PEH Vol. 5 Reservoir Engineering and Petrophysics

1.1 Introduction......Page p0009.djvu
1.2 External Geometry—Reservoir Traps......Page p0010.djvu
1.3 Reservoir Base......Page p0013.djvu
1.4 Internal Geometry—Reservoir Architecture......Page p0015.djvu
1.5 Carbonate Reservoirs......Page p0017.djvu
1.6 Siliciclastic Reservoirs......Page p0024.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0031.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0032.djvu
2.1 Introduction......Page p0033.djvu
2.3 Vibrators......Page p0034.djvu
2.5 Marine Air Guns......Page p0035.djvu
2.6 Seismic Sensors......Page p0038.djvu
2.7 Seismic Wave Propagation......Page p0040.djvu
2.8 Body Waves and Surface Waves......Page p0041.djvu
2.10 Reflection Coefficients......Page p0043.djvu
2.12 Complex Seismic Trace......Page p0045.djvu
2.13 Instantaneous Phase and Instantaneous Frequency Calculations......Page p0047.djvu
2.14 Applications of Seismic Attributes......Page p0049.djvu
2.15 Seismic Interpretation......Page p0050.djvu
2.16 Structural Interpretation......Page p0051.djvu
2.17 Imaging Reservoir Targets......Page p0053.djvu
2.18 Three-Dimensional Seismic Survey Design......Page p0060.djvu
2.19 Vertical Seismic Profiling......Page p0067.djvu
2.20 Calibrating Seismic Image Time to Depth......Page p0070.djvu
2.21 Crosswell Seismic Profiling......Page p0073.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0077.djvu
Glossary......Page p0079.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0083.djvu
3A.1 Introduction......Page p0085.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0095.djvu
3B.1 Fundamentals......Page p0097.djvu
3B.2 The Logging Environment......Page p0098.djvu
3B.3 Electrode Resistivity Devices......Page p0099.djvu
3B.4 Induction Logging......Page p0112.djvu
3B.5 LWD Induction Tools......Page p0125.djvu
3B.6 Induction vs. Laterolog Measurements......Page p0138.djvu
3B.7 Microresistivity Logs......Page p0141.djvu
3B.9 Traditional Rt Methods......Page p0143.djvu
3B.10 SP Log......Page p0147.djvu
3B.11 Uses and Interpretation of Well Logs......Page p0153.djvu
3B.12 Shaly Formations......Page p0162.djvu
3B.13 Dual Water Models......Page p0166.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0169.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0173.djvu
3C.1 Introduction......Page p0175.djvu
3C.2 Acoustic Theory and Wave Propagation......Page p0176.djvu
3C.3 Acoustic-Logging Tools......Page p0180.djvu
3C.4 Evolution of Acoustic-Logging Tools......Page p0183.djvu
3C.5 Conventional Applications......Page p0203.djvu
3C.6 Advanced Data Analysis and Applications......Page p0222.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0236.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0250.djvu
3D.1 Introduction......Page p0251.djvu
3D.2 The Physics of Nuclear Logs......Page p0252.djvu
3D.3 Nuclear Radiation Transport......Page p0253.djvu
3D.4 Single-Log Interpretation......Page p0257.djvu
3D.5 Logs Exploiting Gamma Rays and Gamma Ray Transport......Page p0262.djvu
3D.6 Passive Gamma Ray Tools......Page p0264.djvu
3D.7 Neutron Logs......Page p0275.djvu
3D.8 Multiple-Log Interpretation......Page p0287.djvu
3D.9 Conclusions......Page p0291.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0292.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0295.djvu
3E.1 Introduction......Page p0297.djvu
3E.2 Historical Development......Page p0298.djvu
3E.3 NMR Physics......Page p0300.djvu
3E.4 NMR Petrophysics......Page p0306.djvu
3E.5 Logging Tools......Page p0313.djvu
3E.7 NMR Applications......Page p0319.djvu
3E.8 Combined NMR Applications......Page p0344.djvu
3E.9 NMR-Log Quality Control......Page p0346.djvu
3E.10 NMR-Log Job Planning......Page p0348.djvu
3E.12 NMR-Tool Mnemonics......Page p0351.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0352.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0354.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0362.djvu
