Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Physics Class 9

Cover
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter Insights
Series Chapter Flow
Chapter 1: Measurements
	Introduction
	Physical Quantity
		Measurement of Physical Quantities and Their Units
		Types of Physical Quantity and Its Unit
		Rules—Writing Units
		Systems of Units
		Definitions of Units
		Dimensions of Physical Quantities
	Measuring Devices
		Least Count
		Metre Scale
		Vernier Callipers
		Zero Error
		Screw Gauge
		Principle of a Screw Gauge
	Measurement of Mass
		Physical Balance
		Measurement of Mass by a Common Balance
		Spring Balance
	Measurement of Time
		Time
		Solar Day
		Mean Solar Day
		Simple Pendulum
		Pendulum Clock
		Stop Watch
	Measurement of Volume
		Volume of Liquids
		Instruments for Measuring the Volume of Liquids
		To Determine the Volume of Irregular Solids
	Measurement of Density
		Determination of the Density of Solids
		Determination of the Density of Liquids Using a Specific Gravity Bottle
		Determination of the Density of Air
	Graph
		Uses of Straight Line Graph
		Scientific Notation
		Standard Prefixes Used with the S.I. System of Units
		Errors and Accuracy
		Effect of Combining Errors
		Significant Figures
		Rounding off the Digits
		Practice Questions
		Hints and Explanation
Chapter 2: Kinematics
	Introduction
		Types of Motion
	Scalars and Vectors
	Displacement
	Speed
		Average Speed
		Uniform Speed
		Variable Speed
	Velocity
		Uniform Velocity
		Variable Velocity
		Instantaneous Velocity
		Average Velocity
	Aceleration
		Uniform Acceleration
		Problem Solving Tactics
		Acceleration Due to Gravity
		Time of Descent
		Time of Flight (tf)
		Velocity on Reaching the Ground
	Projectile
	Range (R)
	Uniform Circular Motion
	Graphical Representation of Motion Along a Straight Line
		Displacement—time Graphs
		Uses of Displacement–time Graph
		Velocity—Time Graph
		Uses
		Acceleration–Time Graph
		Uses of Acceleration–time Graph
		Graphical Method—Solutions
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 3: Dynamics
	Introduction
	Force in Nature
		Effects of Forces
		Contact Force
		Non-contact Force
		Gravitational Force
		Electrostatic Force
		Force Field
		Centripetal Force
		Centrifugal Force
		Rigid Body
	Momentum (p)
		Units of Momentum
		Unbalanced External Force
	Newton’s Laws of Motion—Observations of Galileo
	Newton’s First Law of Motion
		Inertia
		Inertia of Rest
		Inertia of Motion
		Inertia of Direction
		Mass and Inertia
	Newton’s Second Law of Motion
		Derivation of F = ma
		Units of Force
	Relation between Newton and Dyne
		Dimensional Formula of Force
	Impulsive Force and Impulse
		Unit of Impulse
		Dimensional Formula of Impulse
	Mass and Weight
		Weight
	Newton’s Third Law of Motion
		Statement
		Applications of Newton’s Third Law of Motion
		Law of Conservation of Momentum
		Verification of Law of Conservation of Momentum
		Normal Force
		Normal Reaction on a Body Placed on an Inclined Surface
		Normal Reaction Under the Action of an Applied Force
	Friction
		Types of Friction
		Static Friction
		Laws of Limiting Friction
		Experimental Verification of Laws of Limiting Friction
		Sliding or Dynamic or Kinetic Friction
		Rolling Friction
		Friction in Fluids
		Viscous Force
		Methods to Reduce Friction
	Work
		Units of Work
		Dimensional Formula of Work
	Power
		Unit of Power
		Dimensional Formula of Power
	Energy
		Examples of Energy
		Kilowatt Hour
	Mechanical Energy
	Potential Energy
		Examples of Potential Energy
		Gravitational Potential Energy
		Derivation of an Expression for Gravitational Potential Energy
		Elastic Potential Energy
