Performance-Based Building Design: From Below Grade to Floors, Walls, Roofs, Windows and Finishes

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Preface
About the Author
List of Units and Symbols
Introduction
Chapter 1 What Does Performance‐Based Requirements Mean?
	1.1 In General
	1.2 Definitions
	1.3 Advantages
	1.4 Performance‐based Design of Buildings and Building Parts
		1.4.1 The Process
		1.4.2 Integrating the Approach
	1.5 Impact
	Further Reading
Chapter 2 Materials for a Correct Hygrothermal Performance
	2.1 In General
	2.2 Materials for Thermal Insulation
		2.2.1 Why Needed?
		2.2.2 Basic: A Low Apparent Thermal Conductivity
		2.2.3 Other Properties
			2.2.3.1 Mechanical
			2.2.3.2 Moisture
			2.2.3.3 Air
			2.2.3.4 Temperature, IR and UV
			2.2.3.5 Fire
		2.2.4 Insulating Building Materials
			2.2.4.1 How Characterized?
			2.2.4.2 Lightweight Brick Masonry
			2.2.4.3 Lightweight Concrete, Aerated Concrete
		2.2.5 Insulation Materials
			2.2.5.1 How Characterized?
			2.2.5.2 Cork
			2.2.5.3 Cellulose
			2.2.5.4 Glass and Mineral Fibre
			2.2.5.5 Cellular Glass
			2.2.5.6 Expanded Polystyrene (EPS)
			2.2.5.7 Extruded Polystyrene (XPS)
			2.2.5.8 Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foam (PUR and PIR)
			2.2.5.9 Pressed Perlite (PPB)
			2.2.5.10 Radiant Barriers
			2.2.5.11 Transparent Insulation (TIM)
			2.2.5.12 Vacuum Insulation (VIP)
		2.2.6 Remark
	2.3 Heat Storage Materials
	2.4 Waterproof Layers
		2.4.1 Basic Property
		2.4.2 Short History
		2.4.3 Bituminous Membranes
		2.4.4 Polymer‐Bitumen Membranes
		2.4.5 Polymer Membranes
	2.5 Vapour Barriers and Vapour Retarders
	2.6 Air Barriers and Air Retarders
	2.7 Joint Sealants
		2.7.1 Joints, Why Needed?
		2.7.2 Joint Solutions and Finishing Options
		2.7.3 Performance Checks
			2.7.3.1 Mechanical
			2.7.3.2 Building Physics Related
		2.7.4 Sealant Classification
		2.7.5 Sealant Choice
		2.7.6 Structural Aspects
		2.7.7 Execution
	Further Reading
Chapter 3 Clearing the Building Site, Excavations and Foundations
	3.1 In General
	3.2 Clearing
	3.3 Excavating
	3.4 Foundations
		3.4.1 Which?
		3.4.2 Performance Checks
			3.4.2.1 Structural Integrity
			3.4.2.2 Building Physics‐related
			3.4.2.3 Durability
		3.4.3 Foundation Solutions
			3.4.3.1 Spread Foundations
			3.4.3.2 Deep Foundations
		3.4.4 Specific Problems
			3.4.4.1 Eccentric Loaded Footings
			3.4.4.2 Footings Under Wide Openings
			3.4.4.3 Reinforcing and Deepening Foundations Below Existing Party Walls
	Further Reading
Chapter 4 Parts and Spaces Below and on Grade
	4.1 In General
	4.2 Performance Checks
		4.2.1 Structural Integrity
			4.2.1.1 Stability
			4.2.1.2 Strength and Stiffness
		4.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			4.2.2.1 Air Tightness
			4.2.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			4.2.2.3 Transient Response
			4.2.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			4.2.2.5 Thermal Bridging
