Pediatric Nephrology On-The-Go

CONTENTS
Preface to the Fifth Edition
Contributors
A. Acute Kidney Injury
	1. Acute Kidney Injury
		A. Definitions
		B. Staging of Acute Kidney Injury (KDIGO Criteria 2012)
		C. Classification
		D. Clinical Manifestations
		E. Diagnostic Approach
		F. Medical Management
		G. Acute Kidney Replacement Therapy
		Recommended Reading
	2. Preventing Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
		A. Definition
		B. Risk Factors
		C. Commonly Used Contrast Media
		D. Indications for Prophylactic Strategy
		E. Preventive Measures
		F. Volume Expansion with Isotonic Saline
		G. N-Acetylcysteine Protocol
		H. Monitoring of Kidney Function
		I. Dialysis after Contrast Administration
		Recommended Reading
B. Fluids and Electrolytes
	1. Fluid and Electrolyte Therapy for Infants and Children
		A. Introduction
		B. Fluid Requirements for Children with Normal Hydration
		C. Fluid Requirements for Children with Dehydration
		D. Rehydration of Children with Severe Acute Malnutrition
		E. Correction of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Abnormalities
		F. Monitoring
		Recommended Reading
	2. Evaluation and Treatment of Magnesium Deficiency
		A. Introduction
		B. Suspect Hypomagnesemia
		C. Causes of Mg Deficiency
		D. Evaluation of Hypomagnesemia
		E. Treatment of Hypomagnesemia
		Recommended Reading
	3. Evaluation of Acid-Base Disorders
		A. Definitions
		B. Approach to Acid-Base Disorders
		C. Metabolic Acidosis
		D. Metabolic Alkalosis
		E. Respiratory Acidosis
		F. Respiratory Alkalosis
		Recommended Reading
C. Hypertension
	1. Approach to Diagnosis of Hypertension
		A. Clinic Blood Pressure (BP)
		B. Ambulatory Blood Pressure
		C. Home Blood Pressure (HBP)
		D. Algorithm for Diagnosis of Hypertension
		E. Evaluation
		Recommended Reading
	2. Treatment of Hypertension
		A. Management of Confirmed Hypertension
		B. Lifestyle and Non-pharmacological Intervention
		C. Antihypertensive Drug Therapy
		D. Management of Hypertensive Urgencies and Emergencies
		Recommended Reading
D. Urinary Tract Disorders
	1. Management of Childhood Urinary Tract Infection
		A. Definition of Terms
		B. Diagnosis of UTI
		C. Imaging
		D. Treatment
		E. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
		F. General Measures To Prevent Recurrent UTI
		Recommended Reading
	2. Management of Primary Vesicoureteral Reflux
		A. Definition of Vesicoureteric Reflux (VUR)
		B. Prevalence of Primary VUR
		C. Grading of VUR on Micturating Cystourethrogram (MCUG)
		D. Natural History of VUR
		E. Diagnosis of VUR
		F. Management of VUR
		G. Follow-up
		Recommended Reading
	3. Neurogenic Bladder
		A. Definition
		B. Etiology
		C. Pathophysiology
		D. Clinical Evaluation
		E. Investigations
		F. Management
		Recommended Reading
E. Developmental Kidney Disorders
	1. Management of Antenatally Diagnosed Hydronephrosis
		A. Prevalence
		B. Definitions
		C. Evaluation
		D. Management
		Recommended Reading
	2. Approach to Cystic Kidney Diseases in Children
		A. Introduction
		B. Etiologic Classification
		C. Salient Clinical Features
		D. Stepwise Approach to the Evaluation of Kidney Cystic Disease
		E. Management
		Recommended Reading
	3. Kidney Manifestations of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex
		A. Introduction
		B. Diagnostic Criteria
		C. Kidney Manifestations in TSC
		D. Surveillance
		E. Management of AMLs
		Recommended Reading
F. Tubular Disease
	1. Renal Tubular Acidosis
		A. Definition
		B. Physiology of Renal Acidification
		C. Types of RTA
		D. Clinical Evaluation
		E. Stepwise Approach to the Diagnosis of RTA
		F. Management
		Recommended Reading
	2. Urolithiasis and Nephrocalcinosis
		A. Definition
		B. Etiology
		C. Diagnostic Evaluation
