlation Analyses
			6.2.1.3 GFP in Regression Analyses
		6.2.2 Social Relations
			6.2.2.1 Romantic Relationship
			6.2.2.2 Partnership and Family Relations
			6.2.2.3 Marital Stability and Divorce
			6.2.2.4 Social Well-Being and Friendship
		6.2.3 Educational and Occupational Attainment
			6.2.3.1 Academic Success and Learning Style
			6.2.3.2 Job and Career
			6.2.3.3 Engagement, Commitment, and Satisfaction with Work
			6.2.3.4 Trust in Organization (Corporate Trust)
			6.2.3.5 Toxic Person in the Workplace
		6.2.4 Delinquency and Criminality
		6.2.5 Social Power: Leadership, Politics, and Socioeconomic Status
		6.2.6 Intelligence and Cognitive Abilities
	References
Chapter 7: Personality and Well-Being
	7.1 Personal Welfare
		7.1.1 Concept of Well-Being
			7.1.1.1 Personality or Lack of Stress?
			7.1.1.2 Well-Being in Philosophy and Philosophical Psychology
			7.1.1.3 First Psychological Models of Well-Being
			7.1.1.4 Well-Being in Positive Psychology
			7.1.1.5 The Theoretical Models of Well-Being
		7.1.2 Affect, Emotionality, and Personality
		7.1.3 Personality, Well-Being, Happiness, and Quality of Life
			7.1.3.1 Personality Traits Predicting Well-Being
			7.1.3.2 Personality and Quality of Life
	7.2 Between Personality and Well-Being
		7.2.1 Connections Between Well-Being and Personality
			7.2.1.1 Personality: Genetic Links to Well-Being
			7.2.1.2 Big Five Subdimensions and Well-Being
			7.2.1.3 Correlations Between Personality and Well-Being Measures
		7.2.2 Structural Models of Personality and Well-Being
			7.2.2.1 Major Dimensions of Personality and Well-Being
			7.2.2.2 Multivariate Study of 26 Personality and Well-Being Dimensions
			7.2.2.3 Factor Structure of Personality and Well-Being
			7.2.2.4 Clusters of Personality and Well-Being
	7.3 Personality in Stress
		7.3.1 Motivation and Coping
			7.3.1.1 General Dimensions of Motivation: Behavioral Activation and Inhibition
			7.3.1.2 Coping, Personal Hardiness, and Resilience
			7.3.1.3 Personality and Burnout
	7.4 Personality, Health, and Psychopathology
		7.4.1 Personality and Health
		7.4.2 Personality and Psychopathology
			7.4.2.1 Dimensional Structure of Psychopathological Variables
			7.4.2.2 Big Five and Personality Disorders
			7.4.2.3 Big Five and Eating Disorders
			7.4.2.4 Big Five and Substance Abuse
			7.4.2.5 Big Five and Compulsive Buying
	References
Index