3F.1 Introduction......Page p0365.djvu
3F.2 Mud Logging Data Acquisition......Page p0366.djvu
3F.3 Total Gas Analysis......Page p0368.djvu
3F.4 Component Analysis......Page p0369.djvu
3F.5 Cuttings Analysis......Page p0373.djvu
3F.7 Formation Evaluation......Page p0376.djvu
3F.8 Drilling Engineering and Operations......Page p0380.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0383.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0384.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0385.djvu
3G.2 Geometry and Integrity of the Wellbore......Page p0387.djvu
3G.3 Borehole Imaging......Page p0405.djvu
3G.4 Natural Field Methods......Page p0416.djvu
3G.5 Discussion......Page p0422.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0425.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0428.djvu
3H.1 Introduction......Page p0429.djvu
3H.2 Petrophysical Data Sources and Databases......Page p0430.djvu
3H.3 Lithology Determination......Page p0438.djvu
3H.4 Net-Pay (or Pay/Nonpay) Determination......Page p0442.djvu
3H.5 Porosity Determination......Page p0449.djvu
3H.6 Fluid-Contacts Identification......Page p0458.djvu
3H.7 Water-Saturation Determination......Page p0460.djvu
3H.8 Permeability Determination......Page p0479.djvu
3H.9 Petrophysical Case Studies......Page p0482.djvu
3H.10 Other Considerations in Petrophysical Calculations......Page p0491.djvu
3H.11 Summary and Conclusions......Page p0495.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0496.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0500.djvu
4.1 Introduction......Page p0503.djvu
4.2 Misconceptions About Production Logging......Page p0504.djvu
4.3 Origin of Flow Problems......Page p0505.djvu
4.4 Safety and Environmental Tips......Page p0506.djvu
4.5 Sinker Bar Weight......Page p0507.djvu
4.6 Depth Control......Page p0509.djvu
4.7 Pricing and Record Keeping......Page p0510.djvu
4.8 Operating Principles and Performance of Production-Logging Tools......Page p0511.djvu
4.9 Production-Logging Suite Examples......Page p0543.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0550.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p0551.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0556.djvu
Procedures, and Interpretation Aids......Page p0557.djvu
5.3 Measuring Sor......Page p0623.djvu
5.4 Measuring Swc......Page p0625.djvu
5.5 SWCT Sor Tests......Page p0626.djvu
5.6 Other Field Measurements......Page p0651.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0654.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0656.djvu
6.1 Introduction......Page p0659.djvu
6.2 Types of Tracers Available......Page p0660.djvu
6.3 Tracer Flow in Porous Reservoir Rock......Page p0667.djvu
6.4 Planning and Design of Tracer Tests......Page p0674.djvu
6.5 Interpretation of Field Data......Page p0678.djvu
6.6 Field Experience......Page p0683.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0686.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0689.djvu
7.2 Reservoir Pressure......Page p0691.djvu
7.3 Reservoir Temperature......Page p0693.djvu
7.4 Metrology of Bottomhole Pressure and Temperature Gauges......Page p0694.djvu
7.5 Calibration and Standard Evaluation Tests for Pressure Gauges......Page p0695.djvu
7.6 Metrology of Temperature Gauges......Page p0696.djvu
7.7 Pressure Transducer Technology......Page p0697.djvu
7.8 Temperature Sensors......Page p0699.djvu
7.10 Acquiring Bottomhole Pressure and Temperature Data......Page p0700.djvu
7.11 Wellhead Environments......Page p0706.djvu
7.12 Specific Applications and Interpretation......Page p0707.djvu
7.13 Pressure Transient Testing......Page p0715.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0723.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0725.djvu
8.2 Basic Concepts......Page p0727.djvu
8.3 Type Curves......Page p0747.djvu
8.4 Damage and Stimulation......Page p0756.djvu
8.5 Modifications for Gases and Multiphase Flow......Page p0764.djvu