	Hoke’s Law
		Derivation of Expression of Elastic Potential Energy
	Kinetic Energy
		Derivation of Expression for Kinetic Energy
	Work Energy Theorem
		Relation between Kinetic Energy and Momentum
	Law of Conservation of Energy
		Law of Conservation of Energy in the Case of a Simple Pendulum
		Transformation of Energy
		Sources of Energy
		Fossil Fuels
		Tidal Energy
		Geo-thermal Energy (‘Geo’ Means Related to the Earth, ‘Thermal’ Means Related to the Heat)
		Ocean Thermal Energy
		Hydro Energy
		Wind Energy
		Biogas
		Nuclear Energy
		Energy Crisis
		Periodic Motion
		Oscillatory Motion (Vibratory Motion)
		Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
		Simple Pendulum
		Angular Displacement (q)
		Length of the Pendulum
		Oscillation
		Laws of Simple Pendulum
		Experiment to Find Acceleration Due to Gravity Using a Simple Pendulum
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 4: Simple Machines
	Introduction
	Parallel Forces
		Resultant of Parallel Forces
		Resultant of Unlike Parallel Forces
		Simple Machines
	Levers
		Types of Levers
		Mechanical Advantage for Class III Levers
	Inclined Plane
		Mechanical Advantage of an Inclined Plane
	Moment of Force
		Applications of Turning Effect of Force
		Factors Affecting the Turning of a Body
		Units of Moment of Force
		Clockwise and Anti-clockwise Moments
	Equilibrium
		Principle of Moments
		Verification of Principle of Moments
	Couple
		Moment of a Couple
		Units of Couple
		Properties of Moment of a Couple
	Roman Steelyard
	Wheel and Axle
	Screw Jack
	Gears
		Functions of Gears
		Types of Gears
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 5: Gravitation
	Introduction
	Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
	Newton’s Law of Gravitation
	Inverse Square Law—Its Deduction
	Mass and Weight
		Centre of Mass
		G and g—The Relation between Them
		Acceleration Due to Gravity—Factors Affecting It
	Free Fall
	Weightlessness
	Centre of Gravity
		Centre of Gravity of Regular Bodies
		Centre of Gravity of Irregular Bodies
	Equilibrium
		Stable Equilibrium
		Unstable Equilibrium
		Neutral Equilibrium
	Gravitation—Applications
	Artificial Satellites
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 6: Hydrostatics
	Introduction
		Differences between Liquids and Gases
		Thrust
		Pressure
		Fluid Pressure
		Atmospheric Pressure
		Simple Barometer
		Fortin’s Barometer
		Aneroid Barometer
		Manometer
	Boyle’s Law
	Pascal Law—Transmision of Fluid Pressure
		Bramah Press
		Hydraulic Press
	Hydraulic Brakes
	Upthrust or Buoyant Force
		Upthrust—The Cause
	Archimedes’ Principle
		Archimedes’ Principle—Verification
		Density
		Relative Density
	Floatation
		Laws of Floatation
		Characteristics of a Floating Body
		Floating Body—It’s Relative Density
		Meta-centre and Equilibrium of Floating Bodies
		Laws of Floatation—Applications
	Hydrometer
		Common Hydrometer
		Hydrometer—Its Calibration
	Lactometer
	Acid Batery Hydrometer
	Viscosity
	Surface Tension
	Capilarity
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 7: Heat
	Introduction
	Heat
		Heat as a Form of Energy
	Temperature
		Thermal Equilibrium
		Measurement of Temperature
		Liquid Thermometers
		Construction of a Mercury Thermometer
		Calibration of a Thermometer
		Calibration of the Stem
		Relation between Different Scales
		Absolute Scale (Kelvin scale) of Temperature
		Clinical Thermometer
		Six’s Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
		Thermal Expansion of Solids
		Coefficient of Linear Expansion
		Experiment to Demonstrate Linear Expansion in Solids
		Coefficient of Superficial Expansion
		Coefficient of Cubical Expansion
