Pediatric Board Study Guide: A Last Minute Review

Preface
Contents
Contributors
1: General Pediatrics
	Growth
		Macrocephaly
		Microcephaly (See Also Chap. 16 “Neurology”)
		Plagiocephaly (Fig. 1.2) [3]
			Craniosynostosis (See Also Chap. 4 “Genetic Disorders”)
	Developmental Milestones [5, 6]
		Newborn
		1 Month
		2 Months
		3 Months
		4 Months
		6 Months
		7 Months
		9 Months
		12 Months
		14 Months
		15 Months
		18 Months
		24 Months
		3 Years
		4 Years
		5 Years
		6 Years
		Key Points to Developmental Milestones
	Immunization [6, 7] (Table 1.5)
		Hepatitis B Vaccine (HepB)
		Rotavirus Vaccine (Two Available in the USA)
		DTaP (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine)/Tdap (Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine)
			DTaP (Diphtheria and Tetanus Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine)
			Tdap (Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxoids and Acellular Pertussis Vaccine)
		Haemophilus influenzae Type B (Hib) Conjugate
		Pneumococcal Vaccines
		Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV)
		Oral Poliovirus Vaccine (OPV)
		Influenza Vaccines
		COVID-19 Vaccination
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Immunizations
		Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine
		Varicella (VAR)
		Varicella Zoster Immune Globulin (VariZIG)
		Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) and Varicella (MMRV) Vaccine Combination
		Hepatitis A (HepA) Vaccine
		Meningococcal Serogroup A, C, W, Y Vaccination
		Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccines
		Common Adverse Reactions of Vaccines
		Contraindications to Vaccinations (Table 1.9)
			Vaccine Administration (Table 1.10)
	Preventive Medicine [8]
		Newborn Screening
		Newborn Bilirubin Screening
		Blood Pressure (BP) Screening
		Vision Screening
		Hearing Screening
		Developmental Screening
		Autism Screening
		Lead Screening [9, 10]
		Iron Deficiency Anemia Screening
		Urinalysis (UA) Screening
		Sexually Transmitted Diseases
		HIV Screening
		Tobacco, Alcohol, and Substance Use
		Depression Screening
		Tuberculosis (TB) Screening
		Dyslipidemia
		Oral Health Screening
	Well-Child Visits
		Well Visit Schedule
		Primary Tooth Eruption
		Permanent Tooth Eruption (Table 1.14)
	Environmental Safety Counseling
		Preventing Motor Vehicle Injuries in Children [11]
		Preventing Drowning
		Preventing Fires and Burns
		Preventing Gun Accidents
		Preventing Poisoning
		Preventing Threats to Breathing [13]
		Preventing Falls
		Preventing Bicycle Injuries [14]
		Preventing Sunburn [15]
		Artificial Ultraviolet Rays (Tanning)
		Preventing Mosquito Bites [16]
	Crying Infant
		Infantile Colic
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
2: Neonatology
	Definitions
	Prenatal Care
		Routine Prenatal Laboratory Tests
		Umbilical Cord
		Placenta
		Cesarean Section (C-Section): Indications
		Fetal Distress
	Maternal Conditions
		Premature Rupture of Membranes
		Chorioamnionitis
		Preeclampsia
		Eclampsia
		Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
	Delivery Room Care [1]
	Newborn Nursery Care
	Newborn Examination
		Apgar Score (Table 2.2)
		Newborn Crying
		Temperature
	Skin
		Subcutaneous Fat Necrosis of the Newborn (SCFN)
	Head
		Head Shape
		Fontanelles
		Caput Succedaneum (Fig. 2.2)
		Cephalohematoma (Fig. 2.3)
		Subgaleal Hemorrhage
		Traumatic Epidural, Subdural, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
		Skull Fractures
	Eyes
	Ears
	Nose
	Mouth
	Neck
		Brachial Plexus Injuries (BPIs)
	Chest
	Lung
	Heart
	Abdomen
		Liver/Spleen
		Abdominal Masses
		Abdominal Wall Defects
	Genitalia
		Females
		Males
		Ambiguous Genitalia (See Also Chap. 12 “Endocrinology”)
		Anus
	Back
	Extremities
	Neonatal Conditions
		Intrauterine Growth Retardation (IUGR)
		Multiple Births
		Infants of Diabetic Mothers (IDMs)
		Management of Hypoglycemia
		Hyperbilirubinemia
		Physiologic Jaundice
		Early-Onset Breastfeeding Jaundice
		Late-Onset Breast Milk Jaundice
		Jaundice in Premature Infants
		Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia
		ABO and Rh Incompatibility (See Chap. 10 “Hematology/Oncology”)
		Kernicterus
		Acute Bilirubin Encephalopathy
		Chronic Bilirubin Encephalopathy
		Transcutaneous Bilirubin Devices
		Management of Hyperbilirubinemia
		Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia (See Also Chap. 22 “Gastroenterology”)
		Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
		Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS) (aka Hyaline Membrane Disease)
		Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
		Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (PPHN)
		Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS)
		Pneumothorax and Pneumomediastinum
		Neonatal Sepsis
		Group B Streptococcal Infection in Neonates
		Congenital Toxoplasmosis
		Congenital Syphilis
			Failure to Pass Urine in the First 24 h of Life
			Failure to Pass Meconium in the First 48 h of Life
		Meconium Plug Syndrome
		Meconium Ileus
		Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC)
		Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
		Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
		Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH) and Leukomalacia
		Teratogens
		Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD)
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
3: Adolescent Medicine
	Physiological Changes and Development During Adolescence
		Puberty Sequence in Girls
		Puberty Sequence in Boys
		Sexuality
		Emancipation and Healthcare Decisions [4]
		Adolescent Routine Health Visit
	Behavioral Healthcare
	Substance Abuse (Table 3.3) [6]
		Stages of Drug/Alcohol Abuse
		Tobacco
		E-Cigarettes and Vaping
		E-Cigarette- or Vaping-Use-Associated Lung Injury (EVALI)
		Alcohol
		Marijuana
		Cannabinoid Hyperemesis Syndrome (CHS)
		Synthetic Cannabinoids (e.g., Spice, K2, Fake)
		Amotivational Syndrome
		Opioids
		Barbiturates
		Xylazine and Fentanyl (Zombie Drug or Tranq)
		Hallucinogens
		Phencyclidine (PCP; Angel Dust)
		Benzodiazepines
		Club Drugs
		Amphetamines and Methamphetamine
		Cocaine
		Inhalants
		Synthetic Cathinones (“Bath Salts”)
		Over-the-Counter and Prescription Medicines
		Anabolic Steroids (Androgenic Steroids)
		Red Flags of Substance Abuse
		Indications for Substance Abuse Screening
		Consent for Drug Testing
	Eating Disorders
		Anorexia Nervosa
		Bulimia
	Female Breast Masses
	Disorders of the Menstrual Cycle
		Introduction
		Amenorrhea
		Anovulatory Cycles
		Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
		Dysmenorrhea
		Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
		Imperforate Hymen (Fig. 3.3) [10]
		Contraception
	Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Adolescents
		Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
		Chlamydia trachomatis
		Epididymitis
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
		Bartholin Gland Abscess
		Lymphogranuloma Venereum
		Granuloma Inguinale
		Syphilis (See Chap. 9 “Infectious Diseases” and Table 3.6 for More Details)
		Chancroid
		Trichomoniasis
		Physiological Vaginal Discharge
		Pap Smear
		Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		Herpes Simplex
		Pediculosis
		Scabies
		Vaccines Prevent STDs
	Other Adolescent Conditions
		Ovarian Torsion
		Ovarian Cyst
		Gynecomastia (Fig. 3.4)
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
4: Genetic Disorders
	Genetics and Dysmorphology: Basic Facts
		Chromosomal Inheritance
		Autosomal-Dominant (AD) Inheritance
		Autosomal Recessive (AR) Inheritance
		X-Linked Recessive Inheritance
		Multifactorial Determination
		Mitochondrial Inheritance
		Genetic Anticipation
		Genomic Imprinting
	Genetic Testing [1]
		Molecular Cytogenetics [1]: Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
		DNA Testing [1]: Microarray Analysis (aCGH or CMA)
		DNA Testing [1]: DNA Sequencing
		Clinical Applications of Genetic Testing (Table 4.1)
		Genetic Screening
		Traditional Prenatal Diagnosis
	Examples of Chromosome Disorders: Autosomal Aneuploidies
		Down Syndrome
		Trisomy 18 (Edwards Syndrome) (Fig. 4.7)
		Trisomy 13 (Patau Syndrome) (Figs. 4.9 and 4.10)
	Examples of Chromosome Disorders: Sex Chromosome Aneuploidies
		Klinefelter Syndrome (Fig. 4.11)
		XYY Syndrome
		Turner Syndrome
		Triple X (XXX) Syndrome
	Examples of Chromosome Disorders: Partial Aneuploidies
		Wolf–Hirschhorn Syndrome
		Cri-du-Chat Syndrome
		De Grouchy Syndrome
	Examples of Chromosome Disorders: Microdeletions
		Williams Syndrome
		Wilms Tumor-Aniridia-Growth Delay-Retardation (WAGR) Syndrome
