Peptide Bionanomaterials: From Design to Application

Preface
Contents
Chapter 1: Design Rules for Self-Assembling Peptide Nanostructures
	1.1 Nature: Source of Inspiration
	1.2 Amino Acids: The Building Units
	1.3 Molecular Design of Self-Assembling Peptides: The Building Blocks
		1.3.1 Biosynthetic Polypeptides
			1.3.1.1 Collagen-Like Polypeptides
			1.3.1.2 Elastin-Like Polypeptides
			1.3.1.3 Silk-Elastin-Like Polypeptides
			1.3.1.4 Keratin and Keratin-Like Polypeptides
			1.3.1.5 Resilin-Like Polypeptides
		1.3.2 De Novo Synthetic Short Peptides
			1.3.2.1 β-Sheet Forming Peptides
			1.3.2.2 β-Hairpin-Forming Peptides
			1.3.2.3 α-Helix/Coiled-Coil-Forming Peptides
			1.3.2.4 Amphiphilic Peptides
				Amphiphilic Peptide Sequences
				Lipidated Peptides
			1.3.2.5 Short Aromatic Peptides
			1.3.2.6 Cyclic Peptides
	1.4 Summary
	References
Chapter 2: β-Sheet and β-Hairpin Peptide Nanomaterials
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Early Investigations of β-Sheet Peptide Assemblies as Materials
	2.3 Short Amphipathic β-Sheet Peptides
		2.3.1 Ionic Self-Complementary Peptides: EAK16 and RAD16
		2.3.2 (FKFE)n and Related Amphipathic Peptide Sequences from the EAK/RAD Family
		2.3.3 P11 Peptides and Related Sequences
		2.3.4 Multidomain Peptides
	2.4 β-Hairpin Self-Assembling Peptides
	2.5 Surfactant-Like Peptide Assemblies
	2.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: α-Helix and Coiled-Coil Peptide Nanomaterials
	3.1 Scope of This Chapter
	3.2 De Novo Design of α-Helical Coiled Coils
	3.3 α-Helical Peptide Fibers
	3.4 α-Helical Peptide Nanotubes
	3.5 α-Helical Peptide Cages and Protein Origami
	3.6 α-Helical Peptide Networks and Arrays
	3.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Ultra-Short Peptide Nanomaterials
	4.1 Introduction
		4.1.1 Definition of Ultra-Short Peptide
		4.1.2 A Brief History of Short and Ultra-Short Peptide Nanomaterials
		4.1.3 General Mechanism of Self-Aggregation
	4.2 Nanotubes
	4.3 Hydrogels
	4.4 Adhesives
	4.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: Peptide Amphiphile Nanomaterials
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Classification
		5.2.1 Amphiphilic Peptides
			5.2.1.1 PAs with Alternate Hydrophilic-Hydrophobic Amino Acid Sequence
			5.2.1.2 PAs with Hydrophilic Sequence Connected with Hydrophobic Stretch
			5.2.1.3 Block co-Polypeptide Amphiphiles
		5.2.2 Lipidated Peptide Amphiphiles
		5.2.3 Cyclic Peptide Amphiphiles
		5.2.4 Supramolecular Peptide Amphiphiles
	5.3 Self-Assembly and Nanostructures
		5.3.1 Interactions Accountable for PA Self-Assembly
			5.3.1.1 Hydrogen Bonding
			5.3.1.2 Hydrophobic Interaction
			5.3.1.3 Electrostatic Interactions
			5.3.1.4 π-π Stacking
			5.3.1.5 Van der Waals Interactions
			5.3.1.6 Other Unusual Interactions
		5.3.2 Nanoassemblies of PAs
		5.3.3 Thermodynamic and Kinetics of PA Self-Assemblies
		5.3.4 Stimuli-Responsive Assemblies of PAs
			5.3.4.1 pH Responsive
			5.3.4.2 Redox Responsive
			5.3.4.3 Biocatalyst Responsive
	5.4 Application-Specific Design and Execution Guideline
	5.5 Applications of PA Assemblies
		5.5.1 Tissue Engineering
		5.5.2 As Delivery Vehicles
		5.5.3 Wound Healing
		5.5.4 Antimicrobial PAs
		5.5.5 Mineralization and Nanofabrication
		5.5.6 Conductive Materials
		5.5.7 Biomimics and Systems Chemistry
	5.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 6: Polypeptide-Based Multicomponent Materials: From Design to Applications
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 Design Strategies for Engineered Polypeptides
		6.2.1 Incorporating Unnatural Amino Acids
		6.2.2 Posttranslational Modifications of Polypeptides
		6.2.3 Incorporation of Cross-Linking Moieties