8.6 Diagnostic Plot......Page p0772.djvu
8.7 Behavior of Bounded Reservoirs......Page p0778.djvu
8.8 Estimating Average Reservoir Pressure......Page p0784.djvu
8.9 Hydraulically Fractured Wells......Page p0793.djvu
8.10 Naturally Fractured Reservoirs......Page p0804.djvu
8.11 Horizontal Well Analysis......Page p0813.djvu
8.12 Deliverability Testing of Gas Wells......Page p0847.djvu
8.13 Coning......Page p0880.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0887.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0896.djvu
Appendix......Page p0897.djvu
9.1 Introduction......Page p0903.djvu
9.2 Volatile- and Black-Oil Fluid Characteristics......Page p0904.djvu
9.3 Types of Reservoir Energy......Page p0906.djvu
9.4 Producing Mechanisms......Page p0907.djvu
9.5 Fluid Properties......Page p0911.djvu
9.6 Material Balance......Page p0913.djvu
9.7 Solution-Gas Drives......Page p0918.djvu
9.8 Gas-Cap Drives......Page p0928.djvu
9.9 Waterdrives......Page p0939.djvu
9.10 Compaction Drives......Page p0964.djvu
9.11 Water and Gas Coning......Page p0969.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p0981.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p0988.djvu
10.2 Properties of Natural Gases......Page p0989.djvu
10.3 Petrophysical Properties......Page p1002.djvu
10.4 Well Performance......Page p1003.djvu
10.5 Volumes and Recovery......Page p1022.djvu
10.6 Forecasting......Page p1033.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1040.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1044.djvu
11.1 Introduction......Page p1045.djvu
11.2 Microscopic Efficiency of Immiscible Displacement......Page p1048.djvu
11.3 Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency of a Linear Waterflood......Page p1060.djvu
11.4 Reservoir-Geology Considerations in the Design and Operation of Waterfloods......Page p1063.djvu
11.5 Immiscible Displacement in Two Dimensions—Areal......Page p1065.djvu
11.6 Vertical Displacement in Linear and Areal Models......Page p1073.djvu
11.7 Waterflood Design......Page p1080.djvu
11.8 Waterflood Monitoring......Page p1088.djvu
11.9 Waterflood Field-Case-Studies Examples......Page p1095.djvu
11.10 Summary and Conclusions......Page p1103.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1104.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p1105.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1109.djvu
12.1 Introduction......Page p1111.djvu
12.2 Microscopic and Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency of Immiscible Gas......Page p1113.djvu
12.3 Gas/Oil Compositional Effects During Immiscible Gas Displacement......Page p1121.djvu
12.4 Reservoir Geology Considerations Regarding Immiscible Gas Displacement......Page p1123.djvu
12.5 General Immiscible Gas/Oil Displacement Techniques......Page p1126.djvu
12.6 Vertical or Gravity Drainage Gas Displacement......Page p1128.djvu
12.7 Calculation Methods for Immiscible Gas Displacement......Page p1130.djvu
12.8 Immiscible Gasflood Monitoring......Page p1140.djvu
12.9 Field Case Studies: Immiscible Gas Injection Examples......Page p1141.djvu
12.10 Miscellaneous......Page p1150.djvu
12.11 Summary and Conclusions......Page p1151.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1152.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1155.djvu
13.1 Introduction......Page p1157.djvu
13.2 Conformance Improvement......Page p1158.djvu
13.3 Conformance Problems......Page p1160.djvu
13.4 Disproportionate Permeability Reduction......Page p1165.djvu
13.5 Polymers......Page p1167.djvu
13.6 Gels......Page p1194.djvu
13.7 Foams......Page p1231.djvu
13.8 Resins......Page p1248.djvu
13.9 Summary......Page p1255.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1256.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p1258.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1268.djvu
14.2 Introductory Concepts......Page p1269.djvu
14.3 Designing a Miscible Flood......Page p1272.djvu