		Alagille Syndrome
		DiGeorge or Velocardiofacial Syndrome: Microdeletion 22q11.2
	Examples of Atypical Inheritance-Microdeletions with Imprinting
		Prader–Willi Syndrome
		Angelman Syndrome
	Examples of Atypical Inheritance: Expanding Triplet Repeats
		Fragile X Syndrome [10]
	Syndromes with Mild ID, Proportionate Growth Delay
		Noonan Syndrome
	Examples of Mendelian Syndromes: Craniofacial Defects as Major Finding
		Waardenburg Syndrome
		Treacher Collins Syndrome
		Craniosynostosis Syndromes
	Examples of Mendelian Disorders with Disproportionate Growth Delay (Dwarfism)
		Achondroplasia
	Examples of Mendelian Disorders with Lax Connective Tissue (Connective Tissue Dysplasias)
		Marfan Syndrome (Figs. 4.24, 4.25, and 4.26)
		Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
		Osteogenesis Imperfecta
	Examples of Mendelian Disorders with Overgrowth (Gigantism)
		Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome (BWS)
		Sotos Syndrome (Cerebral Gigantism)
	Birth Defect Combinations and Associations
		Goldenhar Syndrome/Hemifacial Microsomia
		Poland Sequence
		Pierre Robin sequence
		Potter Sequence
		Amniotic Band Disruption Sequence
		VACTERL or VATER Association
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
5: Metabolic Disorders
	Introduction (Fig. 5.1)
		Clinical Approach to a Newborn with Suspected Inborn Errors of Metabolism (Fig. 5.2)
			Clues to Metabolic Disorders
			General Rules
	Organic Acidemia
		Isovaleric Acidemia (Sweaty Feet Odor)
		Methylmalonic Acidemia
		Propionic Acidemia
		Biotinidase Deficiency
		Glutaric Aciduria Type I or Glutaric Acidemia
	Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism (Fig. 5.5)
		Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD)
		Phenylketonuria (PKU)
		Non-classic Phenylketonuria
		Maternal PKU Syndrome
		Homocystinuria
		Alkaptonuria
		Glycine Encephalopathy (Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia)
		Tyrosinemia Type I (Hepatorenal Tyrosinemia)
		Tyrosinemia Type II (Oculocutaneous Tyrosinemia)
	Urea Cycle Disorders (UCD) (Fig. 5.9)
		Urea Cycle Disorders
		Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
	Fatty Acid Oxidation Defects (FAODs)
		Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency (MCAD)
		Very Long-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
	Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism
		Galactosemia
		Galactokinase Deficiency
		Glycogen Storage Diseases
		Von Gierke Disease (Glucose-6-Phosphate Deficiency)
		Pompe Disease
		McArdle Disease, Muscle Phosphorylase Deficiency
		Adenylate Deaminase Deficiency
		Fructose 1,6-Diphosphatase Deficiency
		Fructokinase Deficiency
	Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Mucopolysaccharidoses
		Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS)
		MPS Type I (Hurler Syndrome)
		MPS Type II (Hunter Syndrome)
		MPS Type III (Sanfilippo Syndrome)
		MPS Type IV (Morquio Syndrome)
	Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Lipidoses
		Gaucher Disease
		Niemann–Pick Disease (NPD)
		Krabbe Disease
		Tay–Sachs Disease
		Fabry Disease
		Wolman Syndrome
		Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
	Peroxisomal Disorders
		Zellweger Syndrome
		X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD)
	Disorders of Porphyrin Metabolism (Porphyrias)
		Acute Intermittent Porphyria (AIP)
		Porphyria Cutanea Tarda
		Erythropoietic Protoporphyria
	Disorders of Purine or Pyrimidine Metabolism
		Lesch–Nyhan Disease (Hypoxanthine-Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase Deficiency)
	Various Metabolic Disorders
		Familial Hypercholesterolemia
		Smith–Lemli–Opitz Syndrome
		Menkes Disease (Kinky Hair Disease)
	Body Odors
	Newborn Screening (NBS)
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
6: Child Psychiatry
	Neurodevelopmental Disorders
		Intellectual Disability (ID)
		Autism Spectrum Disorders
		Sensory Overresponsivity
	Communication Disorders
		Speech Disorders
		Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
		Language Disorders
		Social Communication Disorder
	Learning Disorders
		Specific Learning Disabilities (LD)
		Learning Disorder = Learning Disability
		Poor School Performance [1]
		Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorders (ADHD)
	Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
		Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
		Conduct Disorder (CD)
		Antisocial Behaviors and Delinquency
		Aggression
		Bullying [3]
	Anxiety Disorders
		Obsessive Compulsive Disorders (OCD)
	Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
		Acute Stress Disorder
		Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
		Reactive Attachment Disorder
		Disinhibited Social Disengagement Disorder
		Adjustment Disorders
	Habit Disorders
	Mood and Affective Disorders
		Major Depression
		Bipolar Disorders
		Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
		Suicidal Behaviors
		Non-suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)
		Childhood Schizophrenia
	Psychosomatic Disorders
	Sleep Disorders
		Classifications of Sleep Disorders
		Parasomnias
		Nightmares
		Night Terrors
		Bedtime Refusal/Frequent Awakening
		Dyssomnias
		Benign Sleep Myoclonus of Infancy
	Sexual Behaviors
		Examples of Inappropriate Sexual Behaviors That May Indicate Sexual Abuse
		Self-Stimulatory Behaviors
		Sexual Identity Development
		Homosexuality
		Gender Dysphoria GD (Gender Identity Disorder)
	Toilet Training
		Readiness for Toilet Training Is Associated with
		Delayed Toilet Training
	Substance Abuse Disorders (See Chap. 3 “Adolescent Medicine”)
		General Management of Substance Abuse
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Suggested Reading
7: Emergency Medicine
	Respiratory Distress
		Special Considerations in the Anatomy of the Pediatric Airway
		Common causes of respiratory distress by anatomical location
		Initial Emergency Care for Patients in Acute Respiratory Distress
		Summary
	The Acute Abdomen
		The Pediatric Acute Abdomen
		General Principles of Management
		Nonsurgical Causes for an Acute Abdomen
		Summary
	Trauma and Burns
		Pediatric Head Trauma
		Presentation and Localizing Findings of Serious Injury
			Basilar Skull Fracture
			Temporal Skull Fracture
			Subdural Hematoma
			Epidural Hematoma
			Subarachnoid Bleed
			Retinal Hemorrhage
		Considerations in the Use of Head Computed Tomography (CT)
		Management of Clinically Significant Head Trauma
		Neck/Cervical Spine Trauma
			Cervical Spine Injury
		Carotid Artery Dissection
		Abdominal Trauma
	Pediatric Wounds and Lacerations
		Lacerations
		Specialized Scenarios
		Animal and Human Bites
		Snake Bites
		Black Widow Spider Bite
		Brown Recluse Spider Bite
		Scorpion Stings
	Burns
		Pediatric Burn Classification
		Inhalation Injury
		Electrical Burns
		Special Situation: Chemical Eye Exposure
		Description of Burns
		Management of Burns
	Altered Mental Status (AMS)
	Poisoning and Toxic Substance Exposure
	Specific Ingestions and Toxidromes (Tables 7.9, 7.10, and 7.11) [7, 8]
		Acetaminophen
		Opiates
		Ibuprofen
		Salicylic Acid
		Anticholinergics
		Beta-Blockers
		Carbamazepine
		Cardiac Glycosides (Digitalis)
		Clonidine
		Phenothiazines
		Tricyclic Antidepressants (TCAs)
		Nicotine
		Carbon Monoxide (CO)
		Cyanide
		Methemoglobinemia
		Ethylene Glycol Ingestion (Antifreeze)
		Methanol (Windshield Wiper Fluid)
		Iron
		Mushrooms
		Caustic Ingestion
		Hydrocarbons
		Organophosphate and Carbamate Insecticides (Nerve Gas Agents)
	Drug-Induced Movement Disorders
		Acute Dystonic Reaction
	Foreign Body Aspiration and Ingestion
		Foreign Body Aspiration
		Foreign Body Ingestion
	Concussion
	Drowning
	Hypertensive Crisis
	Sepsis and Shock
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
		Respiratory Distress
		Acute Abdomen
		Anaphylaxis
		Trauma and Burns
		Status Epilepticus
		Altered Mental Status
		Poisoning and Toxic Exposure
		Acute Dystonic Reaction
		Foreign Body Aspiration and Ingestion
		Diabetic Ketoacidosis
		Concussion/Head Injury
		Drowning
		Hypertensive Crisis
		Sepsis and Shock
8: Critical Care
	History and Physical Examination
		History
		Physical Examination
	Malignant Hyperthermia (MH)
	Liver Failure
	Splenic Rupture
	Increased Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
		Cerebral Edema
	Brain Death/Death by Neurological Criteria (BD/DNC) 2023 Guidelines [1]
	Common Conditions Requiring Emergency Child Support
		Shock
		Classification of Shock
		Cardiogenic Shock
		Distributive Shock: Septic Shock
		Anaphylactic Shock