	6.3 Creating Multicomponent Materials with Polypeptides
	6.4 Creating Multicomponent Materials Combining Polypeptides and Synthetic Polymers
		6.4.1 Pros and Cons of Polypeptide-Based and Synthetic Polymer-Based Materials
		6.4.2 Overarching Strategies for Designing Polypeptide-Synthetic Polymer Hybrids
		6.4.3 Designing Inducible Systems Via Polypeptide-Synthetic Polymer Conjugation
		6.4.4 Opportunities for Multicomponent Polypeptide/Protein-Synthetic Polymer Biomaterials in Bioengineering Applications
	6.5 Creating Multicomponent Materials Combining Polypeptides and Nanoparticles
		6.5.1 Multicomponent Materials Based on Polypeptides and Carbon Nanoparticles
		6.5.2 Multicomponent Materials Based on Polypeptides and Inorganic Nanoparticles
	6.6 Creating Multicomponent Materials Combining Polypeptides and Other Molecules
	6.7 Conclusion and Outlook
	References
Chapter 7: Chirality in Peptide Self-Assembly and Aggregation
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Pleated and Rippled β-Sheets
	7.3 Helical Peptides
	7.4 Cyclic Heterochiral Peptide Assemblies
	7.5 Linear Heterochiral Peptide Assemblies
	7.6 Inhibition of Amyloid Toxicity
	7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8: Characterization of Peptide-Based Nanomaterials
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Peptide Quality Control
	8.3 Establishing Interactions in Peptide-Based Nanomaterials
		8.3.1 Phase Diagrams and Titrations
		8.3.2 Characterizing Peptide Interactions: Thermodynamics
			8.3.2.1 Isothermal Titration Calorimetry
			8.3.2.2 Differential Scanning Calorimetry
	8.4 Spectroscopy
		8.4.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
		8.4.2 Raman Spectroscopy
		8.4.3 Circular Dichroism
		8.4.4 Linear Dichroism
		8.4.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
		8.4.6 Fluorescence Spectroscopy Assays
	8.5 Microscopy
		8.5.1 Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopies
		8.5.2 Atomic Force Microscopy
		8.5.3 Light Microscopy
	8.6 Scattering
		8.6.1 Small Angle Scattering
		8.6.2 Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS)
		8.6.3 X-Ray Powder Diffraction/Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering
		8.6.4 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta Potential
	8.7 Rheology: Characterization of Viscoelasticity and Printability
	8.8 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: In Silico Prediction of Peptide Self-assembly into Nanostructures
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 All-Atom MD Simulations
	9.3 Coarse-Grain Simulations
	9.4 Alternative Approaches
	9.5 Conclusions and Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10: Advanced Manufacturing of Peptide Nanomaterials
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Role of Microfluidics in Peptide Research
		10.2.1 Peptide Incorporation into NP Shell
		10.2.2 Peptide Encapsulation Within NP Shell
		10.2.3 Other Uses of MFs in Peptide Research
	10.3 Applications of Protein and Peptide Electrospun Nanofibres
		10.3.1 Fundamentals of Electrospinning
		10.3.2 Proteins and Peptides in Electrospinning
		10.3.3 Applications of Protein and Peptides in Electrospinning
			10.3.3.1 Drug Delivery
			10.3.3.2 Tissue Engineering
			10.3.3.3 Other Applications
	10.4 Role of Additive Manufacturing in Peptide Research
		10.4.1 Fused Deposition Modelling
		10.4.2 Stereolithography and Digital Light Processing
		10.4.3 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS)
		10.4.4 Semi-solid Extrusion (EXT)
	10.5 Conclusion and Future Directions
	References
Chapter 11: Self-assembling Peptide Hydrogels as Extracellular Matrix-Mimicking Scaffolds for Tissue Regeneration in Chronic-D...
