PENSIONS AT A GLANCE 2019.

Foreword
Table of contents
Editorial – Pensions for non-standard workers
Executive summary
Chapter 1. Recent pension reforms
	Introduction
	Population ageing: demographic trends, income and employment
	Pension reforms over the last two years
	Long-term trends in pension reforms
	Annex 1.A. Pension reforms decided between September 2017 and September 2019
Chapter 2. Non-standard forms of work and pensions
	Introduction
	Trends and characteristics of non-standard work
	Why does non-standard work raise pension issues?
	Pension rules for non-standard forms of work
	Improving pension provision for non-standard workers
	Conclusion
Chapter 3. Are funded pensions well designed to adapt to non-standard forms of work?
	Introduction
	Formal and effective access to funded pensions
	Contribution levels
	Pension income outcomes
	Conclusion
Chapter 4. Design of Pension Systems
	Architecture of national pension systems
	Basic, targeted and minimum pensions
	Mandatory earnings-related pensions
	Current retirement ages
	Future retirement ages
Chapter 5. Pension Entitlements
	Methodology and assumptions
	Gross pension replacement rates
	Gross pension replacement rates for different entry age
	Gross replacement rates: Public vs Private, Mandatory vs Voluntary schemes
	Tax treatment of pensions and pensioners
	Net pension replacement rates
	Net pension replacement rates: Mandatory and Voluntary schemes
	Gross pension wealth
	Net pension wealth
	Gross pension entitlements for couples
	Impact of childcare breaks on pension entitlements
	Impact of unemployment breaks on pension entitlements
Chapter 6. Demographic and Economic Context
	Fertility
	Life expectancy
	Demographic Old-Age to Working-Age Ratio
	Employment rates of older workers
	Effective age of labour market exit
	Expected life years after labour market exit
Chapter 7. Incomes and poverty of older people
	Incomes of older People
	Old-age income poverty
	Old-age income inequality
	Average wage
Chapter 8. Finances of retirement-income systems
	Mandatory pension contributions
	Public expenditure on pensions
	Private expenditure on pensions
	Long-term projections of public pension expenditure
Chapter 9. Funded pensions and public pension reserve funds
	Coverage of funded and private pension plans
	Contributions paid into funded and private pension plans
	Assets in funded and private pension plans, and public pension reserve funds
	Allocation of assets
	Investment performance
	Structure of funded and private pension systems
	Fees charged to members of defined contribution plans
	Funding ratios of defined benefit plans