		4.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
		4.2.4 Durability
		4.2.5 Fire Safety
		4.2.6 Radon
	4.3 Design and Construction
		4.3.1 In General
		4.3.2 Protective Measures
			4.3.2.1 The Different Classes
			4.3.2.2 Drainage
			4.3.2.3 Watertight Encasement Inside
			4.3.2.4 Watertight Encasement Outside
			4.3.2.5 Waterproof Concrete
	Further Reading
Chapter 5 Load‐Bearing Structures
	5.1 In General
	5.2 Options
	5.3 Performance Checks
		5.3.1 Structural Integrity
		5.3.2 Fire Safety
	5.4 Design Hints
		5.4.1 Which?
		5.4.2 Vertical Loads
		5.4.3 Horizontal Loads
			5.4.3.1 Massive Construction
			5.4.3.2 Skeleton Construction
		5.4.4 Dynamic Horizontal Loads
	Further Reading
Chapter 6 Floors
	6.1 In General
	6.2 Assemblies
	6.3 Performance Checks
		6.3.1 Structural Integrity
		6.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			6.3.2.1 Airtightness
			6.3.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			6.3.2.3 Transient Response
			6.3.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			6.3.2.5 Thermal Bridging
		6.3.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			6.3.3.1 Airborne Noise
			6.3.3.2 Impact Noise
		6.3.4 Durability
		6.3.5 Fire Safety
	6.4 Design and Construction
		6.4.1 Floor Classification
		6.4.2 Timber Floors
			6.4.2.1 Spans up to 6 m
			6.4.2.2 Spans Beyond 6 m
		6.4.3 Concrete Decks and Prefabricated Structural Floor Units
			6.4.3.1 Spans up to 6 m
			6.4.3.2 Spans Beyond 6 m
		6.4.4 Steel Floors
			6.4.4.1 Spans up to 6 m
			6.4.4.2 Spans Beyond 6 m
	Further Reading
Chapter 7 Outer Walls and Roofs: Performance Checks
	7.1 In General
	7.2 Outer Walls
		7.2.1 Structural Integrity
		7.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			7.2.2.1 Air‐tightness
			7.2.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			7.2.2.3 Transient Response
			7.2.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			7.2.2.5 Thermal Bridging
		7.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
		7.2.4 Durability
		7.2.5 Fire Safety
		7.2.6 Maintenance and Economics
	7.3 Roofs
		7.3.1 Structural Integrity
		7.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			7.3.2.1 Air Tightness
			7.3.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			7.3.2.3 Transient Response
			7.3.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			7.3.2.5 Thermal Bridging
			7.3.2.6 Building Physics: Acoustics
		7.3.3 Durability
		7.3.4 Fire Safety
		7.3.5 Maintenance and Economy
	Further Reading
Chapter 8 Massive Outer Walls
	8.1 Heavyweight Masonry
		8.1.1 Some History
		8.1.2 Performance Checks
			8.1.2.1 Structural Integrity
			8.1.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			8.1.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			8.1.2.4 Durability
			8.1.2.5 Fire Safety
		8.1.3 Conclusion
	8.2 Lightweight Masonry
		8.2.1 Types
		8.2.2 Performance Checks
			8.2.2.1 Structural Integrity
			8.2.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			8.2.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			8.2.2.4 Durability
