Personality Psychology

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
ABOUT YOUR CUSTOM BOOK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topic 1: What is Personality?
	Learning Objectives
	What Is Personality?
	Where Can We See Personality?
	Perspectives on Personality
	Person and Situation
	Personality and Science
		Differences Between People
		Should We Study Individuals?
	Theory in Personality Psychology
		What is a theory?
		Evaluating Theories
		What Else Makes a Theory Good?
	Personality perspectives
		Overview of the Eight Perspectives
		Are Personality Aspects Really Separable?
	A Brief History of Personality Psychology
	Time Line
		Developments in the Field of Personality Psychology
	The Unconscious, the Self, Uniqueness, Gender, Situations, and Culture
		What Is the Unconscious?
		What Is the Self?
		Does Each Individual Require a Unique Approach?
		Are There Differences Between Men and Women?
		The Person Versus the Situation
		To What Extent Is Personality Culturally Determined?
		Is Personality a Useful Concept?
Topic 2: Dominant Theories: Trait and Biological
	Learning Objectives
	Direct Genetic Effects
	Time line
		The History of Biological Approaches to Personality
		Natural Selection and Functionalism
		Angelman Syndrome
	Behavioral Genomics
		Gray’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory
	Twins as a Source of Data
		Minnesota Twin Study
		Nurture and Nonshared Environmental Variance
	Epigenetics
		Famous Personalities: Born Athletes?: Venus and Serena Williams
		Conclusion: Biological Aspects of Personality
	The Trait Perspective
	Gordon Allport’s Trait Psychology
		The Importance of Culture
		Common Traits
		Personal Dispositions
	A Contemporary Trait Approach: The Big Five
		Factor Analysis
		More Than Five? Fewer Than Five?
		Eysenck’s Big Three and Related Alternatives
	Distinct Categories or a Continuum?
		Does the Big Five Translate Across Other Cultures?
	Types
		Limits of Trait Conceptions
	Conclusion: Trait Aspects of Personality
Topic 3: Dominant Theories: Social Learning and Self-Concept
	Learning Objectives
	The Self-Concept
		The I and the Me
		The Material Self
		Personality’s Past: Historical View of the Social Self
		The Social Self
		The Spiritual Self
		The True Self
	Evaluating the Self: Self-Esteem
		Is Self-Esteem Good or Bad?
		Explicit Versus Implicit Self-Esteem
		Maintaining Self-Esteem
	Self-Compassion, Self-Efficacy, and Narcissism: Three More Variations on Self-Evaluation
		Self-Compassion
		Self-Efficacy
		Narcissism
	Self-Regulation
		Possible Selves
		Self-Control
	Operant Conditioning: How to Get People (and Pets) to Do What You Want
		Four Ways of Modifying Behavior
		Reinforcement Schedules
	Socialization and Reciprocal Determinism
	Behavior Modification: Operant Conditioning in Action
		How Behavior Modification Works
		Using Behavior Modification on Yourself
		How Far Can Behavior Modification Go?
	Concluding Thoughts
		How Learning Shapes Behaviour
Topic 4: Dominant Theories: Psychodynamic and Motivation
	Learning Objectives
	Overview of Freud’s Theory
		Freud’s Theory in His Time, and Ours
		Evaluating Freud’s Theory
	The Structure of the Mind
	Psychosexual Development
		Oral Stage
		Anal Stage
		Phallic Stage
		Latency Period
	Mechanisms of Defense
		Denial
		Projection
		Repression
		Displacement
		Sublimation
		Humor
	Defense Mechanisms
		Empirical Evidence for the Defense Mechanisms
	Cross-Cultural Issues
	Psychoanalysis
		Psychoanalysis as a Scientific Theory
	Neo-analytic approaches
	Carl G. Jung and Selfhood
		Jung’s Analytic Psychology
	Karen Horney—Culture and Feminism
		Rejection of Penis Envy
		Basic Anxiety
		The Self
		Horney’s Impact on Psychoanalytic Thinking
	Motivation
	Approach and Avoidance Motivation
	Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
	Implicit Motives
		Three Major Implicit Motives
	How Do Implicit and Explicit Motives Affect Behavior?
		How Are Goals the Same and Different Across Cultures?
		How Do Goals Affect the Way You Think?
	Concluding thoughts
Topic 5: Testing and Measurement
	Learning Objectives
	Measuring Personality
		Reliability
		Classic to Current: The TAT
		Construct Validity
		Compare Your Thoughts
	Bias
		Ethnic Bias
		Gender Bias
		Response Sets
	Varieties of Personality Measures
		Self-Report Tests
		Q-Sort Tests
		Ratings and Judgments by Others
		Biological Measures
		Behavioral Observations
		Interviews
		Expressive Behavior
		Document Analysis and Biographical Studies
		Projective Tests
		Demographics and Lifestyle
		Online Internet Analysis of Social Media and Big Data
		Is There One Best Method of Assessment?