		Recommended Reading
	3. Management of Cystinuria
		A. Pathophysiology and Genetics
		B. Approach to Diagnosis
		C. Theoretical Considerations in Medical Treatment
		D. Dietary Measures
		E. Urine Dilution
		F. Urine Alkalinization
		G. Medical Reduction of Cystine
		H. Monitoring
		I. Urological Interventions
		Recommended Reading
	4. Management of Primary Hyperoxaluria
		A. Genetics
		B. Clinical Manifestations
		C. Diagnosis
		D. Treatment
		E. Monitoring
		F. Urologic Intervention
		G. Dialysis
		H. Strategy for Organ Transplantation
		I. Post-Kidney Transplant Management
		Recommended Reading
	5. X-Linked Hypophosphatemic Rickets
		A. Genetics
		B. Approach to the Evaluation of XLH
		C. Management
		Recommended Reading
	6. Management of Nephropathic Cystinosis
		A. Genetics
		B. Clinical Manifestations
		C. Diagnosis
		D. Management
		Recommended Reading
	7. Bartter and Gitelman Syndromes
		A. Definition
		B. Pathophyisology of Tubular Transport of Sodium Chloride
		C. Clinical Evaluation
		D. Management
		Recommended Reading
G. Glomerular Disease
	1. Approach to Hematuria in Children
		A. Definition
		B. Differential Diagnosis of “Hematuria”
		C. Detection of Hematuria
		D. Etiology
		E. Diagnostic Approach
		F. Indications for Kidney Biopsy
		G. Algorithm for Investigating Hematuria
		Recommended Reading
	2. Approach to Proteinuria in Children
		A. Introduction
		B. Definitions
		C. Methods of Detection of Proteinuria
		D. Causes of Proteinuria
		E. Clinical Approach
		F. Treatment Options for Significant Proteinuria (Non-nephrotic)
		Recommended Reading
	3. Acute Glomerulonephritis
		A. Definition
		B. Etiology
		C. Approach to Diagnosis
		D. Medical Management
		E. Prognosis of Bacterial Infection-related Glomerulonephritis
		Recommended Reading
	4. Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome
		A. Useful Definitions
		B. Diagnostic Approach
		C. Treatment
		D. General Management
		E. Treatment Algorithms
		Recommended Reading
	5. Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
		A. Definition
		B. Etiology
		C. Pathogenic Genetic Variants
		D. Clinical Approach
		E. Management
		Recommended Reading
	6. Management of Lupus Nephritis
		A. Introduction
		B. Clinical Presentation
		C. 2019 EULAR/ACR Classification Criteria for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		D. Initial Investigations
		E. Assessment of Activity of LN
		F. Immunosuppressive Therapy in LN
		G. Adjunctive Therapy in LN
		Recommended Reading
	7. Management of Primary Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Nephropathy
		A. Diagnostic Approach
		B. Risk Assessment
		C. Treatment
		Recommended Reading
	8. Management of IgA Vasculitis Nephritis
		A. Diagnostic Approach
		Recommended Reading
	9. Glomerulonephritis Associated with Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Positive Vasculitis
		A. Definition
		B. Approach to Diagnosis
		C. Assessment of Disease Activity and Damage
		D. Medical Management
		Recommended Reading
	10. Membranous Nephropathy
		A. Definition
		B. Etiology
		C. Natural History
		D. Approach to Diagnosis
		E. Treatment of MN
		Recommended Reading
	11. Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome
		A. Overview and Definitions
		B. Complement Regulation
		C. Etiological Classification
		D. Diagnostic Approach
		E. Therapy of HUS
		F. Transplantation
		Recommended Reading
	12. Immunosuppressive Medications
		A. Glucocorticoids (GCs)
		B. Cyclophosphamide (CYC)
		C. Azathioprine (AZA)
		D. Mycophenolic Acid (MPA)
		E. Calcineurin Inhibitors (CNIs)
		F. Mammalian (Mechanistic) Target of Rapamycin Inhibitor (mTORi)
		Recommended Reading
	13. Methylprednisolone Pulse Therapy
		A. Indications
		B. Pre-Infusion Monitoring
		C. Treatment Protocol
