Pediatric Fitness: Secular Trends and Geographic Variability (Medicine and Sport Science)

Contents......Page 6
Foreword......Page 8
Contributors......Page 9
What Are We Measuring?......Page 12
The World Picture......Page 13
The Causes......Page 14
References......Page 15
Abstract......Page 16
Oxygen Delivery......Page 17
Oxygen Utilisation......Page 19
Maximal or Peak VO2......Page 20
Peak VO2 and Age......Page 21
Peak VO2 and Growth......Page 22
Peak VO2 and Sex......Page 26
Secular Trends in Peak VO2......Page 27
Blood Lactate......Page 28
Blood Lactate Responses to Exercise......Page 29
VO2 Kinetics......Page 30
Exercise below TLAC......Page 32
Exercise above TLAC......Page 33
Conclusions......Page 34
References......Page 35
Abstract......Page 37
Muscle Metabolism at Rest and Postexercise......Page 40
Muscle Metabolism during Exercise and Recovery......Page 41
Fatigue Induced by Short-Term HIE......Page 42
Historical Background......Page 44
Fundamental Considerations......Page 46
Sprint Cycling......Page 47
Sprint Running......Page 50
Vertical Jumping......Page 51
Trainability of Anaerobic Fitness......Page 52
References......Page 53
Abstract......Page 57
Data Sources......Page 58
Data Treatment and Statistical Analysis......Page 59
Results......Page 63
Discussion......Page 67
Effect of Maturation on Secular Changes in Aerobic Fitness Test Performance......Page 68
Secular Changes in Field Tests vs.Criterion Laboratory Tests of Aerobic Fitness......Page 69
What Is Causing the Recent Secular Declines in Aerobic Performance?......Page 71
Secular Comparisons of Aerobic and Anaerobic Performances......Page 72
References......Page 74
Abstract......Page 78
Purpose......Page 79
Sampling......Page 80
National Surv ys......Page 81
National Surveys in the 1980s......Page 84
Regional Surveys and Ethnic Variation......Page 86
Fitness Relative to Criterion-Referenced Standards......Page 92
Secular Trends in the Fitness of American Youth......Page 94
References......Page 99
Nature of the Country and Its Populations......Page 102
History of Sampling and Fitness Test Methodology......Page 103
Comparisons between Inuit and Urban Canadian Children......Page 105
Secular Trends in Physical Performance Test Scores on Representative Populations......Page 106
Secular Trends......Page 108
Habitual Physical Activity......Page 110
Body Mass Indices......Page 111
Conclusions......Page 112
References......Page 113
Abstract......Page 115
Data Sources......Page 116
Data Treatment and Statistical Analysis......Page 117
Discussion......Page 123
Sporting Status......Page 131
Body Mass Index......Page 132
Consistency across Tests,and between Boys and Girls......Page 133
Methodological Issues......Page 134
References......Page 135
Abstract......Page 140
Subjects......Page 141
Statistical Analysis......Page 142
Results......Page 143
Discussion......Page 145
Secular Comparisons with Other European Countries and the World......Page 146
Performance Comparisons with Other European Countries......Page 149
Acknowledgements......Page 151
References......Page 152
Abstract......Page 154
Secular Changes in Fitness Test Performance......Page 155
Mainland China......Page 157
Hong Kong......Page 160
Japan......Page 161
Korea......Page 163
Singapore......Page 166
India......Page 167
Thailand......Page 168
Comparisons within Asia......Page 169
International Comparisons......Page 172
Methodological Issues......Page 173
Conclusions......Page 174
References......Page 176
Abstract......Page 179
Data Sources......Page 180
Data Treatment......Page 181
Results......Page 184
Discussion......Page 188
What Is Causing the Observed Decline in Performance on Maximal Field-Running Tests of Aerobic Fitness?......Page 189
Comparison of Secular Changes in Aerobic and Anaerobic Performance......Page 190
Acknowledgements......Page 191
References......Page 192
Abstract......Page 194
Links between Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness......Page 195
Links between Physical Activity and Health......Page 196
Physical Activity Recommendations for Children and Youth......Page 197
Active Transport......Page 198
Physical Education and School Sport......Page 199
Organized Sport......Page 200
Overall Physical Activity......Page 201
Safety Concerns......Page 203
Crime and Concerns about Strangers......Page 204
Urban Design......Page 205
Conclusions and Future Directions......Page 206
References......Page 207
Abstract......Page 211
VO2max and Health......Page 212
Secular Changes in VO2max in Youth......Page 215
Habitual Physical Activity......Page 217
References......Page 218
Abstract......Page 221
Statistical Analysis......Page 223
Distributional Shifts in 1.6 km Run Performance:Girls......Page 226
Discussion......Page 228
Contribution of Changes in Fatness......Page 229
References......Page 235
Abstract......Page 237
Mechanistic Links......Page 239
Cross-Sectional Correlations between Fitness and Fatness......Page 240
Secular Trends in Fitness and Fatness......Page 242
Quantifying the Contribution of Changes in Fatness to Changes in Fitness......Page 244
Conclusions......Page 248
References......Page 250
A......Page 252
E......Page 253
M......Page 254
Q......Page 255
W......Page 256