		Neurogenic Shock
		Obstructive Shock
		Hemothorax and Flail Chest
		ARDS
		Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (PARDS)
		Pericardial Tamponade
	Emergency Life Support
		Endotracheal Tubes and Ventilatory Support
		Common Indications for Endotracheal Intubation and Ventilatory Support
		Common Special Ventilator Settings and Strategies to Prevent VILI
	Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): AHA Guidelines
	Pediatric Advanced Life Support (PALS)
		Pediatric Bradycardia
		Pediatric Tachycardia
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
9: Infectious Diseases
	Public Health Considerations: Prevention of Infectious Diseases
		Infection Control and Prevention
			Childcare Centers
			Common Organisms in Childcare Centers
			Hospital and Office
			Prevention of Infection Through Breastfeeding
			Prevention of Vector-Borne Disease
			Recreational Water Use
			Antimicrobial Resistance
			Infections in Immunocompromised Hosts
	Viral Infections
		Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
		Herpes Family Viruses (DNA Viruses)
		Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
		Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and 2 (HSV1 and HSV2)
		Herpetic Gingivostomatitis
		Herpes Labialis
		Genital Herpes
		Herpetic Whitlow (Fig. 9.3)
		Herpes Gladiatorum (Fig. 9.4)
		Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV): Chickenpox and Shingles
		Human Herpesvirus Type 6 (HHV-6)
			Including Roseola Infantum (Exanthem Subitum)
	Other DNA Viruses
		Parvovirus B19
			Erythema Infectiosum/Fifth Disease
			Papular Purpuric Gloves and Socks Syndrome (PPGSS)
		Adenovirus
	Respiratory Viruses
		Influenza Virus
		Avian Influenza H5N1
		Parainfluenza Virus (PV)
		Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
		Human Metapneumovirus
		Rhinoviruses
	GI Viral Infection
		Norovirus and Sapovirus
		Rotavirus
	RNA Viruses
		Enteroviruses (Non-polio Viruses and Poliomyelitis)
			Non-polio Viruses (Echovirus, Coxsackievirus, and Numbered Enteroviruses)
		Poliomyelitis
		Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
		Measles Virus
		Mumps
		Rubella Virus
		Rabies Virus
	Arboviruses (Arthropod-Borne Viruses)
		West Nile Virus
		Dengue Fever
		Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
		Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
		Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-C)
	Bacterial Pathogens
		Gram-Positive Bacteria
			S. aureus
		Folliculitis/Furunculosis/Carbunculosis (Fig. 9.14)
		Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
		Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
		S. aureus Food Poisoning
		Staphylococcal, Coagulase-Negative
		Methicillin-Sensitive S. aureus (MSSA)
		Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
		S. pneumonia (Pneumococcal Infection)
		Streptococcus pyogenes
		Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus (GAS) Pharyngitis
		Scarlet Fever (Scarlatina)
		Streptococcosis
		Impetigo
		Perianal Bacterial Dermatitis (Formerly Called Perianal Streptococcal Dermatitis)
		Erysipelas GAS
		Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome
		Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus Infections (PANDAS)
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
		Listeria monocytogenes
		Corynebacterium diphtheriae
		Enterococcus
		Bacillus anthracis
		Bacillus cereus
		Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
	Anaerobes
		Clostridium botulinum
		Infant Botulism
		Foodborne Botulism
		Clostridium perfringens
		Clostridium tetani
		Clostridioides difficile (Formerly Clostridium difficile)
	Gram-Negative Bacteria
		Gram-Negative Anaerobes
			Causes a Variety of Clinical Manifestations Depending on the Location
		Campylobacter Species
		Chlamydia pneumoniae
		Chlamydophila psittaci
		Conjunctivitis Due to Chlamydia trachomatis
		Pneumonia Due to C. trachomatis
		Chlamydia Genitourinary Tract Infection
		Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcal Infections)
		N. meningitidis (Meningococcal Infections)
		Haemophilus influenzae
		Mycoplasma pneumonia
		Pasteurella multocida
		Bordetella pertussis
		Brucellosis
		Bartonella henselae
			Cat-Scratch Disease
		Citrobacter
		Klebsiella
		Pseudomonas Species
		Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
		Typhoid Fever
		Shigella
		Escherichia coli
		E. coli (O157:H7)
		Yersinia enterocolitica
		Francisella tularensis
		Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF)
		Ehrlichiosis
		Borrelia burgdorferi
			Lyme Disease
		Treponema pallidum
		Mycobacterium tuberculosis
		Mycobacterium Avium-Intracellulare
	Fungal Infections
		Candida Species
		Oral Thrush
		Candidal Diaper Dermatitis
		Vulvovaginitis
		Candidal Infections in Neonates
		Aspergillus
		Malassezia furfur
		Histoplasmosis
		Coccidioides
			Coccidioidomycosis
			Blastomyces
			Sporothrix schenckii
	Protozoa
		Giardia lamblia
			Giardiasis
		Entamoeba histolytica
		Cryptosporidiosis
		Toxoplasma gondii
			Toxoplasmosis
		Pneumocystis jirovecii
			Pneumocystis Pneumonia
		Plasmodium
			Malaria
			Plasmodium falciparum
	Helminthic Organism
		Enterobius vermicularis
			Pinworm
		Ascaris lumbricoides
			Ascariasis
		Necator americanus
			Ancylostoma duodenale
				Hookworm
				Ancylostoma braziliense
		Trichuriasis
			Whipworm
		Trichinella spiralis
			Trichinellosis
		Strongyloides stercoralis
			Strongyloidiasis
		Toxocariasis
		Cestodes (Platyhelminthes)
		Trematodes (Platyhelminthes)
	Fever
		Fever in Well-Appearing Infants
		Febrile Neonate <8 Days
		Fever in 8–21 Days
		Fever in 22–28 Days Old
		Fever in 29–60 Days Old
			Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
	Central Nervous System (CNS) Infections
		Encephalitis
		Meningitis
			Neonatal Streptococcal Meningitis
		Brain Abscess
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
10: Hematology/Oncology
	Introduction
		Peripheral Smears
	Red Blood Cell Disorders
		Anemias: Introduction
		Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis)
		ABO Incompatibility
	Microcytic Anemia
		Iron-Deficiency Anemia (IDA)
		Thalassemias
		Alpha-Thalassemia Syndromes
		Beta-Thalassemia Syndromes
		Other Microcytic Anemias
	Macrocytic Anemia
		Folic Acid Deficiency
		Vitamin B12 Deficiency
		Pearson Marrow–Pancreas Syndrome
		Diamond–Blackfan Anemia (Congenital Hypoplastic Anemia)
		Fanconi Anemia
		Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome
	Normocytic Anemia
		Transient Erythroblastopenia of Childhood
	Hemolytic Anemia
		Hereditary Spherocytosis
		Hereditary Elliptocytosis
		Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)
		Sickle Cell Disease
		Infections
		Acute Chest Syndrome
		Dactylitis (Hand–Foot Syndrome)
		Priapism
		Splenic Sequestration
		Aplastic Crisis
		Renal Disease
		Other Complications
		Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency
		Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency
		Other Enzyme Deficiencies
		Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
		Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
	White Blood Cell Disorders
		Neutropenia
		Acute
		Chronic
		Congenital Neutropenia
		Immune
		Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia of Childhood (a.ka. Chronic Autoimmune or Chronic Benign Neutropenia)
		Nutritional
		Bone Marrow Infiltration
		Pancytopenia
		Aplastic Anemia
	Platelet Disorders
		Thrombocytopenia
		Platelet Destruction
		Kasabach–Merritt Syndrome
		Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura (ITP)
		Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
		Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
		Decreased Production
		Thrombocytopenia Absent Radii Syndrome (TAR)
		Abnormal Function
		Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome
		Bernard–Soulier Syndrome
		Kasabach Merritt Phenomenon
	Coagulation Disorders
		Introduction: (Table 10.6)
			Coagulation Pathway (Fig. 10.24)
		Anticoagulants
		Differentiation of Coagulopathies
		Antiphospholipid Syndrome
		Factor XI (11) Deficiency
	Thrombophilia
		Factor V Leiden and Activated Protein C (APC) Resistance
		Protein S Deficiency
		Protein C Deficiency
		Bleeding Disorders
		Acquired Bleeding Disorders
		Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
		Disseminated Intravascular Coagulopathy
		Inherited Bleeding Disorders
		Von Willebrand Disease
		Erythrocytosis
	Neoplastic Disorders
		Acute Leukemia
		Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
		Associated Syndromes/Risk Factors
		Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)
		Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)
		Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
		Lymphadenopathy
		Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
		Oncologic Emergencies
	Brain Tumors
		Medulloblastoma
		Other Tumors
		Germ Cell Tumors
		Neuroblastoma
		Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
		Rhabdomyosarcoma
	General Considerations in Oncology Patients
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
11: Allergy and Immunology
	Allergy
		Allergic Rhinitis (AR)
	Urticaria
		Chronic Urticaria
		Mastocytosis
		Hereditary Angioedema (HAE)
		Anaphylaxis
	Food Allergies
	Adverse Drug Reactions
		Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
		Linear Immunoglobulin A Bullous Dermatosis
		Fixed Drug Eruption (FDE)
		Penicillin Allergy Testing
	Serum Sickness
		Serum Sickness Like Reaction (SSLR)
	Allergic Reactions to Insects
	Skin Testing
		In Vitro Allergy Testing
		General Rules in the Management of Allergies
	Immunology
		Overview of the Immune System (Fig. 11.5)
		T-Lymphocytes
		B-Cells
		Initial Immunologic Testing of a Child with Recurrent Infections
	Disorders of Phagocyte Function
		Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
		Leukocyte Adhesion Defect (LAD)
		Chediak–Higashi Syndrome
	Antibody Deficiency Syndromes
		Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy (THI)
		X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
		Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID)
		Selective IgA Deficiency (sIgAD)
	Defects of Cellular Immunity
		22q11.2 Microdeletion Syndrome/DiGeorge Syndrome (see Table 11.3)
		Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis (CMC)
		X-Linked Lymphoproliferative (XLP) Syndrome
		Hyper-IgE Syndrome (HIES)
	Combined Antibody and Cellular Immunodeficiency
		Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
		Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome
		Ataxia-Telangiectasia
		X-Linked Hyper-IgM Syndrome (XHIM)
	Disorders of the Complement System
		Complement Defect
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
12: Endocrinology
	Growth Disorders
		Short Stature
		Clinical Approach for Evaluating Short Stature and Poor Linear Growth
		Imaging: bone age radiograph to determine skeletal maturation:
		Constitutional Delay of Growth and Puberty (CDGP)
		Familial Short Stature (FSS)
		Psychosocial Dwarfism
	Disorders of Pituitary Gland
		Growth Hormone (GH) and GH Deficiency
		Congenital Hypopituitarism
		Conditions Associated with GHD
		Neonatal Hypoglycemia
		Beckwith–Wiedemann Syndrome (See Genetic Chapter for More Details)
		Craniopharyngioma
		Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
		Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion (SIADH)
		Cerebral Salt Wasting
		Hyperpituitarism
		Prolactinoma
	Thyroid Disorders
		Introduction
		Congenital Hypothyroidism
		Thyroid-Binding Globulin (TBG) Deficiency (Table 12.7)
		Hashimoto, Lymphocytic Thyroiditis (Autoimmune Thyroiditis)
		Subacute (de Quervain) Thyroiditis
		Graves Disease
		Neonatal Thyrotoxicosis
		Solitary Thyroid Nodules
		Thyroid Cancer
		Thyroid Storm
	Bone and Mineral Disorders
		Hypocalcemia
		Hypoparathyroidism
		Pseudohypoparathyroidism (PHP); Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy (AHO)
		Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia (Familial Benign Hypercalcemia)
		Hyperparathyroidism
	Rickets
		Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets
		Hypophosphatemic Rickets (X-Linked)
	Disorders of Puberty
		Normal Variants of Puberty
		Isolated (Benign) Premature Thelarche
		Premature Menarche
		Precocious Puberty (PP)
		Sexual Maturity Ratings (SMRs)
		Familial Male-Limited Gonadotropin-Independent Precocious Puberty (FMPP)
		McCune–Albright Syndrome
		Delayed Puberty
		Primary Hypogonadism
		Klinefelter Syndrome (See Also Chap. 4 “Genetic Disorders”)
		Gynecomastia
		Turner Syndrome (See Also Chap. 4 “Genetic Disorders”)
	Adrenal Disorders
		Cushing Syndrome
		Hyperaldosteronism
		Adrenal Insufficiency
	Pheochromocytoma
		Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
	Disorders of Sexual Development (DSD)
		Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
		Denys–Drash Syndrome
		Swyer Syndrome (XY Pure Gonadal Dysgenesis)
		5-Alpha-Reductase Deficiency
		Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
	Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		Management of Comorbidities/Complications
		Diabetes Ketoacidosis
		Outpatient Management of Sick Days in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus
		Maturity-Onset Diabetes of Youth (MODY)
	Obesity
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
13: Orthopedics
	General Conditions
		Limping Child
		Leg-Length Discrepancy
		Arthrogryposis
		Polydactyly of the Hand
		Viral Myositis
	Bone and Joint Infection/Inflammation
		Transient Synovitis
		Septic Arthritis
		Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
		Diskitis and Vertebral Body Osteomyelitis
	Neck Disorders
		Torticollis
		Congenital Muscular Torticollis
		Klippel–Feil Syndrome
		Sprengel Deformity
		Atlantoaxial Subluxation
	Back Disorders
		Back Pain
		Spondylolysis
		Spondylolisthesis
		Scoliosis
		Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS)
		Scheuermann Kyphosis
	Hip Disorders
		Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)
		Legg–Calve–Perthes Disease
		Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
	Knee Pain and Injuries
		Meniscal Injury of the Knee
		Medial Collateral Ligament Injury (MCL)
		Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
		Osteochondritis Dissecans
		Recurrent Patellar Dislocation/Subluxation
	Angular Deformities
		Genu Varum (Bowleg)
		Genu Valgum (Knock-Knee)
		Blount Disease (Tibia Vara)
	Intoeing
		Femoral Anteversion
		Internal Tibial Torsion
		Metatarsus Adductus
	Foot Disorders
		Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
		Calcaneovalgus Foot
		Cavus Foot
		Flatfoot (Pes Planus)
		Tarsal Coalition
		Tiptoe Walking
		Ingrowing Toenail
	Fractures
		Salter–Harris Injuries
		Clavicular Fracture
		Proximal Humeral Fracture
		Humerus Fracture
		Supracondylar Fracture of Humerus
		Lateral Condyle Fracture
		Medial Epicondyle Fracture
		Scaphoid Fracture
		Tibial Shaft Fracture
		Toddler Fracture
		Ankle Fractures
		Ankle Sprain (See Sports Medicine Chap. 14 for More Details)
		Compartment Syndrome
	Radial Head Subluxation
		Nursemaid Elbow (Pulled Elbow)
	Bone Tumors/Tumors-Like Conditions
		Unicameral Cyst
		Aneurysmal Bone Cyst (ABC)
		Osteoid Osteoma
		Osteochondroma
		Osteosarcoma
		Ewing Sarcoma
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
14: Sports Medicine
	Pre-Participation Evaluation
		Medical Conditions Affecting Sports Participation (Table 14.1)
		Heat Illness
	Injury Prevention
		Conditioning (Role of Conditioning in Preventing Injuries in Athletes)
		Role of Rehabilitation of Current Injuries to Prevent Further Injuries
		Head Injuries
		Mouth
		Neck Injury
	Sports-Related Injuries
		Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (Concussion)
		Anterior Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Dislocation
		Acromioclavicular (AC) Dislocation
		Little Leaguer’s Shoulder and Elbow
			Little Leaguer’s Shoulder
			Little Leaguer’s Elbow
		Tennis Elbow
		Deep Hematoma of Thigh
		Traumatic Myositis Ossificans
		Ankle Sprain
	Overuse Injuries
		Osgood–Schlatter Syndrome
		Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (ITBFS)
		Sinding–Larsen–Johansson Disease
		Patellofemoral Pain
		Prepatellar Bursitis
		Sever’s Disease
	Miscellaneous
		Hydration and Rehydration
		Female Athlete Triad
		Performance-Enhancing Drugs
		Muscle-Building Dietary Supplements
		Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents
	Physical Fitness
		Weightlifting and Resistance Training
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
15: Rheumatology
	Arthritis
		Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
		Enthesitis-Related Arthritis (ERA)
		Other Arthritides of Childhood
	Inflammatory Diseases
		Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (jSLE)
		Neonatal Lupus Erythematosus (NLE)
		Drug-Induced Lupus (DIL)
		Systemic Scleroderma
		Localized Scleroderma
		Mixed Connective Tissue Disease (MCTD)
		Sjögren Syndrome
		Juvenile Dermatomyositis (JDM)
		Polymyositis
	Autoinflammatory Diseases
		Periodic Fever Syndromes: Periodic Fever, Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, Cervical Adenitis Syndrome (PFAPA)