		D. Adverse Effects
	14. Intermittent Intravenous Cyclophosphamide Therapy for Glomerulonephritis
		A. Indications
		B. Pre-infusion Monitoring
		C. Protocol
		D. Acute Side Effects
		E. Pneumocystis Jirovecii Pneumonia Prophylaxis
		Recommended Reading
	15. Anti-CD20 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy for Nephrotic Syndrome
		A. Indications
		B. Pathophysiologic Considerations
		C. Pre-infusion Monitoring
		D. Treatment Protocol
		E. Post-therapy Monitoring
		F. Complications
		G. Pneumocystis Jirovecii Prophylaxis
		Recommended Reading
	16. Eculizumab (Anti-C5 Monoclonal Antibody) Therapy for Complement-Mediated Injury
		A. Mechanism of Action
		B. Indications
		C. Contraindications
		D. Pre-infusion Preparation
		E. Pre-infusion Monitoring
		F. Treatment Protocol
		G. Post-Eculizumab Monitoring (Prior to Each Dose)
		H. Antibiotic Prophylaxis
		I. Clinically Significant Adverse Drug Reactions
		Recommended Reading
	17. Adjunctive Therapy in Glomerular Disease
		A. Adjunctive Agents to Decrease Proteinuria and Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease
		B. BP Control
		C. Control of Hyperlipidemia
		D. Salt and Water Regulation
		E. Avoidance of Further Insults
		Recommended Reading
H. Chronic Kidney Disease
	1. Chronic Kidney Disease Staging
		A. Definition of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
		B. Classification of CKD
		Recommended Reading
	2. Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
		A. General Considerations in Estimating Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
		B. GFR-Estimation Equations
		Recommended Reading
	3. Anemia of Chronic Kidney Disease
		A. Contributory Factors
		B. Diagnosis of Anemia
		C. Evaluation of Anemia
		D. Iron Therapy
		E. Treatment with Erythropoietin Stimulating Agents (ESAs)
		F. Types of ESAs
		G. Problems Associated with ESA Therapy
		H. Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitors (HIF-PHI)
		I. Algorithm for the Management of Anemia of CKD in Children
		Recommended Reading
	4. Chronic Kidney Disease — Mineral and Bone Disorder
		A. Chronic Kidney Disease — Mineral and Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD) Definition
		B. Renal Osteodystrophy (ROD)
		C. Biomarkers of Bone Mineral Metabolism
		D. Clinical Evaluation of MBD
		E. Evaluation of Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
		F. Management
		G. Parathyroidectomy
		H. Bone Disease in Kidney Transplantation
		I. Algorithms for the Management of CKD-MBD
		Recommended Reading
	5. Calciphylaxis
		A. Definition of Calciphylaxis
		B. Epidemiology
		C. Risk Factors for CUA
		D. Pathophysiology
		E. Clinical Features
		F. Diagnosis
		G. Treatment
		Recommended Reading
	6. Immunization Guidelines in Children and Adolescents with Chronic Kidney Disease
		A. Principles
		B. Singapore Immunization Schedule for Infants and Adolescents
		C. Deferment of Immunization Following Augmentation of Immunosuppression
		D. Catch-up Immunization Schedules
		E. Travel Vaccines for the Immunocompromised Patient
		F. COVID-19 Vaccines for the Immunocompromised Patient
		Recommended Reading
	7. Nutrition in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease
		A. Assessment of Nutritional Status
		B. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges
		C. Suggested Dietary Intake (SDI) for Energy
		D. SDI for Protein
		E. Dietary Recommendation for Fats
		F. Vitamin and Trace Element Requirements
		G. Nutrition in Infants with CKD
		H. Intervention Strategies
		Recommended Reading
	8. Contrasted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kidney Failure
		A. Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF)
		B. Agents Associated With NSF
		C. Preventive Measures