			8.2.2.5 Fire Safety
			8.2.2.6 Maintenance
		8.2.3 Design and Construction
	Further Reading
Chapter 9 Massive Outer Walls Insulated Either Inside or Outside
	9.1 Why?
	9.2 Inside Insulation
		9.2.1 Common Assemblies
		9.2.2 Performance Checks
			9.2.2.1 Structural Integrity
			9.2.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			9.2.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			9.2.2.4 Durability
			9.2.2.5 Fire Safety
			9.2.2.6 Overall Evaluation
		9.2.3 Design and Execution
	9.3 Outside Insulation
		9.3.1 Common Assemblies
		9.3.2 Performance Checks
			9.3.2.1 Structural Integrity
			9.3.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air, Moisture
			9.3.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			9.3.2.4 Durability
			9.3.2.5 Fire Safety
			9.3.2.6 Maintenance
			9.3.2.7 Overall Evaluation
		9.3.3 Design and Execution
			9.3.3.1 Stud Systems
			9.3.3.2 EIFS Systems
	Further Reading
Chapter 10 Cavity Walls
	10.1 Some History
	10.2 Performance Checks
		10.2.1 Structural Integrity
		10.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air, Moisture
			10.2.2.1 Airtightness
			10.2.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			10.2.2.3 Transient Response
			10.2.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			10.2.2.5 Thermal Bridging
		10.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
		10.2.4 Durability
		10.2.5 Fire Safety
		10.2.6 Maintenance
	10.3 Design and Execution
		10.3.1 In General
		10.3.2 Airtight, as Few Thermal Bridges as Possible
		10.3.3 Correctly Mounted Cavity Trays Where Needed
		10.3.4 Excluding Air Looping and Wind Washing
	10.4 Post‐filling Existing Cavity Walls
	Further Reading
Chapter 11 Concrete Panel and Sheet‐Metal Outer Walls
	11.1 In General
	11.2 Concrete Panels
		11.2.1 Common Assemblies
		11.2.2 Performance Checks
			11.2.2.1 Remark
			11.2.2.2 Structural Integrity
			11.2.2.3 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			11.2.2.4 Building Physics: Acoustics
			11.2.2.5 Durability
			11.2.2.6 Fire Safety
			11.2.2.7 Maintenance
		11.2.3 Design and Execution
	11.3 Sheet‐metal Options
		11.3.1 Common Assemblies
		11.3.2 Performance Checks
			11.3.2.1 Structural Integrity
			11.3.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			11.3.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			11.3.2.4 Durability
			11.3.2.5 Fire Safety
			11.3.2.6 Maintenance
		11.3.3 Design and Construction
	Further Reading
Chapter 12 Outer Walls with Transparent Insulation
	12.1 In General
	12.2 Assemblies
	12.3 Performance Checks
		12.3.1 Structural Integrity
		12.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			12.3.2.1 Airtightness
			12.3.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			12.3.2.3 Transient Response
			12.3.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
		12.3.3 Durability
	12.4 Application?
	Further Reading
Chapter 13 Low‐Slope Roofs
	13.1 Some History
	13.2 Low‐Slope Roof Coverings
		13.2.1 In General
		13.2.2 Bitumen and Polymer Bitumen Membranes
			13.2.2.1 Number of Layers
			13.2.2.2 Execution
			13.2.2.3 Combinations With the Substrate
		13.2.3 Polymer Membranes
		13.2.4 Problems With Membranes
			13.2.4.1 Bitumen
			13.2.4.2 Polymers
	13.3 Compact Low‐Slope Roofs
		13.3.1 Roof Deck as Classification Variable
		13.3.2 Performance Checks
			13.3.2.1 Structural Integrity
			13.3.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			13.3.2.3 Fire Safety
