Penal Reform in Overcrowded Times

Contents......Page 8
Contributors......Page 14
Introduction: Penal Policies at the Beginning of the Twenty-First Century......Page 20
The Importance of Penal Policy......Page 21
The Determinants of Penal Policy......Page 23
The Transferability of Penal Policy......Page 28
The Spread of Innovation......Page 31
The Punitiveness Story......Page 34
The Sentencing Story......Page 36
The Fragmentation Story......Page 37
U.S. Sentencing Systems Fragmenting......Page 38
The Status of Sentencing Guideline Reforms in the United States......Page 48
Political Preoccupation with Crime Leads, Not Follows, Public Opinion......Page 57
The Penal System as Labor Market Institution: Jobs and Jails, 1980–1995......Page 62
Why Are U.S. Incarceration Rates So High?......Page 69
Washington State Sentencing Changes, 1994–1997......Page 82
Ohio Guidelines Take Effect......Page 86
Pennsylvania Revises Sentencing Guidelines......Page 89
North Carolina Prepares for Guidelines Sentencing......Page 96
Sentencing Changes in North Carolina......Page 101
Flexibility in North Carolina Structured Sentencing, 1995–1997......Page 107
TWO: Penal Developments in Europe and Japan......Page 116
Incarceration Rates across the World......Page 118
Penal Sanctions and the Use of Imprisonment in Denmark......Page 132
Sentencing Law, Policy, and Patterns in Sweden......Page 135
Norway Prison Use Up Slightly, Community Penalties Lots......Page 141
Sentencing and Punishment in Finland......Page 146
Recent Trends in Finnish Sentencing Policy......Page 151
Sentencing and Punishment in Germany......Page 156
French Prison Numbers Stable since 1988, but Populations Changing......Page 162
Sentencing and Punishment in the Netherlands......Page 173
Prison Population Growing Faster in the Netherlands than in the United States......Page 178
The Netherlands Adopts Numerical Prosecution Guidelines......Page 186
New Sanctions Proliferating in the Netherlands......Page 192
Dutch Penal Policies Changing Direction......Page 196
Sentencing in Switzerland in 2000......Page 206
Prison Population in Japan Stable for 30 Years......Page 214
THREE: Penal Developments in English-Speaking Countries......Page 224
Sentencing and Punishment in Australia in the 1990s......Page 226
Prison Populations Up, Sentencing Policy Harsher in Australia......Page 233
Understanding Rising Prison Populations in Australia......Page 238
Reforming Sentencing and Parole in Canada......Page 244
Imprisonment Rates in Canada: One Law, 10 Outcomes......Page 249
New Sentencing Laws Take Effect in England......Page 256
English Penal Policies and Prisons: Going for Broke......Page 259
English Believe Sentences Soft and Crime Rising......Page 262
Imprisonment in England and Wales: Flood Tide, but on the Turn?......Page 270
English Sentencing: From Enlightenment to Darkness in a Decade......Page 274
Sentencing and Punishment in Ireland......Page 277
References......Page 282
Acknowledgments......Page 294