		Familial Mediterranean Fever (FMF)
		Muckle-Wells Syndrome (MWS) or NLRP3- AID (Moderate)
		Neonatal Onset Multisystem Autoinflammatory Syndrome or NLRP3-AID (Severe)
		Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)
	Sarcoidosis
	Pain Syndromes of Childhood
		Benign Nocturnal Limb Pains of Childhood (Growing Pains)
		Benign Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (BJHS)
		Amplified Musculoskeletal Pain Syndrome (AMPS)
		Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)
	Vasculitis
		Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA)-Associated Vasculitis (AAV)
		Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
		Microscopic Polyangiitis (MPA)
		Takayasu Arteritis (TA)
		IgA Vasculitis (Formerly Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)
		Behçet Disease
		Erythema Nodosum
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
16: Neurology
	Introduction
		History Intake
		Neurological Examination
		Cranial Nerves
		Motor Examination (Table 16.1)
		Primitive Reflexes (Table 16.2)
		Neurodiagnostic Studies of Choice
		Electroencephalography (EEG)
	Seizures and Epilepsy
		Febrile Seizures
		Neonatal Seizures
		Pyridoxine-Dependent Epilepsy (PDE)
		Infantile Spasms
		Childhood Absence Epilepsy
		Self-Limited Epilepsy with Centro-Temporal Spikes (SeLECTS)
		Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
		Lennox–Gastaut Syndrome
		Landau–Kleffner Syndrome
		Rasmussen Encephalitis
		Psychogenic Non-Epileptic Seizures (Pseudoseizures)
		Status Epilepticus
		Keywords of High Yield Cases of Epilepsy Syndromes (Table 16.5)
		Indications for Antiseizure Medications (ASM) Drug Levels
		Epilepsy Mimics
	Neurocutaneous Disorders
		Neurofibromatosis Type 1
		Neurofibromatosis Type II
		Tuberous Sclerosis
		Sturge–Weber Syndrome
	Headache
		Migraine Headache
		Tension Headache
		Cluster Headache
		Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
	Malformations of the Brain
		Arnold–Chiari Malformation Type I (Table 16.8)
		Arnold–Chiari Malformation Type II
		Syringomyelia
		Lissencephaly
		Polymicrogyria
		Agenesis of Corpus Callosum
		Dandy–Walker Malformation
	Disorders of Head Growth
		Microcephaly
		Macrocephaly
		Hydrocephalus
		Craniosynostosis
	Vascular Anomalies
		Stroke
		Moyamoya Disease
		Cerebral Venous Thrombosis
	Spinal Cord Diseases
		Tethered Cord
		Neural Tube Defect (NTD)
		Spina Bifida Occulta
		Meningocele
		Myelomeningocele
		Spinal Cord Trauma
		Spinal Epidural Abscess
		Transverse Myelitis
		Atlantoaxial Instability
	Disorders of Neuromuscular Junction
		Myasthenia Gravis
		Botulism
	Primary Muscular Diseases (Myopathies)
		Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
		Becker Muscular Dystrophy
		Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy
	Neuropathies
		Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (Guillain–Barré Syndrome, GBS)
		Hereditary Motor Sensory Neuropathy (HMSN) (Charcot–Marie–Tooth Disease)
		Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
		Familial Dysautonomia (Riley–Day Syndrome)
		Bell’s Palsy (Table 16.9)
		Marcus Gun (Jaw-Winking) Phenomenon
		Ramsay Hunt Syndrome
		Tick Paralysis
	Disorders of Movement
		Ataxia
		Acute Cerebellar Ataxia
		Ataxia Telangiectasia
		Friedreich Ataxia (Table 16.10)
		Tics
		Tourette Syndrome
		Sydenham Chorea
		Dystonic Reactions
	Developmental Disorders
		Cerebral Palsy (Table 16.11)
		Spastic Hemiplegia
		Spastic Diplegia
		Spastic Quadriplegia
		Dyskinetic Cerebral Palsy
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
17: Ophthalmology
	Vision Screening [1]
	Painful Erythematous Eye
		Ophthalmia Neonatorum
		Ophthalmia Neonatorum Due  to N. gonorrhoeae
		Ophthalmia Neonatorum Due to Chlamydia
		Ophthalmia Neonatorum Due to Herpes Simplex
		Acute Bacterial Conjunctivitis
		Parinaud Oculoglandular Syndrome
		Acute Hemorrhagic Conjunctivitis
		Pharyngoconjunctival Fever
		Trachoma
		Molluscum Contagiosum Conjunctivitis
		Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Conjunctivitis
		Chemical Conjunctivitis
		Parasitic Conjunctivitis
		Atopic (Seasonal) Allergic Conjunctivitis
		Anterior Uveitis
		Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
		Preseptal Cellulitis
		Orbital Cellulitis
		Hordeolum (Stye) and Chalazion
		Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction (Congenital Dacryostenosis)
		Congenital Ptosis
		Acquired Ptosis
		Anisocoria
		Coloboma
		Congenital Glaucoma
		Congenital Cataract
		Retinoblastoma (RB)
		Papilledema
		Optic Neuritis
		Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) [5]
		Retinal Hemorrhage
		Retinal Hemorrhages in Nonaccidental Trauma
		Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
	Eye Trauma [10]
		Traumatic Iritis
		Retinal Detachment
		Orbital Fracture
		Corneal Abrasion
		Eye Foreign Body
		Hyphema
	Strabismus
		Pseudostrabismus
		Amblyopia
	Vision Development and Visual Acuity [11, 12]
	Disorders of Refraction
		Nystagmus
	Orbital Masses
		Periorbital Tumor or Hemangioma
		Orbital Rhabdomyosarcoma [13]
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
18: Ear, Nose, and Throat
	Ears
		Preauricular Pits/Sinus (PPS)
		Otalgia
		Otitis Externa
		Foreign Body in the External Ear
		Insect in the External Ear
		Auricular Hematoma
		Tympanic Membrane Perforation
		Otitis Media (OM) (Table 18.1)
		Acute Otitis Media (AOM)
		Recurrent Acute Otitis Media
		Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
		Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM)
		Indication for Myringotomy and Tympanostomy Tubes [3–5]
		Acute Mastoiditis
		Cholesteatoma
		Vertigo
		Benign Paroxysmal Vertigo of Childhood
		Meniere Disease
		Labyrinthitis and Vestibular Neuronitis
	Hearing Loss and Audiology
		Three Main Types of Hearing Loss
		Congenital Hearing Loss
		Genetic Syndromic Hearing Loss
		Genetic Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss
		Pediatric Audiometric Testing
		Tympanometry
		Patterns of Hearing Loss
	Nose and Nasopharynx
		Choanal Atresia
		Epistaxis
		Nasal Trauma
		Nasal Foreign Body
	Sinuses
		Acute Rhinosinusitis
		Chronic Rhinosinusitis
		Frontal Sinus Trauma
	Throat and Oropharynx
		Tonsillitis/Pharyngitis
		Peritonsillar Abscess (PTA)
		Retropharyngeal Abscess
		Indication for Tonsillectomy (± Adenoidectomy) [10–13]
		Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) Syndrome
	Mouth and Oral Cavity
		Aphthous Ulcers
		Bifid Uvula
		Cold Panniculitis
		Ankyloglossia
		Mucocele
		Parotitis
		Recurrent Juvenile Parotitis
		Cleft Lip and Palate (CLP)
		Pierre Robin Sequence (PRS)
		Delayed Dental Eruption
		Odontogenic Infection
		Early Childhood Caries
		Dental Trauma and Avulsions
	Neck
		Pediatric Neck Mass Differential [18]
		Congenital Neck Masses
			Branchial Cleft Anomalies
		Vascular Anomalies
		Thyroglossal Cyst
		Dermoid Cyst
		Fibromatosis Colli
		Infectious Neck Masses [21]
			Cervical Lymphadenitis
		Mycobacterial Lymphadenitis
		Cat Scratch Disease
		Tularemia
		Neoplastic Neck Masses
			Lymphoma
		Thyroid Carcinoma
		Systemic Neck Masses
			PFAPA
		Kawasaki
		Kikuchi
		Castleman’s Disease
	Voice and Airway
		Acute Laryngitis
		Chronic Laryngitis/Hoarseness
		Vocal Fold Paralysis
		Stridor [22]
		Laryngomalacia
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
19: Cardiology
	Chest Pain
	Syncope
		Other Related Disorders
			Orthostatic Hypotension
		Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome (POTS)
	Introduction
		Basics of ECG
		Systematic Approach in Reading ECG Correctly Starts Step by Step:
		Rate (Table 19.1)
		Rhythm
		Axis (Fig. 19.2)
		P Wave (Fig. 19.3)
		QRS Complex (see Fig. 19.1)
		T Wave
		PR Interval (see Fig. 19.1)
		QT Interval (see Fig. 19.1)
		ST Segment (see Fig. 19.1)
	Cardiac Arrhythmias (Figs. 19.7, 19.8, 19.9, 19.10, 19.11, 19.12, 19.13, 19.14, 19.15, 19.16, 19.17, and 19.18)
		Sinus Rhythm and Sinus Arrhythmia
		Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)
		Atrial Flutter
		Atrial Fibrillation (AF)
		Supraventricular Tachycardia (SVT)
		Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) Syndrome
		Sick Sinus Syndrome (SSS)
		Premature Ventricular Contractions (PVCs)
		Prolonged QT Interval
		Congenital Long QT Syndrome (LQTS)
		Ventricular Tachycardia (VT)
		Ventricular Fibrillation (VF)
		Atrioventricular Block (AVB)
	Miscellaneous
	Murmurs
		Innocent Murmurs
		Pathological Murmurs
		Critical Congenital Heart Defects Screening in Newborn Nursery
		Clinical Approach to a Newborn with Severe Cyanosis
	Fetal Physiology (Fig. 19.20) [1]
	Congenital Heart Defects (CHDs)