		Recommended Reading
	9. Initiation of Kidney Replacement Therapy
		A. Preparation
		B. Timing for Initiation
		C. Modality Selection
		Recommended Reading
I. Hemodialysis
	1. Hemodialysis Orders
		A. Types of Hemodialysis (HD)
		B. Vascular Access
		C. Dialyzers and Lines
		D. Dialysate Solutions
		E. Blood Flow Rate
		F. Dialysate Flow Rate
		G. Ultrafiltration (UF)
		H. Dialysis Machine (Single Pass) Settings
		I. Priming Solutions
		J. Anticoagulation
		K. Investigations
		L. HD Duration Based on Urea Clearance
		Recommended Reading
	2. Hemodialysis Adequacy
		A. Criteria for Adequate Hemodialysis (HD)
		B. Measures of HD Adequacy
		C. Urea Kinetic Modeling
		D. Measurement of HD Adequacy
		E. Timing of Assessment
		F. Adjustment of HD Prescription
		G. Targets for Adequate Dialysis
		H. Other Issues
		Recommended Reading
	3. Intra-Dialytic Parenteral Nutrition
		A. Nutritional Assessment
		B. Indications for Intra-Dialytic Parenteral Nutrition (IDPN)
		C. Contraindications
		D. Composition and Administration
		E. Monitoring
		F. Management of Complications
		G. Criteria for Discontinuation
		H. Sample Calculation
		Recommended Reading
	4. Acute Complications in Hemodialysis
		A. Intradialytic Hypotension
		B. Cramps
		C. Central Nervous System-Related Symptoms
		D. Chest Pain
		E. Arrhythmias
		F. Dyspnea
		G. Blood Leak
		Recommended Reading
	5. Hemodialysis Catheter Dysfunction
		A. Definition
		B. Causes of Catheter Dysfunction
		C. Assessment for HD Catheter Dysfunction
		D. Initial Treatment of HD Catheter Thrombosis (Thrombolytic Therapy)
		E. Second-Line Treatment of HD Catheter Thrombosis
		F. Prevention of HD Catheter Thrombosis
		G. Algorithm for Catheter Dysfunction
		Recommended Reading
	6. Hemodialysis Catheter Infections
		A. Definitions
		B. Risk Factors
		C. Investigations
		D. Antibiotic Therapy
		E. Management of the HD Catheter
		F. Prevention of Catheter Infections
		Recommended Reading
	7. Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy
		A. Indications to Initiate Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy (CKRT)
		B. Vascular Access
		C. Modality
		D. Dialyzers and Blood Lines
		E. Circuit Priming and Preparation for CRKT
		F. Blood Flow Rate
		G. CKRT Dose (Dialysate and Replacement Flow Rates)
		H. Ultrafiltration Rate
		I. Composition of CKRT Solutions
		J. Anticoagulation
		K. Pressure and Alarm Settings
		L. Thermal Regulation
		M. Administration of Medications and Blood Products
		N. Nutrition
		O. Monitoring
		P. Recirculation Procedure
		Q. Complications
		R. Termination of CKRT Circuit
		Recommended Reading
	8. Regional Citrate Anti-Coagulation in Continuous Kidney Replacement Therapy
		A. Contraindications to Regional Citrate Anticoagulation
		B. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation Circuit for CVVHD
		C. Components of Regional Citrate Anticoagulation
		D. Prescription
		E. Monitoring
		F. Titration of Citrate/Calcium
		G. Complications
		H. Stopping Dialysis
		I. Composition of CKRT Solutions
		Recommended Reading
	9. Prolonged Intermittent Kidney Replacement Therapy
		A. Definitions
		B. Indications
		C. Prescription
		D. Anticoagulation
		E. Monitoring
		Recommendation Reading
	10. Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
		A. Introduction
		B. Machine-Specific Terminology
		C. Indications
		D. Vascular Access
		E. Plasma Filters and Volume of Extra-Corporeal Circuit
		F. Blood Flow Rate
		G. Plasma Exchange Volume
		H. Plasma Replacement (Filtration) Rate
		I. Replacement Fluid
		J. Anticoagulation
		K. Schedule
		L. Complications
		M. Medications
		N. Monitoring
		Recommended Reading
J. Peritoneal Dialysis
	1. Tenckhoff Catheter Insertion and Initial Prescription
		A. Tenckhoff Catheter Placement
