Peasants, Lords, and State: Comparing Peasant Conditions in Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region, 1000–1750

Peasants, Lords, and State: Comparing Peasant Conditions in Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region, 1000–1750
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Figures
Notes on Contributors
Part 1: Introduction
1 Historiographical and Methodological Reflections
	1 Peasants in National Historiography
	2 A Sketch of the Historical Background
		2.1 The Middle Ages until 1350
			2.1.1 The Eastern Alpine Region
			2.1.2 Scandinavia
		2.2 The Crisis in the Late Middle Ages
		2.3 The Early Modern Period
			2.3.1 The East Alpine Region
			2.3.2 Scandinavia
Part 2: Comparing Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region
2 Slavery and Unfreedom from the Middle Ages to the Beginning of the Early Modern Period
	1 Sources for Slavery in Scandinavia
	2 Eastern Alpine Sources
	3 The Legal Portrayal of Slaves and Unfree Persons
	4 Scandinavia
		4.1 The Recruitment of Slaves in Scandinavia
		4.2 Þrælar and Other Unfree Persons in Nordic Agriculture
		4.3 Manumission and Long-lasting Dependency – The Case of Norway
		4.4 Accounts of Freedmen and the Clearing of Land – Norway
		4.5 The End of Unfreedom in Scandinavia
		4.6 Causes for the Dissolution of Unfreedom in Scandinavia
	5 The Eastern Alpine Region
		5.1 Historiographical Concepts of the Term Servus
		5.2 The Servi in the Early Middle Ages
		5.3 Servi and the Manorial System (Grundherrschaft / Villikation)
	6 The Dissolution of the Binate Manorial System (Villikation) and the Creation of a Peasant Estate
		6.1 Unfree People (Eigenleute) in the Schwabenspiegel
		6.2 Comparing Unfree People in the Schwabenspiegel and the Nordic Laws
		6.3 Unfreedom in the Eastern Alpine Region from the High Middle Ages to the End of the Late Middle Ages
		6.4 Unfreedom as a Means of Securing Territorial Control
	7 Comparing Unfreedom in Scandinavia and the Eastern Alpine Region – A Summary
	8 Main Factors Explaining the Development of Unfreedom
	Acknowledgements
3 Leasehold and Freehold c. 1200–1750
	1 Tenures
		1.1 The Alpine Region and Bavaria
		1.2 Scandinavia
		1.3 Trans-Regional Comparison
	2 Peasant Ownership
		2.1 The Origins of Freehold
		2.2 The Alpine Region and Bavaria
		2.3 Scandinavia
	3 Trans-Regional Comparison
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
4 Peasant Participation in Thing and Local Assemblies c. 1000–1750
	1 Introduction
	2 Scandinavia
		2.1 The Earliest Things in Northern Scandinavia
		2.2 Norway – The Thing in the Establishment of Royal Power
		2.3 The Thing in the Strong Kingdom of Norway
		2.4 Norway – The Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period
		2.5 Solving Conflicts over Boundaries and Resources
		2.6 Norway after 1350 – Summing Up
		2.7 Thing Organization in Denmark – The Medieval Period
		2.8 The Late Middle Ages and the Early Modern Period
		2.9 Denmark – Village Organization
		2.10 Inter-Village Cooperation
		2.11 Conflict-handling Institutions and Village Organization – An Excursion to Sweden
		2.12 Denmark – Summing Up
	3 The Eastern Alpine Region
		3.1 The Early Medieval Period
		3.2 The Eastern Alpine Region from the High Middle Ages – Bavaria
		3.3 Landgerichte and Hofmarken
		3.4 Upper Bavaria – Village Organization and Hofmarken
		3.5 Talschaften – Switzerland
		3.6 Tyrol
		3.7 Nachbarschaften – Tyrol
		3.8 The Eastern Alpine Region – Summing Up
	4 Integrated Conclusions
5 Summary and Conclusion
	1 The Emergence of a Peasant Estate
	2 Unfreedom
	3 Leasehold and Freehold
	4 Participation in Local Agrarian and Conflict-handling Institutions
	5 Conclusion
Part 3: The Portrayal of Peasants in National Historiography
6 The Historian as Architect of Nations: A Historiographical Analysis of the Norwegian Peasantry as Carrier of National Ideology and Identity in the Medieval and Early Modern Period
7 The Participation of the Tyrolean Peasantry in the Government of the Country: Theory – Reality – Ideology
8 Peasant Ideology in German Historiography
	1 The German Peasantry as Seen in the Nineteenth Century
	2 German Peasant Ideology in the Twentieth Century
9 Switzerland – A \'Peasant State\'?
	1 Free Swiss Mountain People
	2 Democracy of the Cantonal Assembly (Landsgemeinde)?
	3 Urban Constitutions as Role Model
	4 Economic Spread of the Town to the Surrounding Countryside
	5 Instead of Peasant Myths
Part 4: Appendix
The Sub-peasant Strata in the Late Medieval and Early Modern Eastern Alpine Region
	1 The Development and Status of the Sub-peasant Strata in the Eastern Alpine Region
	2 Craftsmanship, Mixed Employment, Itinerant Trade: Forms of Income in the Eastern Alpine Region
	3 Conclusion
Active Manorial Lords and Peasant Farmers in the Economic Life of the Late Middle Ages: Results from New Swiss and German Research
	1 De facto Manorial Lords
	2 Peasant Agriculture – Cooperation and Dependencies
		2.1 Constancy in the Relationship with the Manorial Lord
		2.2 Labour and Agricultural Cooperation between Farmers and Lords
		2.3 Dealing with One Another
	3 Credit and Debt of Peasant Farmers
	4 Written Rules and Controls
	5 Conclusion
	6 Prospect
	Acknowledgements
Glossary
Bibliography
	Archival Documentation
	Primary Sources
	Secondary Literature
Index