		Acyanotic Shunt Lesions
		Cyanotic Lesions
	Left-to-Right Shunts
		Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
		Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
		Common Atrioventricular Canal Defects (AVCDs)
		Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
		Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO)
		Eisenmenger syndrome
	Right-to-Left (Cyanotic) Shunt Lesions
		Tetralogy of Fallot
		Tricuspid Atresia
		Transposition of Great Arteries
		Ebstein Anomaly
		Truncus Arteriosus
		Totally Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
	Obstructive Lesions
		Pulmonary Valve Stenosis (PS)
		Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis (PPS)
		Aortic Stenosis
		Coarctation of the Aorta
		Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
	Vascular Rings
	Infection/Vasculitis
		Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF)
		Kawasaki Disease (KD) [3]
		Infective Endocarditis (IE)
		Acute Pericarditis
		Cardiac Tamponade
		Myocarditis
	Heart Failure
		Congestive Heart Failure
	Cardiomyopathies
		Dilated Cardiomyopathy
		Restrictive Cardiomyopathy
		Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM)
	Miscellaneous
		Precordial Catch Syndrome
		Spontaneous Pneumomediastinum
		Sudden Cardiac Death
		Superior Vena Cava Syndrome
		Dyslipidemia
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
20: Pulmonology
	Diagnostic Testing for Respiratory Conditions
		Pulmonary Function Testing (PFT)
		Spirometry
		Lung Volumes
		Pulse Oximetry
		Blood Gas Analysis
		Chest Imaging
	General Signs and Symptoms
		Stridor/Wheezing
			Differential Diagnosis of Acute Stridor
			Differential Diagnosis of Chronic Stridor
		Cough
		Tachypnea
		Exercise Intolerance
		Respiratory Failure
		Apnea
		Cyanosis
		Chronic Hypoxia
		Methemoglobinemia
		Clubbing of Digits or Hypertrophic Pulmonary Osteodystrophy
		Hemoptysis
	Respiratory Conditions of the Upper Airway
		Viral Croup (Laryngotracheobronchitis)
		Epiglottitis
		Bacterial Tracheitis
	Respiratory Conditions of the Lower Airway and Parenchyma
		Congenital Airway and Pulmonary Malformations
			Pulmonary Sequestration
			Bronchogenic Cyst
			Vascular Ring/Sling
			Tracheomalacia and Bronchomalacia
			Tracheal Stenosis
			Congenital Pulmonary Adenomatoid Malformation
			Congenital Lobar Emphysema
			Congenital Pulmonary Venolobar Syndrome (Scimitar Syndrome)
			Pulmonary Hypoplasia
	Diaphragmatic Malformations
		Diaphragmatic Hernia (See Chap. 2 for More Details)
		Diaphragmatic Eventration
		Accessory Diaphragm
	Aspiration
		Foreign Body Aspiration (FB)
		Aspiration Syndromes
	Interstitial Lung Diseases
		Pulmonary Hemosiderosis
		Lymphocytic Interstitial Pneumonia (LIP)
		Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
	Pulmonary Vascular Diseases
		Pulmonary Arteriovenous Malformation (PAVMs)
		Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (a.ka. Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome)
		Pulmonary Hypertension
	Pulmonary Manifestations of Systemic Inflammatory Disease and Autoimmune Lung Diseases
		Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane (anti-GBM) Disease (Goodpasture Syndrome)
		Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (EGPA)
		Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis (GPA)
		Juvenile Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
		Sarcoidosis (See Also Chap. 15 for More Details)
	Acute Bronchiolitis
	Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia (BPD)
	Asthma
		Exercise-Induced Asthma (EIA)
		Management of Asthma
		Inhaled Corticosteroids-Long-Acting Beta Agonists (ICS-LABA Combination)
		Management Acute Asthma Exacerbations
		Home Management Asthma Exacerbation
		Primary Care Office Management Asthma Exacerbation
		Emergency Department Management
		Post ED/Hospitalization Follow Up
	Postinfectious Hypersensitivity Cough
	Bacterial Lung Infections
		Pneumonia
		Lung Abscess
		Protracted Bacterial Bronchitis
	Bronchiectasis
		Cystic Fibrosis
		Alpha1-Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD, AAT Deficiency)
		Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
	Extrapulmonary Respiratory Conditions
		Pleural effusion
		Pneumothorax
		Pneumomediastinum
	Thoracic Deformities
		Pectus Excavatum (Funnel Chest) (Fig. 20.24)
		Pectus Carinatum (Pigeon Chest)
		Scoliosis
	Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
	Brief Resolved Unexplained Event (Brue)
	Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
21: Nutrition
	General
	Nutrition Requirements
	Minerals
		Calcium
		Chloride
		Chromium
		Copper
		Fluoride
		Iodine
		Iron
		Magnesium
		Potassium
		Selenium
		Sodium
		Zinc
	Vitamins (Tables 21.1 and 21.2)
		Biotin
		Folate/Folic Acid
		Niacin (Also Called Nicotinamide, Nicotinic Acid)
		Riboflavin (Also Sometimes Called Vitamin B2)
		Thiamin (Also Sometimes Called Vitamin B1 and Aneurin)
		Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine and Related Compounds)
		Vitamin B12 (Also Called Biologically Active Cobalamins)
		Vitamin A
		Vitamin C (Refers to Ascorbic and Dehydroascorbic Acid) Water-Soluble Vitamin
		Vitamin D (Fat-Soluble Vitamin, Also Called Calciferol)
		Vitamin E
		Vitamin K
	Macronutrients
		Energy
		Fat
		Protein
		Carbohydrates
	Breastfeeding (Table 21.3)
		Colostrum
		Transition Milk
		Mature Breast Milk
	Formula Feeding (Tables 21.4 and 21.5)
	Introduction of Solids
	Premature Infants
	Nutrition Support
		Enteral Tube Feeds
		Parenteral Nutrition (PN)
	Nutritional Disorders
		Undernutrition
		Protein-Energy Malnutrition
		Kwashiorkor (Edematous Malnutrition)
		Marasmus (Wasting Malnutrition)
		Marasmic Kwashiorkor
		Vegetarian Diets
		Protein-Losing Enteropathy
		Lactose Intolerance (See Also Chap. 22 Gastroenterology)
		Failure to Thrive
		Refeeding Syndrome
	Specific Conditions Requiring Nutritional Support
		Cystic Fibrosis (Also See Chaps. 20 and 21 Pulmonology and GI)
		Viral Gastroenteritis
		Chronic Liver Disease
		Heart Failure
		Renal Disease
		Burns
		Malignancies
		Allergies
		Neurological Impairment
		Family and Cultural Practices
		Children with Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
22: Gastroenterology
	Abdominal Pain
		Age-Appropriate Differential Diagnosis of Acute Abdominal Pain (Tables 22.1, 22.2, 22.3, 22.4, and 22.5)
		Functional Abdominal Pain (Rome IV Criteria)
		Functional Dyspepsia (H2a)
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) (H2b)
		Abdominal Migraine (H2c)
		Cyclic Vomiting (Abdominal Migraine)
		Functional Abdominal Pain: Not Otherwise Specified (H2d)
		Chronic, Recurrent Abdominal Pain
		Referred Abdominal Pain
		Acute Appendicitis
		Malrotation
		Volvulus
		Intussusception
		Paralytic Ileus
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Recurrent Pancreatitis/Chronic
		Cholelithiasis
		Cholecystitis
		Choledocholithiasis (Common Bile Duct Stone)
		Cholangitis (Rare in Pediatrics)
		Acalculous Cholecystitis
		Gallbladder Mucocele (Gallbladder Hydrops)
		Vomiting
	Esophagus
		Gastroesophageal Reflux in an Infant
		Gastroesophageal Reflux in Older Children and Adolescents
		Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EE)
		Caustic Esophageal Injuries
		Rumination (Rome IV Rumination Criteria [H1c])
		Bezoars
		Foreign Body in the Esophagus and Stomach
		Reflux Esophagitis
		Pill-induced Esophagitis
		Esophageal Atresia and Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)
		Achalasia
	Peptic Ulcer Diseases
		Gastritis and Peptic Ulcers
		Duodenitis
		Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome (ZES) (Rare)
	Gastrointestinal Atresia, Stenosis, and Obstruction
		Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)
		Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome (Cast Syndrome) (Wilkie Syndrome)
		Duodenal Atresia
		Jejunal Atresia
		Colonic Atresias
	Functional Constipation (Rome IV, H3A)
		Nonfunctional Causes of Constipation (Compared to Functional Constipation, These Are Much Less Common)
		Encopresis
		Anal Fissure
		Hirschsprung Disease (HD)
		Rectal Prolapse
		Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
		Gluten-Sensitive Enteropathy (Celiac Disease)
		Pseudomembranous Colitis
	Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
		Shwachman–Diamond Syndrome (SDS)
		Pancreatic Insufficiency Differential Diagnosis
		Primary Intestinal Lymphangiectasia
		Short Bowel Syndrome
		Bacterial Overgrowth Syndrome
	Diarrhea
		Chronic Diarrhea
		Disaccharide Intolerance
	Gastrointestinal Bleeding
	Upper GI Bleeding
		Hematemesis: Check Gastroccult—Is It Really Blood?