	How Not to Test Personality
	The Design of Research
	Time line
		The History of Personality Assessment
		Case Studies
		Correlational Studies
		Experimental Studies
	The Ethics of Personality Testing
		Sharpen Your Thinking: Ethics and Experiments
	Conclusion: How Is Personality Studied and Assessed?
Topic 6: Personality Across the Lifespan
	Learning Objectives
	Methods for Measuring Personality over Time
	Personality During Childhood and Adolescence
		Child Temperament
		Personality’s Past: The Q-Sort: Building a Personality Scale for the Future
		Changes in the Big Five Personality Traits During Childhood and Adolescence
		Changes in Self-Esteem During Childhood and Adolescence
		Birth Order and Personality
	Personality from Young Adulthood to Old Age
		Changes in the Big Five Personality Traits from Young Adulthood to Old Age
		Changes in Self-Esteem and Narcissism from Young Adulthood to Old Age
	Significant Life Experiences and Social Investment Theory
		Entering the Full-Time Workforce
		Being in a Serious Relationship or Getting Married
		Becoming a Parent
		Experiencing Negative or Positive Life Events
	Life Outcomes
	Concluding Thoughts
Topic 7: Personality and Wellbeing, Health and Illness
	Learning Objectives
	The Big Five and Physical Health
		Conscientiousness
		Neuroticism
		Extraversion (and Type T)
		Agreeableness
		Openness to Experience
	Motives and Explanatory Style
		Pessimistic Versus Optimistic Explanatory Style
	Disease-Prone Personalities
		The Sick Role
	Effects from Legal and Illegal Drugs
	Other Mental Disorders Associated with Personality
		Major Depressive Disorder
		Anxiety Disorders
		Bipolar Disorder
		Schizophrenia
		Eating Disorders
		Addictive Disorders
Topic 8: Personality Disorders and Therapeutic Approaches
	Learning Objectives
	Personality Disorders
		Diagnosing Personality Disorders
		Personality Disorders and the Big Five
		Developing Personality Disorders
		Personality’s Past: The MMPI
		The PID-5 Diagnostic Model
	Therapy and Personality Change
	Concluding Thoughts
Topic 9: Personality and Cognition
	Learning Objectives
	Roots of Cognitive Approaches
	Time line
		The History of Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Approaches to Personality
		Roots in Gestalt Psychology
		Kurt Lewin’s Field Theory
		Cognitive Style Variables
	Cognitive and Perceptual Mechanisms
		Schema Theory
		Categorization
		Control of Attention
		Individual Differences in Attention: ADHD
		Cognitive Influences on Interpersonal Relationships
		Classic to Current: A Social-Cognitive Interpretation of Transference
	Humans as Scientists: George Kelly’s Personal Construct Theory
		Individuals as Amateur Personality Theorists
		The Role Construct Repertory Test
		Self-Understanding: Cognitive Personality Assessment Using a Role Construct Approach
	Social Intelligence
	Julian Rotter’s Locus of Control Approach
		Generalized Versus Specific Expectancies
		The Role of Reinforcements and the Psychological Situation
		Locus of Control
	Humans as Computers
	Conclusion: Cognitive and Social-Cognitive Aspects of Personality
		Evaluating the Perspectives: Advantages and Limits of the Cognitive Approach to Personality
Topic 10: Personality in the Workplace
	Learning Objectives
	Vocational Fit
	The Role of Personality in Job Success
		Job Satisfaction: What Traits Make You Happy at Work?
		Job Performance: What Traits Make for a Good Worker?
		Compensation: What Traits Predict High Pay?
		Leadership: What Personality Traits Make for a Good Leader?
		Personality’s Past: Consideration and Initiation in Leadership
	How Employers Use Personality for Job Selection
		What Traits Do Employers Want?
		The Use (and Possible Misuse) of Personality Tests
	Finding Passion at Work
	Concluding Thoughts
Topic 11: Personality and Culture
	Learning Objectives
	How Cultures Shape People
	Errors of Scientific Inference
		Race as a Flawed Approach to Grouping People
		The American Dilemma
		Cultural Differences in Individualism and Collectivism
		Cultural Differences in Attributions
	Language as a Cultural Influence
		Language and Identity
		Creating a Culture through Shared Language
		Language and Thought
		Bilingualism
		Language and Social Interaction
		Gender and Language
	Culture and Testing
		Culture-Free and Culture-Fair Tests
	Cultural Differences in the Big Five Personality Traits
		Challenges in Studying Personality Traits across Cultures
		Cultural Differences in Extraversion
		Cultural Differences in Agreeableness
		Cultural Differences in Conscientiousness
		Cultural Differences in Neuroticism
		Cultural Differences in Openness to Experience
		Incorporating Culture into Personality Theory
		Culture and Humanity
		Classic to Current: Culture and Personality from a Gay and Lesbian Perspective
Index