			13.3.2.4 Maintenance
		13.3.3 Design and Construction
			13.3.3.1 Assemblies
			13.3.3.2 Details
			13.3.3.3 Special Uses
	13.4 Protected Membrane Roofs
		13.4.1 Performance Checks
			13.4.1.1 Questions Advanced
			13.4.1.2 Thermal Transmittance
			13.4.1.3 Moisture Tolerance
			13.4.1.4 Other Performances
		13.4.2 Design and Construction
			13.4.2.1 Roofing Membrane
			13.4.2.2 Details
			13.4.2.3 Why MW as Insulation Material Nonetheless Failed?
		13.4.3 Conclusion
	Further Reading
Chapter 14 Pitched Roofs
	14.1 In General
	14.2 Pitched Roof Coverings
		14.2.1 Ceramic Tiles
		14.2.2 Concrete Tiles
		14.2.3 Quarry and Fibre‐Cement Slates
		14.2.4 Timber Slates and Plain Tiles
		14.2.5 Corrugated Roof Sheets
		14.2.6 Shingles
		14.2.7 Metal Tiles
	14.3 Pitched Roofs Typology
		14.3.1 According to the Form
			14.3.1.1 How Done
			14.3.1.2 Simple Forms
			14.3.1.3 Composite Forms
		14.3.2 According to the Supporting Structure
			14.3.2.1 Which?
			14.3.2.2 Purlins on Trusses
			14.3.2.3 Rafters
			14.3.2.4 Other
		14.3.3 According to the Coverings
	14.4 Assemblies
	14.5 Performance Checks
		14.5.1 Structural Integrity
		14.5.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			14.5.2.1 Some History
			14.5.2.2 Air
			14.5.2.3 Thermal Transmittance
			14.5.2.4 Transient Response
			14.5.2.5 Moisture Tolerance
			14.5.2.6 Thermal Bridging
		14.5.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
		14.5.4 Durability
		14.5.5 Fire Safety
		14.5.6 Maintenance
	14.6 Design and Construction
		14.6.1 Roof Assemblies
			14.6.1.1 Attic Unused or Used as Storage Space
			14.6.1.2 Attic Used as Living Space
		14.6.2 Roof Details
	Further Reading
Chapter 15 Sheet‐Metal‐Covered Roofs
	15.1 In General
	15.2 Sheet‐Metal Coverings
		15.2.1 Which Metals?
		15.2.2 Metal Covers in More Detail
			15.2.2.1 Lead
			15.2.2.2 Copper and Brass
			15.2.2.3 Zinc
			15.2.2.4 Aluminium
	15.3 Sheet‐Metal Roof Typology
	15.4 Performance Checks
		15.4.1 Remark
		15.4.2 Moisture Tolerance
			15.4.2.1 Some History
			15.4.2.2 Interstitial Condensation
			15.4.2.3 Consequences for Moisture Tolerance
			15.4.2.4 Conclusions
		15.4.3 Thermal Bridging
		15.4.4 Durability
	15.5 Design and Construction
	Further Reading
Chapter 16 Inside Walls, Balconies, Shafts and Staircases
	16.1 In General
	16.2 Party Walls
		16.2.1 What?
		16.2.2 Performance Checks
			16.2.2.1 Structural Integrity
			16.2.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			16.2.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			16.2.2.4 Fire Safety
		16.2.3 Design and Construction
	16.3 Partition Walls
		16.3.1 Types
		16.3.2 Performance Checks
			16.3.2.1 Structural Integrity
			16.3.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			16.3.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			16.3.2.4 Durability
			16.3.2.5 Fire Safety
		16.3.3 Design and Construction
	16.4 Balconies
		16.4.1 Function
		16.4.2 Performance Checks
			16.4.2.1 Methodology
			16.4.2.2 Structural Integrity
			16.4.2.3 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			16.4.2.4 Durability
			16.4.2.5 Fire Safety
			16.4.2.6 User Safety
		16.4.3 Design and Construction
			16.4.3.1 In General
			16.4.3.2 Thermal Breaks Minimizing Thermal Bridging
			16.4.3.3 Rain Proofing and Drainage
			16.4.3.4 Flooring
			16.4.3.5 Fences and Handrails
	16.5 Shafts
		16.5.1 For Elevators
			16.5.1.1 In General
			16.5.1.2 Performance Checks
			16.5.1.3 Design and Construction
		16.5.2 For Pipes and Ducts
			16.5.2.1 In General
			16.5.2.2 Performance Checks
		16.5.3 Chimneys
			16.5.3.1 When Needed?
			16.5.3.2 Dimensioning
			16.5.3.3 Design and Construction
	16.6 Stairs
		16.6.1 Types
		16.6.2 Performance Checks
			16.6.2.1 Which?
			16.6.2.2 Structural Integrity
			16.6.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			16.6.2.4 Fire Safety
			16.6.2.5 User Safety
		16.6.3 Design and Construction
	Further Reading
Chapter 17 Windows, Outer Doors, and Glass Façades
	17.1 In General
	17.2 Glazing
		17.2.1 Functions
		17.2.2 Developments
		17.2.3 Performance Checks
			17.2.3.1 Structural Safety
			17.2.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			17.2.3.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			17.2.3.4 Building Physics: Daylight