		B. Perioperative Care
		C. Post-Tenckhoff Catheter Insertion
		D. Initiation of Automated PD (APD)
		E. Continuous Ambulatory PD Prescription (CAPD)
		F. Complications
		Recommended Reading
	2. Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis Prescription
		A. Modalities of Long-Term Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
		B. Physiology of Peritoneal Membrane Transport
		C. Goals of PD Prescription
		D. Components of PD Prescription
		E. Types of PD Fluid
		F. General Principles
		Recommended Reading
	3. Tidal Peritoneal Dialysis
		A. Principles
		B. Indications
		C. Tidal Prescription
		Recommended Reading
	4. Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy
		A. Goal-directed Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)
		B. Assessment of PD Adequacy
		C. Peritoneal Membrane Function Tests
		D. Catheter Drainage Profile
		E. PD Adequacy Parameters
		F. Assessment for Inadequate Dialysis
		G. Adjustment of Dialysis Prescription
		H. Other Aspects to Improve Dialysis Adequacy
		Recommended Reading
	5. Management of Abdominal Pain During Peritoneal Dialysis
		A. Etiology
		B. Evaluation and Management
		Recommended Reading
	6. Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter-Related Infections
		A. Diagnosis of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter-related Infections [International Society of Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) Pediatric Clinical Practice Guidelines Update 2024]
		B. Evaluation of the Exit Site
		C. Treatment of ESI or Tunnel Infections
		D. Tenckhoff Catheter Removal
		E. Prevention of ESI
		Recommended Reading
	7. Management of Peritonitis in Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis
		A. Definition of Terms
		B. Doctors On-Call: What to Do?
		C. ISPD Clinical Practice Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Peritonitis in Children Receiving PD (ISPD Update 2024)
		Recommended Reading
	8. Tenckhoff Catheter Contamination and Breaks in Technique
		A. Introduction
		B. Management of “Dry Contamination”
		C. Management of “Wet Contamination”
		Recommended Reading
	9. Non-Infectious Complications of Peritoneal Dialysis
		A. Pericatheter Leak
		B. PD Catheter Flow Problems
		C. Hernia
		D. Hydrothorax
		E. Hemoperitoneum
		F. Intestinal Perforation
		G. Bladder Perforation
		Recommended Reading
	10. Approach to Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
		A. Definition
		B. Risk Factors
		C. Diagnostic Evaluation
		D. Management
		E. Prevention
		Recommended Reading
K. Transplantation
	1. Live Donor Evaluation
		A. Donor Criteria
		B. Clinical Evaluation
		C. Investigations
		D. Counseling and Psychosocial Evaluation
		E. Exclusion for Donation
		Recommended Reading
	2. Pre-Transplant Evaluation of Potential Recipient
		A. Goal of Evaluation
		B. Contraindications to Kidney Transplantation
		C. Important Points in the History
		D. Physical Examination
		E. Investigations
		F. Further Assessment
		G. Considerations for Pre-Transplant Native Nephrectomies
		Recommended Reading
	3. Assessment of Immune Risk in Kidney Transplant Recipient
		A. Profiling Risk of Alloimmune Activation
		B. Evaluation of Antigen Disparity
		C. Determination of HLA Sensitization
		D. Assessment for Non-HLA Antibodies
		E. Summary of Measurements of Immune Memory
		Recommended Reading
	4. Management of Highly Sensitized Kidney Transplant Recipient
		A. Sensitized Patients
		B. Desensitization Protocol
		Recommended Reading
	5. Peri-Operative Management of Pediatric Renal Transplantion Recipient
		A. Pre-operative Management
		B. Intraoperative Management
		C. Post-operative Management
		D. Potential Management Problems
		E. Management of Tenckhoff Catheter
		Recommended Reading