		Esophageal Varices
		Lower GI Bleeding
		Meckel Diverticulum
	Polyps
		Single Hamartomatous Polyp (Juvenile Polyp) Fig 22.17
		Intestinal Polyposis Syndromes
		Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)
		Peutz–Jeghers Syndrome (P-JS)
		Cowden Syndrome (CS): Rarely Presents in Childhood
		Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba Syndrome (BRRS)
		Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
	Liver
		Jaundice
		Neonatal Cholestasis
		Biliary Atresia
		Wilson Disease
	Hereditary Hemochromatosis
		Gilbert Syndrome
		Alagille Syndrome
		Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
		Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
		Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
		Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH)
		Reye Syndrome
		Hepatomegaly
		Portal Hypertension
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
23: Nephrology
	General
		Renal Function Test
		Normal Renal Function
		Urinalysis
		Proteinuria
		Hematuria
		Glomerular Hematuria
		Non-glomerular Hematuria
		Idiopathic Hypercalciuria [1]
		Hypertension [2]
	Persistent Proteinuria
		Nephrotic Syndrome
		Membranous Nephropathy (MN)
		Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome
		Infantile Nephrotic Syndrome
		Frasier Syndrome
	Persistent Hematuria/Proteinuria
		Acute Postinfectious Glomerulonephritis
		IgA Nephropathy (Berger Disease)
		Alport Syndrome
		Nail-Patella Syndrome
		Denys–Drash Syndrome
		Mesangiocapillary Glomerulonephritis (a.k.s. Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN))
		Dense Deposit Disease (MPGN Type II)
		Lupus Nephritis (LN)
		Anti-glomerular Basement Disease and Goodpasture Syndrome
		Familial Thin Basement Membrane Nephropathy
	Tubular Abnormalities (Fig. 23.4)
		Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA)
		Proximal RTA Type II (Fig. 23.6)
		Distal RTA Type I (Fig. 23.7)
		Type IV RTA (Fig. 23.8)
		Bartter Syndrome
		Gitelman Syndrome (Table 23.6)
		Cystinosis
	Diabetes Insipidus (DI; see Chap. 12 for Central-Type DI)
		Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus (NDI)
	Cystic Kidney Diseases (Fig. 23.9)
		Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD)
		Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
		Nephronophthisis (NPH)
		Laurence–Moon–Bardet–Biedl Syndrome
		Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney Disease
	Renal Failure
		Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) [3, 4]
		Acute Interstitial Nephritis (AIN)
		Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN)
		Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS)
		Rhabdomyolysis
	Miscellaneous
		Nocturnal Enuresis [5]
		Renal Vein Thrombosis (RVT)
		Sickle Cell Nephropathy
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
24: Fluids and Electrolytes
	General
		Body Fluid Composition
		Fluid Compartments
		Fluid Changes
		Sodium (Na)
		Hypernatremia
		Hyponatremia
		Water Intoxication
	Dehydration
		Isonatremic Dehydration
		Dehydration and Maintenance Fluid Calculations
		Potassium (K)
		Hyperkalemia
		Hypokalemia
		Chloride (Cl)
		Hypochloremia
		Hyperchloremia
	Acid–Base
		Acid–Base Disorder Can Be Simple or Mixed
		Compensatory Processes (Table 24.9; Fig. 24.7)
		Acidosis, Alkalosis
		Metabolic Acidosis
		Anion Gap
		Metabolic Alkalosis
	Disease States and Specific Therapy
		Gastroenteritis
		Oliguria/Acute Kidney Injury
		Hyperosmolar Nonketotic Coma
	Pearls and Pitfalls
25: Urology
	Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
		Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
		Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction
		Ureterocele
		Posterior Urethral Valves (PUV)
		Female Urethral Prolapse
		Prune-Belly Syndrome (Eagle-Barrett Syndrome)
		Urinary Incontinence
		Labial Adhesion
		Bladder Exstrophy
		Hypospadias
		Phimosis
		Paraphimosis
		Balanoposthitis
		Smegma (Fig. 25.7)
		Circumcision
		Micropenis
		Testicular Torsion
		Neonatal Testicular Torsion
		Testicular Appendage Torsion
		Cryptorchidism
		Testicular Cancer
		Varicoceles
		Hydroceles
		Inguinal Hernia
		Kidney Stones
		Urethral Injuries
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	References
		Further Reading
26: Dermatology
	Introduction (Table 26.1)
		Neonatal and Infant Skin Care
	Skin Disorders of the Newborn
		Erythema Toxicum
		Transient Neonatal Pustular Melanosis
		Miliaria
		Nevus Sebaceus (of Jadassohn)
		Diaper Dermatitis
	Eczematous Dermatitis
		Atopic Dermatitis
		Keratosis Pilaris
		Contact Dermatitis
		Seborrheic Dermatitis
		Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
	Acne
		Acne Vulgaris
		Neonatal and Infantile Acne
		Periorificial Dermatitis
		Rosacea
	Fungal Infections
		Tinea Capitis
		Tinea Corporis
		Tinea Cruris
		Tinea Pedis
		Tinea Versicolor
		Onychomycosis
	Infestations
		Scabies
		Pediculosis
		Bedbugs
		Papular Urticaria
	Papulosquamous Disorders
		Psoriasis
		Pityriasis Rosea
		Pityriasis Lichenoides
	Lichenoid Disorders
		Lichen Nitidus
		Lichen Sclerosus
	Vascular Tumors
		Infantile Hemangioma (IH)
		Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon
	Vascular Malformations
		Capillary Malformations
		Arteriovenous Malformation
	Hypersensitivity Reactions
		Urticaria
		Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus (CLE)
		Erythema Multiforme (EM)
		Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN)
	Viral Infections and Reactions of the Skin
		Molluscum Contagiosum
		Verruca Vulgaris
		Condyloma Acuminatum
		Gianotti-Crosti Syndrome (GCS)
	Bacterial Infections of the Skin
		Impetigo
		Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS)
		Cellulitis
		Intertrigo
		Necrotizing Fasciitis
	Disorders of Pigmentation
		Albinism
		Pityriasis Alba
		Vitiligo
		Post-inflammatory Hypo/Hyperpigmentation
		Nevus of Ota
		Nevus of Ito
		Dermal Melanocytosis
		Café-Au-Lait Macules (CALMs)
	Melanocytic Tumors
		Blue Nevi
		Congenital Melanocytic Nevi (CMN)
		Melanoma
	Epidermal and Dermal Tumors
		Epidermal Nevus
		Granuloma Annulare (GA)
		Mastocytosis
		Dermoid Cyst
	Hair Disorders
		Alopecia Areata
		Trichotillomania
		Telogen Effluvium
		Anagen Effluvium
		Traction Alopecia
	Genodermatoses
		Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB)
		Incontinentia Pigmenti
		Ectodermal Dysplasia
		Ichthyosis Vulgaris
	Miscellaneous
		Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis (LCH)
		Acanthosis Nigricans
		Factitious Disorders
	Pearls and Pitfalls
		Pearls
		Pitfalls
	Further Reading
27: Psychosocial Issues and Child Abuse
	Family and Environmental Issues
		Death
		Divorce
		Discipline
		Aggression and Violence
		Sleeping
		Birth of Another Sibling
		Sibling Rivalry
		Job loss and relocation