			17.2.3.5 Durability
			17.2.3.6 Fire Safety
			17.2.3.7 Burglar Safety
		17.2.4 Technology
	17.3 Windows and Outer Doors
		17.3.1 Types
		17.3.2 Frame Materials
		17.3.3 Frame Sections and Glass Mounting
		17.3.4 Performance Checks
			17.3.4.1 Which?
			17.3.4.2 Structural Safety
			17.3.4.3 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			17.3.4.4 Building Physics: Acoustics
			17.3.4.5 Durability
			17.3.4.6 Fire Safety
			17.3.4.7 Maintenance and Safety at Use
		17.3.5 Technology
			17.3.5.1 Wooden Frames
			17.3.5.2 Vinyl, Aluminium and Steel Frames
			17.3.5.3 Roller and Folding Shutters
			17.3.5.4 Solar Shading
			17.3.5.5 Trickle Vents
	17.4 Glass Façades
		17.4.1 In General
		17.4.2 Single‐skin Glass Façades
			17.4.2.1 Window Fronts
			17.4.2.2 Curtain Walls
			17.4.2.3 Structural Glazing and Hung Glass Façades
		17.4.3 Double‐skin Façades
			17.4.3.1 Typology
			17.4.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			17.4.3.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			17.4.3.4 Fire Safety
			17.4.3.5 Energy Efficiency at Building Level
		17.4.4 Photovoltaic (PV) Façades
	Further Reading
Chapter 18 Timber Frame Construction
	18.1 Some History
	18.2 Construction, Assemblies
	18.3 Performance Checks
		18.3.1 Structural Integrity
		18.3.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			18.3.2.1 Airtightness
			18.3.2.2 Thermal Transmittance
			18.3.2.3 Transient Response
			18.3.2.4 Moisture Tolerance
			18.3.2.5 Thermal Bridging
		18.3.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
		18.3.4 Durability
		18.3.5 Fire Safety
		18.3.6 Maintenance
		18.3.7 Sustainability
	18.4 Design and Construction
		18.4.1 Frame
		18.4.2 Thermal Insulation
		18.4.3 Air and Vapour Retarder
		18.4.4 Building Wrap Covering the Sheathing
		18.4.5 Variants
	Further Reading
Chapter 19 Interior Finishes
	19.1 In General
	19.2 Building Services
	19.3 On Walls
		19.3.1 Choices
		19.3.2 Performance Checks
			19.3.2.1 Which?
			19.3.2.2 Structural Integrity
			19.3.2.3 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			19.3.2.4 Fire Safety
		19.3.3 Design and Execution
			19.3.3.1 Wet Plasters
			19.3.3.2 Gypsum Board
	19.4 On Floors
		19.4.1 Choices
		19.4.2 Performance Checks
			19.4.2.1 Which?
			19.4.2.2 Structural Integrity
			19.4.2.3 Building Physics: Heat, Air, Moisture
			19.4.2.4 Building Physics: Acoustics
		19.4.3 Design and Execution
	19.5 Of Ceilings
		19.5.1 Alternatives
		19.5.2 Performance Checks
			19.5.2.1 Structural Integrity
			19.5.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			19.5.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			19.5.2.4 Fire Safety
		19.5.3 Design and Execution
	19.6 Carpentry
		19.6.1 What?
		19.6.2 Performance Checks
			19.6.2.1 Structural Integrity
			19.6.2.2 Building Physics: Heat, Air and Moisture
			19.6.2.3 Building Physics: Acoustics
			19.6.2.4 Fire Safety
		19.6.3 Design and Execution
	Further Reading
Chapter 20 Risk Analysis
	20.1 Of Help?
	20.2 Definitions
	20.3 How to Perform
		20.3.1 Steps to Take
		20.3.2 Identification and Probability of Likely and Possible Deficiencies
		20.3.3 Seriousness of Discontentment, Given the Consequences
		20.3.4 Proposals Limiting the Risks
	20.4 Cavity Walls as Example
		20.4.1 Filled Versus Non‐filled
		20.4.2 Deficiencies Causing Discontentment
		20.4.3 Probability
		20.4.4 Discontentment with the Consequences
			20.4.4.1 In General
			20.4.4.2 Remark
		20.4.5 Probabilities
			20.4.5.1 In General
			20.4.5.2 Mould
			20.4.5.3 Rain Penetration
			20.4.5.4 Other
		20.4.6 Risk Evaluation
		20.4.7 Upgrades
	Further Reading
Index
EULA