14.4 Compositional Numerical Simulation......Page p1279.djvu
14.5 Prediction of Compositionally Enhanced Solvent Flood Behavior......Page p1289.djvu
14.6 Field Examples......Page p1300.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1311.djvu
Acknowledgments......Page p1312.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1316.djvu
15.1 Steam......Page p1317.djvu
15.2 Reservoir Heating......Page p1319.djvu
15.3 Steam Zone Growth......Page p1322.djvu
15.4 Steamflood Design......Page p1327.djvu
15.5 Design Calculations: Viscous Displacement Models......Page p1332.djvu
15.6 Design Calculations: Gravity Drainage Models......Page p1334.djvu
15.7 Design Calculations: Other Models......Page p1337.djvu
15.8 Cyclic Steam Stimulation Design......Page p1340.djvu
15.9 Design Calculations......Page p1341.djvu
15.10 Process Optimization......Page p1344.djvu
15.11 Steam Delivery Systems......Page p1346.djvu
15.12 Heat Management......Page p1353.djvu
15.13 Horizontal Well Applications in Steam Injection—S. M. Farouq Ali, Consultant......Page p1358.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1365.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1373.djvu
16.2 Process Description......Page p1375.djvu
16.3 Laboratory Studies......Page p1378.djvu
16.4 Combining Material- and Heat-Balance Calculations......Page p1382.djvu
16.5 Design Considerations......Page p1392.djvu
16.6 Performance Prediction......Page p1393.djvu
16.7 Operating Practices......Page p1394.djvu
16.8 Field Experience......Page p1399.djvu
16.9 Screening Guidelines......Page p1401.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1402.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1406.djvu
17.1 Introduction—K.H. Coats......Page p1407.djvu
17.2 Linear Solver—John Wallis and J.W. Watts......Page p1419.djvu
17.3 Gridding in Reservoir Simulation—Dave Ponting......Page p1423.djvu
17.4 Upscaling of Grid Properties—Alan Grindheim......Page p1430.djvu
17.5 Streamline Simulation—Rod P. Batycky and Marco R. Thiele......Page p1445.djvu
17.6 Simulation of Geomechanics—Tony Settari......Page p1452.djvu
17.7 Pressure/Volume/Temperature (PVT) Treatment—Curtis H. Whitson......Page p1457.djvu
17.8 High-Performance Computing and Reservoir Simulation—John E. Killough......Page p1464.djvu
17.9 Reservoir Simulation Applications—L. Kent Thomas......Page p1469.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1473.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1485.djvu
18.1 Introduction......Page p1487.djvu
18.2 Reserves Definitions......Page p1489.djvu
18.3 Calculation Procedures......Page p1497.djvu
18.4 Estimation Methods......Page p1498.djvu
18.5 Special Problems*......Page p1542.djvu
18.6 Probabilistic Procedures......Page p1559.djvu
18.7 Pitfalls*......Page p1562.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1568.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1578.djvu
19.1 Introduction......Page p1579.djvu
19.2 The Need for Economic Evaluations......Page p1581.djvu
19.3 Evaluation Methods......Page p1582.djvu
19.4 The Nature of Reserves Reports and Discounted Cash Flow Schedules......Page p1586.djvu
19.5 The Nature of Risk and Uncertainty......Page p1593.djvu
19.6 Methods to Adjust for Risk and Uncertainty......Page p1594.djvu
19.7 The Effect of Federal Income Taxes on U.S. Acquisition Economics......Page p1597.djvu
19.8 Fair Market Value......Page p1599.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1602.djvu
Appendix A—Description of Asset......Page p1603.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1606.djvu
20.2 Reservoir Management Processes......Page p1607.djvu
20.3 Measuring Reservoir Management Performance......Page p1615.djvu
20.4 Examples of Reservoir Management Benefits......Page p1619.djvu
Nomenclature......Page p1628.djvu
SI Metric Conversion Factors......Page p1630.djvu
Author Index......Page p1631.djvu
Subject Index......Page p1635.djvu