Peking Politics, 1918-1923: Factionalism and the Failure of Constitutionalism

1918-1923
	CONTENTS
	TABLES AND FIGURES
	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
	A NOTE ON CURRENCY
	CHRONOLOGY
	ABBREVIATIONS
	INTRODUCTION
	I. CONSTITUTIONALISM AND ITS FAILURE
	Social Sources
	Intellectual Sources
	The Problem of Failure
	II. FACTIONALISM AND POLITICAL RECRUITMENT
	Factions Defined
	Structural Characteristics of Factions
	Characteristics of Factional Politics
	Early Republican Factions
	Political Recruitment and “Connections”
	Connections, Factions, and the Failure of Constitutionalism
	III. THE SETTING OF CONFLICT: THE PEKING GOVERNMENT, 1916-28
	Peking’s Role and the Support of the Powers
	Structure of the Peking Government
	The Flavor of Peking Politics
	Government Finance and the Role of the New-Style Banks
	IV. THE RENEWAL OF LEGITIMACY, 1918
	The Election of Parliament
	Parliament on the Eve of the Presidential Election
	A Dark Horse Emerges
	Election of Hsu Shih-ch’ang and Rejection of Ts’ao K’un
	Hsu Shih-ch’ang and the Prospects for Peace
	V. THE DRIVE FOR PEACE AND THE ROAD TO WAR, 1918-20
	Factional Alignments North and South
	Hsu’s Peace Offensive
	A New Cabinet and Peace Delegations
	Progress at Shanghai
	The Anfu Club Counteroffensive
	The Peking Government and the Incident of May 4
	Tuan Ch’i-jui’s Dilemma
	The Outbreak of War
	Factionalism and Frustration, 1918-20
	VI. THE RETURN TO CONSTITUTIONAL ORTHODOXY, 1922
	Chihli’s Proposal and the Response
	The Old Parliament's Agitation for Restoration
	The Return of Li Yuan-hung
	The Rise and Fall of the “Able Men Cabinet”
	VII. THE REPUBLIC DEBASED, 1923
	A Duel of Wits : Li Versus Ts’ao
	Toppling Li Yuan-hung
	Ts’ao K’urt Buys the Presidency
	Final Disillusionment
	CONCLUSION
	APPENDIX: PROFILES OF MAJOR FACTIONS
	The Tuan Ch’i-jui Faction and the Anfu Club
	The Chihli Clique
	The Research Clique
	The Communications Clique
	The New Communications Clique
	The Political Study Group
	The I-yu She
	BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS CITED
	GLOSSARY
	INDEX