Pediatric Thoracic Surgery

Contents......Page 6
Part I: Introduction......Page 31
1. Pathogenic Microorganisms......Page 32
2. Sources and Routes of Infection......Page 38
3. Detection of Pathogenic Microorganisms......Page 40
References......Page 41
1. Introduction......Page 43
2. The Sample......Page 44
5. Microbiological Examination of Surfaces......Page 45
6. Microbiological Examination of Air......Page 46
7. Sample Handling......Page 48
9. Sample Preparation for Detection of Intact Bacterial Cells......Page 49
10. Sample Preparation for Detection of Bacterial Nucleic Acids......Page 51
11. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 55
References......Page 56
1. Introduction......Page 59
4. Matrix Complexity and Pathogen Detection......Page 60
5. Techniques Currently Used in Pathogen Detection Methods......Page 61
6. Basics of Pathogen Detection......Page 64
7. Challenges to Current Detection Methods......Page 72
References......Page 74
1. Introduction......Page 77
4. Types of Rapid Microbiological Methods......Page 78
5. Overview of Rapid Technologies and How They Work......Page 79
6. Potential Areas of Application of Rapid Microbiological Methods......Page 90
References......Page 103
Part II: Biosensors......Page 108
2. Fundamentals of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensing......Page 109
3. SPR Sensor Instrumentation......Page 111
4. Surface Chemistries and Molecular Recognition Elements......Page 114
5. Detection Formats......Page 116
6. Quantification of Bacteria Cells......Page 117
7. Genetic Markers......Page 127
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 129
References......Page 130
1. Introduction......Page 135
2. Current State of Bacterial Fluorescent TIRF Biosensors......Page 138
3. Future Aspects of Bacterial Fluorescent TIRF Biosensors......Page 143
4. Conclusions......Page 145
References......Page 146
1. Fiber Optic Biosensors......Page 150
2. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 159
References......Page 160
1. Introduction......Page 163
2. Deep-Probe Optical Waveguide Sensors with Tunable Evanescent Field......Page 169
3. Integrated Deep-Probe Optical Waveguides Systems......Page 184
References......Page 190
1. Principles of Optical Interferometry......Page 193
2. Light Coupling Methods......Page 202
3. Interferometric Array Sensors......Page 216
4. Surface Plasmon Interferometry......Page 219
5. Other Interferometric Methods and Designs......Page 220
6. Surface Functionalization......Page 221
7. Sample Collection Systems......Page 222
8. Interferometric Applications for Whole-Cell Detection......Page 223
10. Potential for Improving Current Performance......Page 230
References......Page 232
10. Luminescence Techniques for the Detection of Bacterial Pathogens......Page 236
1. Beyond Robert Boyle\'s Chicken......Page 237
2. The Bacterial (lux) Luminescent System for Direct Pathogen Detection......Page 238
3. The Firefly (luc) Luminescent System for Direct Pathogen Detection......Page 242
6. Chemiluminescence Detection Methods......Page 245
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 248
References......Page 249
1. Introduction......Page 254
2. Arrayed Imaging Reflectometry—A Planar Silicon Biosensor......Page 259
3. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 273
References......Page 274
1. Introduction......Page 277
2. Historical Perspective, Theory and Background......Page 278
3. TSM Biosensors......Page 281
4. Problem of \"Negative Mass\"......Page 304
5. Coupled Oscillators Model......Page 308
6. Conclusions......Page 312
References......Page 313
1. Introduction......Page 321
2. Amperometric Biosensors......Page 322
References......Page 332
1. Introduction......Page 335
2. Fundamental Principles of Field Effect Devices......Page 336
3. Fundamentals of Genetic Analysis......Page 339
4. Immobilization of DNA Molecules on the Surfaces of Solid Substrates......Page 340
5. Genetic Analysis Based on Field Effect Devices......Page 344
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 357
References......Page 358
1. Introduction......Page 362
2. Fundamentals of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy......Page 363
3. Development of an Immunosensor......Page 375
4. Current EIS Biosensors for Pathogen Detection......Page 386
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 391
References......Page 392
1. Introduction......Page 398
2. Biosensor Formats......Page 403
3. Illustration: Biosensor Using Self-doped and Non-self-doped Pani......Page 413
References......Page 427
1. Introduction......Page 435
2. Synthesis of Magnetic Particles......Page 437
3. Immobilization Strategies......Page 446
5. Magnetic Immunoassays......Page 450
6. Handling Techniques......Page 458
7. Magnetic Separation......Page 459
8. Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) Devices for Bacterial Detection......Page 466
9. Bacteria Detection with Magnetic Relaxation Signal......Page 468
10. Magnetoelastic Sensors for Bacterial Detection......Page 469
11. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 473
References......Page 474
1. Introduction......Page 479
2. Millimeter-Sized Cantilever Sensors......Page 480
3. Reported Work on Detecting Cells Using Cantilever Sensors......Page 481
4. Physics of Cantilever Sensors......Page 483
5. Resonance Modes......Page 486
7. Mass Change Sensitivity......Page 488
8. Antibody Immobilization Methods......Page 489
9. Detection in Batch and Stagnant Samples......Page 490
10. Detection in Flowing Samples......Page 493
11. Selectivity of Detection......Page 495
12. Conclusions......Page 497
References......Page 498