		Separation Anxiety and School Refusal
		Media
		Foster Care
		Immigrants and Internationally Adopted Children
		Cultural Issues in Medical Care
	Specific Problems and Conditions
		Overachieving Child (Gifted Child)
		Absenteeism
		Racism and Overt Racism
		Ethnocentrism
		Vulnerable Child Syndrome (VCS)
		Transition of Adolescents to Young Adulthood for Vulnerable Populations
		Parentification
		Chronic Illness and Handicapping Conditions
		Chronic Pain Syndrome
		Transplantation
	Child Abuse and Neglect
		Family and Social Violence
		Child Abuse
		Reporting Child Abuse
		Neglect
		Sexual Abuse
		Caregiver-Fabricated Illness (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
28: Ethics
	General
		Medical Decision-Making
		Medical Decisions in Complex Conditions
	Consents
		Informed Consent
		Principles in Medical Decision-Making
		Refusal of Treatment or Procedure by a Child
		Refusal of Treatment or Procedure by Parents or Guardians
		Adolescent Consent in Special Situations
	Ethics in Genetics
		Ethics in Cochlear Implants
		Imperiled Newborn Infants
		Death and Dying Children
		Organ Donation/Transplantation
		Research Involving Children
		Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
		Medical Testimony
		Conflict of Interest
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
29: Research and Statistics
	Bias and Study Design
		Bias
		Study Designs
	Epidemiological Research Methods
		Prevalence vs. Incidence
		Screening and Diagnostic Testing: Four Square Model (Fig. 29.1)
		Positive Predictive Value (PPV)
		Negative Predictive Value (NPV)
		Likelihood Ratio (LR)
	Descriptive Statistics
		Validity (Accuracy) vs. Reliability (Precision)
		Odds Ratio and Risk Types (Table 29.1)
		Risk: Probability of a Disease Outcome
	Statistical Hypothesis
		(Null Hypothesis vs. Alternative Hypothesis)
		Clinical Trials
		Clinical vs. Statistical significance
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
30: Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
	Medical Errors
		Sentinel Event
		Root Cause Analysis (RCA) Process
		Failure Mode and Effective Analysis (FMEA)
		Diagnostic Errors
		Treatment Errors
	Reporting Medical Errors
	Quality Improvement (QI)
	Patient Safety
		Handoffs
		Fostering a Culture of Safety
		Never Events
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
31: Pharmacology and Pain Management
	General Pediatric Pharmacology
		Absorption (Table 31.1)
		Bioavailability
		First Pass Effect
		Hepatic Metabolism
		Drug–Drug Interactions (Table 31.3)
		Renal Elimination
		First-Order Kinetics
		Zero-Order Kinetics
		Half-Life (t½)
			Practical Advice When Prescribing Medications
		Drug Reactions
			The FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS)
		Bioequivalence
	Antibiotics
		Aminoglycosides, e.g., Gentamicin, Tobramycin, and Amikacin
		Beta Lactam Antibiotics
			Penicillins, e.g., Crystalline Penicillin
			Ampicillin
			Amoxicillin-Clavulanate (Augmentin; GlaxoSmithKline)
			Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins, e.g., Nafcillin or Oxacillin
			Anti-Pseudomonal Penicillins, e.g., Piperacillin and Ticarcillin
		Cephalosporins (Penicillinase-Resistant)
		Carbapenems, e.g., Imipenem/Cilastatin, Meropenem, and Ertapenem
		Monobactam, e.g., Aztreonam
		Other Commonly Used Antibiotics
			Clindamycin
			Macrolides, e.g., Azithromycin and Clarithromycin
			Rifampin
			Fluoroquinolones, e.g., Ciprofloxacin
			Tetracycline
			Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole
			Vancomycin
	Antivirals
		Acyclovir
		Valacyclovir
		Ganciclovir (IV) and Valganciclovir (Oral)
		Foscarnet
		Other Antiviral Agents, Against DNA Viruses
		Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTI)
		Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
		Protease Inhibitors
	Antiparasitics (Table 31.7)
		Permethrin
		Malathion
		Metronidazole
		Chloroquine (Table 31.8)
		Other Antimalarials: Atovaquone-Proguanil, Doxycycline, and Mefloquine
	Antifungals (Table 31.9)
		Amphotericin B
		Fluconazole
		Griseofulvin
	Diuretics
		Furosemide (Table 31.10)
		Thiazide Diuretics (Hydrochlorothiazide)
		Spironolactone
		Acetazolamide
		Mannitol
		Over-the-Counter Medications
			Cough and Cold Products (Table 31.11)
		Teething
	Antihypertensive Medications (Table 31.12)
		Propranolol, Atenolol, Metoprolol
	Anti-ulcers
		H2-Blocking Drugs
		Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)
		Antiemetics
		Herbal Remedies
	Sedation
		Minimal Sedation (Anxiolysis)
		Moderate Sedation (Conscious Sedation)
		Deep Sedation
		General Anesthesia
		Medications for Procedural Sedation
		Sedation Protocol
			Reversal Agents
			Preprocedural Evaluation
			Intraprocedural Monitoring
			Discharge Criteria After Sedation or Anesthesia
			Sedation for Simple and Short Procedures (Table 31.15)
	Pain Management
		Pain Management in Neonates
		Pain Management in Older Children
		Minimizing Fear and Anxiety in Children
		Pain Scale Assessment (Fig. 31.2)
		Wound Repair and Pain Control
	Pearls and Pitfalls
	Further Reading
32: Radiology Review
	Introduction
	Cardiothoracic Radiology
		Case 1
		Case 2
		Case 3
		Case 4
		Case 5
		Case 6
		Case 7
		Case 8
		Case 9
		Case 10
		Case 11
		Case 12
		Case 13
		Case 14
		Case 15
		Case 16
		Case 17
		Case 18
		Case 19
		Case 20
	Gastrointestinal Radiology
		Case 21
		Case 22
		Case 23
		Case 24
		Case 25
		Case 26
		Case 27
		Case 28
		Case 29
		Case 30
		Case 31
		Case 32
		Case 33
		Case 34
		Case 35
		Case 36
		Case 37
	Genitourinary Radiology’
		Case 38
		Case 39
		Case 40
		Case 41
		Case 42
		Case 43
		Case 44
		Case 45
		Case 46
		Case 47
		Case 48
	Musculoskeletal Radiology
		Case 49
		Case 50
		Case 51
		Case 52
		Case 53
		Case 54
		Case 55
		Case 56
		Case 57
		Case 58
		Case 59
		Case 60
		Case 61
		Case 62
		Case 63
		Case 64
		Case 65
		Case 66
		Case 67
		Case 68
		Case 69
	Neuroradiology
		Case 70
		Case 71
		Case 72
		Case 73
		Case 74
		Case 75
		Case 76
		Case 77
		Case 78
		Case 79
		Case 80
		Case 81
		Case 82
		Case 83
		Case 84
		Case 85
		Case 86
		Case 87
		Case 88
		Case 89
		Case 90
		Case 91
		Case 92
		Case 93
	Further Reading
33: Last-Minute Review
	General Pediatrics
	Neonatology
	Adolescent Medicine
	Genetic Disorders
	Metabolic Disorders
	Child Psychiatry
	Emergency Medicine
	Critical Care
	Infectious Diseases
	Hematology/Oncology
	Allergy and Immunology
	Endocrinology
	Orthopedics
	Sports Medicine
	Rheumatology
	Neurology
	Ophthalmology
	Ear, Nose, and Throat
	Cardiology
	Pulmonology
	Nutrition
	Gastroenterology
	Nephrology
	Fluids and Electrolytes
	Urology
	Dermatology
	Psychosocial Issues and Child Abuse
	Ethics
	Research and Statistics
	Patient Safety and Quality Improvement
	Pharmacology and Pain Management
Index