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The ECM: A Key Regulator of Tissues´ Biology
	11.3 Functionalization of SAPHs to Direct Cell Biology
	11.4 Musculoskeletal Tissue Diseases
		11.4.1 Bone Diseases
		11.4.2 Cartilage Diseases
	11.5 Cardiovascular Diseases
		11.5.1 Cardiovascular Diseases: SAPHs as Cardiac Molecules Depots for Heart Attack
		11.5.2 Cardiovascular Diseases: SAPHs as Cellular Depots for Heart Attack
		11.5.3 Cardiovascular Diseases: SAPHs as Cell-Load Depots for Other Cardiovascular Diseases Disorders
	11.6 SAPHs for Principal Neurodegenerative Disorders
		11.6.1 Neurodegenerative Disorders: SAPHs for Alzheimer´s Disease
		11.6.2 Neurodegenerative Disorders: SAPHs for Parkinson´s Disease
		11.6.3 NDs: SAPHs for Spinal Cord Injury
	11.7 Pancreatic Diseases
		11.7.1 Pancreatic Diseases: SAPHs as Vehicles for Islet Transplant
		11.7.2 Pancreatic Diseases: SAPHs for Hyperglycemia and Wound Healing
	11.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 12: Peptide Nanostructured Materials as Drug Delivery Carriers
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Nanomaterials for Nanomedicine
		12.1.2 Nanomaterials with Peptides for Medicine
		12.1.3 Bioinspiration for Self-Assembling Nanomaterials
	12.2 Proteins and Peptides as Building Blocks for Self-Assembled Biomaterials
		12.2.1 From Natural Self-Assembling Proteins to Peptides
		12.2.2 Minimalistic Peptides as Building Blocks for Supramolecular Biomaterials
		12.2.3 Modern Peptide Therapeutics
	12.3 Peptide Nanostructures for Drug Delivery
		12.3.1 Physical Entrapment of Drugs
		12.3.2 Non-covalent Drug Interactions
		12.3.3 Covalent Drug Binding
	12.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 13: Peptide and Protein Emulsifiers
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Peptide Emulsifiers
		13.2.1 Short Aromatic Peptide Emulsifiers
		13.2.2 α-Helix Peptide Emulsifiers
		13.2.3 β-Sheets Peptide Emulsifiers
		13.2.4 Miscellaneous Surfactant-Like Peptides
	13.3 Protein Emulsifiers
		13.3.1 Milk Protein Emulsifiers
			13.3.1.1 Caseins
			13.3.1.2 Whey Proteins
		13.3.2 Hydrophobins
		13.3.3 Gelatin
		13.3.4 Pea Proteins
	13.4 Protein-Polysaccharide Mixed Emulsifiers
		13.4.1 Protein-Polysaccharide Covalent Conjugates
		13.4.2 Protein-Polysaccharide Physical Mixtures
	13.5 Summary
	References
Chapter 14: Antimicrobial Peptide Nanomaterials
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 General Mechanisms of Antimicrobial Peptide Action
	14.3 Self-Assembly
	14.4 Nanotubes
	14.5 Hydrogel-Forming Nanostructures
		14.5.1 Surfactant-Like Peptides
		14.5.2 Peptide Amphiphiles
		14.5.3 Multidomain Peptides
		14.5.4 β-Hairpin Peptides
	14.6 Increasing In Vivo Longevity
		14.6.1 d-α-Form Amino Acids
		14.6.2 Other Peptidomimetics
		14.6.3 Peptoids
	14.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 15: Multifunctional Peptide Biointerfaces
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Advantages of Multifunctional Peptide Biointerfaces
	15.3 Origins of Modern Peptide Biointerfaces
		15.3.1 The Fundamental Role of Antifouling Surfaces
		15.3.2 Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) and Thiol-Gold Surface Functionalization
		15.3.3 Polysarcosine Peptoid Antifouling and the DOPA Universal Surface Adhesive
		15.3.4 Protein Mimicry and Zwitterionic Glu-Lys (EK) Peptides
	15.4 Multifunctional Peptides for Surface Functionalization
		15.4.1 Direct Application of Bioactive Peptides
		15.4.2 Linear SAM Designs
		15.4.3 Non-linear Multifunctional Peptide Surface Designs
	15.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: Peptide Bionanomaterials Global Market: The Future of Emerging Industry
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Peptides as Bionanomaterials
	16.3 Market Segments Based on Applications
		16.3.1 Tissue Engineering and 3D Printing
		16.3.2 Drug Delivery
		16.3.3 Antibacterial Peptides for Wound Healing
		16.3.4 Cosmetics
	16.4 COVID-19 Impact on the Biomaterials Market
	16.5 Market Comparisons
	16.6 The Future for Peptide Bionanomaterials
	References