1. Introduction......Page 501
2. Detection of Endospore-Forming Pathogens and their Endospores......Page 509
3. Validation of Sterilization by Rapid Endospore Viability Assessment......Page 525
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 533
References......Page 534
1. Introduction......Page 544
2. Raman Microscopy for Whole-Organism Fingerprinting......Page 546
3. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) for Whole-Organism Fingerprinting......Page 550
4. MicroSERS for the Detection and Identification of Pathogens and Toxins......Page 553
5. Conclusion and Future Perspectives......Page 578
References......Page 579
Part III: Recognition Receptors......Page 584
1. Introduction......Page 585
2. Antibodies......Page 586
3. Capture and Concentration of Cells by Immunomagnetic Separation......Page 593
4. Immunoassays for Pathogen Detection......Page 595
5. Recent Developments in Immunoassays......Page 608
6. Limitations and Challenges......Page 609
7. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 612
References......Page 613
1. Introduction......Page 621
2. Detection of Bacterial Food-Borne Pathogens......Page 624
3. Rapid Nucleic Acid Diagnostics for Bacterial Food-Borne Pathogens......Page 625
4. Formats of NAD Assays for Food Pathogen Detection......Page 630
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 639
References......Page 641
1. Introduction......Page 647
2. Microarray Technology......Page 648
3. Technical Aspects of Microarray Technology......Page 650
4. Analysis and QC Aspects......Page 661
5. Applications of Microarray Technology in Microbial Diagnostics......Page 662
References......Page 667
24. Pathogenic Bacterial Sensors Based on Carbohydrates as Sensing Elements......Page 676
1. Introduction......Page 677
2. Bacterial Surface Lectins......Page 678
3. Surface Carbohydrate Structures of Pathogenic Bacteria......Page 681
4. Carbohydrate Microarrays for Detection of Bacteria......Page 685
5. Lectin Microarrays for Detection of Bacteria......Page 687
6. Conjugated Fluorescent Glycopolymers for Detection of Bacteria......Page 689
7. Glyconanoparticles for Detection of Bacteria......Page 693
8. Carbohydrate-Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Detection of Bacteria......Page 695
9. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 697
References......Page 698
1. Functional Nucleic Acids......Page 706
2. Isolation of Functional Nucleic Acids......Page 711
3. Aptamers: Properties and Targets......Page 714
4. Applications of Aptamers......Page 718
5. Aptamers for Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria......Page 723
References......Page 727
1. Introduction......Page 732
2. Detection of Bacteria and Bacterial Protein Analytes......Page 738
3. Detection of Diagnostic Markers, Toxin Regulators and Associated Protein Expression Profiles......Page 741
References......Page 743
1. Introduction......Page 747
2. Detection by Phage Amplification......Page 748
3. Detection Through Phage-Mediated Cell Lysis......Page 750
4. Detection Through Cell Wall Recognition, Phage Adsorption and DNA Injection......Page 754
5. Detection by Reporter Phage......Page 757
6. Other Detection Methods Using Phage......Page 763
References......Page 766
28. Phage Display Methods for Detection of Bacterial Pathogens......Page 771
1. Introduction......Page 772
2. What Types of Antigen Detection Methods Are Being Developed?......Page 774
3. Phage Display......Page 775
4. Review of Literature on Phage Display Against Bacterial Pathogens......Page 785
5. Summary of Our Results Using and Developing Phage Display scFv and Peptides......Page 791
6. New Directions......Page 794
References......Page 796
1. Introduction......Page 800
2. Principles of Molecular Imprinting......Page 801
3. Solid Phase Extraction Based on MIPs for Concentrating Bioagents......Page 810
4. Biosensors Based on MIPs......Page 818
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 823
References......Page 824
Part IV: Microsystems......Page 830
1. Introduction......Page 831
2. Bench Scale Methods for Bacteria/Spore Lysis......Page 832
3. Bacteria/Spore Lysis Based on Microfluidic Systems......Page 834
References......Page 843
1. Introduction......Page 846
2. Microfluidics......Page 847
3. DNA Amplification......Page 848
4. Minireview......Page 859
5. Conclusions......Page 861
References......Page 862
1. Introduction......Page 867
2. Fundamentals of Bacterial and Viral Surface Interactions......Page 869
3. Technologies for Patterning......Page 870
4. Biosensing Applications and Examples......Page 874
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 878
References......Page 879
1. Introduction......Page 881
2. Operation Principles......Page 886
3. Applications......Page 897
4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 901
References......Page 902
1. Introduction......Page 906
2. Theory......Page 908
3. Applications of Electrokinetics to Bacteria......Page 912
4. Toward an Integrated Detection System......Page 915
5. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 916
References......Page 917
1. Introduction......Page 919
2. Relevant Ultrasonic Phenomena......Page 920
3. Applications of Ultrasonic Particle Manipulation......Page 924
References......Page 934
1. Introduction......Page 939
2. Current State of the Technology......Page 949
3. Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 956
References......Page 957
A......Page 965
B......Page 966
D......Page 968
E......Page 969
F......Page 970
H......Page 971
L......Page 972
M......Page 973
P......Page 974
R......Page 976
S......Page 977
T......Page 978
W......Page 979
Z......Page 980