	6. Sequential Immunosuppression Protocol for Kidney Transplantation
		A. General Principles
		B. Immunosuppressive Agents
		C. Pre-operative Immunosuppression
		D. Peri-operative Immunosuppression
		E. Post-operative Immunosuppression
		F. Immunodeficiency
		G. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
		Recommended Reading
	7. Anti-Thymocyte Globulin for Kidney Transplantation
		A. Preparations
		B. Indications
		C. Dose
		D. Administration
		E. Adverse Effects
		Recommended Reading
	8. Protocol for Administration of Megalotect Cp® (Human Cytomegalo-Immunoglobulin)
		A. Preparation Forms
		B. Indications
		C. Contraindications
		D. Dosing
		E. Route of Administration
		F. Monitoring
		G. Adverse Effects
		Recommended Reading
	9. Routine Outpatient Monitoring of Transplant Recipient
		A. Frequency of Monitoring Post-transplant
		B. Routine Investigations
		C. Monitoring Schedule of Transplant Recipient
		Recommended Reading
	10. Management of Recurrent Primary Idiopathic Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis Post Kidney Transplant
		A. Introduction
		B. Pre-transplant Risk Assessment of Recurrence of FSGS
		C. Diagnostic Approach
		D. Treatment of Recurrent Primary Idiopathic FSGS
		E. General Management
		F. Prevention of Recurrence Post-transplant
		G. Algorithm for Management of rFSGS
		Recommended Reading
	11. Management of Transplant Rejection
		A. Classification of Kidney Allograft Rejection
		B. Diagnosis of Transplant Rejection
		C. Banff Classification for Renal Allograft Pathology (2022)
		D. Treatment of Acute Cellular Rejection
		E. Treatment of Antibody-Mediated Rejection
		F. Intensification of Baseline Immunosuppression
		G. Immunosurveillance/Prophylaxis for Opportunistic Infection
		H. Cessation of Therapy
		Recommended Reading
	12. Management of Cytomegalovirus Disease in Kidney Transplantation
		A. Definition
		B. Risk Factors
		C. Laboratory Investigations
		D. Treatment
		E. Monitoring
		F. Prevention of CMV Infection
		Recommended Reading
	13. Management of EBV-Associated Infection and Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease in Pediatric Kidney Transplantation
		A. Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)-Associated Disease
		B. WHO Classification of PTLD
		C. Risk Factors for PTLD
		D. Interpretation of EBV Viral Load
		E. Screening for PTLD in High-Risk Recipients
		F. Diagnostic Workup of PTLD
		G. Prevention of PTLD in High-Risk Recipients
		H. Treatment of PTLD
		I. Post-treatment Monitoring
		Recommended Reading
	14. Management of BK Virus Disease in Kidney Transplantation
		A. Definitions
		B. Risk Factors of PyVAN
		C. Surveillance for PyVAN
		D. Treatment Principles
		E. Algorithm for Screening and Management of BKPyV Replication and PyVAN in Renal Allograft Recipients
		Recommended Reading
L. Procedures
	1. Kidney Biopsy Protocol
		A. Evaluation of Kidney Biopsy
		B. Contraindications
		C. Patient Preparation
		D. Biopsy Preparation
		E. Biopsy Procedure
		F. Post-biopsy Care and Monitoring
		G. Complications of a Kidney Biopsy
		H. Sedation and Analgesia
		Recommended Reading
M. Appendices
	1. Urinary Solute Excretion
		A. Spot Urine Samples
		B. 24-hour Urine Samples
		C. Calcium
		D. Uric Acid
		E. Citrate
		F. Phosphate
		G. Cystine
		H. Potassium
		Recommended Reading
	2. Urinary Catecholamine Metabolites Excretion
		A. Urinary Catecholamine Metabolites Excretion
		B. Procedure for Urine Collection for Catecholamine Metabolites
		Recommended Reading
	3. Total Body Water Nomograms
		Recommended Reading
	4. Kidney Length on Ultrasound
		A. Kidney Length and Volume Calculator
		B. Median Kidney Length Percentile by Age
		C. Median Kidney Length Percentile by Body Length/Height
		Recommended Reading