		Derivation of the Relation between a, b and g
	Expansion of Liquids
		Real and Apparent Expansions of a Liquid
		Definition of ga and gr
		Anomalous Expansion of Water
	Hope’s Experiment
	Expansion of Gases
		Air Thermometer
		Differential Air Thermometer
	Kinetic Theory of Gases
		Molecular Motion and Temperature
		Absolute Zero
	Boyle’s Law
		Verification of Boyle’s Law Using Quill’s Tube
	Charles’ Law
	Gas Equation
		Explanation for Pressure of a Gas
	Calorimetry
		Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
	Calorimeter
		Principle of Calorimetry
	Specific Heat
		Determination of Specific Heat of Solids by the Method of Mixtures
		Observation and Calculations
		Precautions
		Determination of Specific Heat of Liquids by the Method of Mixtures
	Joule’s Experiment to Find the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
		Thermal Capacity
		Water Equivalent
		Change of State
		Melting of a Substance
		Evaporation
		Latent Heat
		Humidity
		Calorific Value of a Fuel
		Bomb Calorimeter
		Thermal Efficiency of a Heating Device
	Transmision of Heat
		Conduction
		Good and Bad Conductors of Heat
		Thermal Conductivity
	Convection
		Convection in Gases
	Radiation
		Properties of Thermal Radiations
		Applications of Heat Radiation
		Detection of Heat Radiations
		Reflection and Absorption of Thermal Radiations
		Reflecting Power and Absorbing Power of a Body
	Thermos Flask
		Construction
	Heat Engines
		Types of Heat Engines
	Petrol Engine
	Diesel Engine
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 8: Wave Motion and Sound
	Introduction
	Periodic Motion of Particles
		Graphical Representation of Simple Harmonic Motion—Its Characteristics and Relations
	Wave Motion
	Phase
		Transmission of Energy
		Classification of Waves
	Longitudinal Wave
		Transverse Wave
		Comparative Study of Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
		Comparative Study of Progressive and Stationary Waves
	Sound
		Experiment to Prove that Sound Requires a Medium for Propagation
		Frequency (An Important Characteristic of Sound)
		Uses of Ultrasonics
		Comparison between Light Waves and Sound Waves
		Transmission of Sound
		Velocity of Sound
		Velocity of Sound in a Gas Depends
		Factors that Affect Velocity of Sound in Air
		Factors that do not Affect the Velocity of Sound in Air
	Dopler Effect
	Mach Number and Sonic Boom
	Vibrations
	Natural Vibrations
	Forced Oscillations
		Reflection of Sound Waves to Form Stationary Waves
		Reflection at Rigid (Denser) End
		Reflection at Rarer Boundary
	Organ Pipe
		Stationary Waves in an Open end Pipe
		Frequency of Fundamental Mode
		First Overtone (or) second Harmonic
		Second Overtone (or) Third Harmonic
		Stationary Waves Formed in Closed End Organ Pipe
		Fundamental Frequency
		First Overtone or Second Harmonic
		Second Overtone or Third Harmonic
		Formation of Stationary Waves Along a Stretched String
	Fundamental Note
		First Overtone (or) Second Harmonic
		Third Harmonic (or) Second Overtone
	Laws of Vibrations of a Str etch ed String
		Law of Tension
		Law of Linear Mass Density
		Law of length
		Sonometer
	Law of Length
	Law of Tension
	Law of Mass
		Reflection of Sound
	Some Practical Aplications of Reflection of Sound
		Mega Phone or Loud Speaker
		Hearing Aid
		Sound Boards
		Whispering Gallery
		Sonar
		Echo
		Recording and Reproduction of Sound
		Magnetic Tapes
		Human Ear
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 9: Light
	Introduction
		Point Source of Light
		Rectilinear Propogation of Light
		Experiment to Prove Rectilinear Propagation of Light
	Pinhole Camera
		The Factors that Affect the Image Formed in a Pinhole Camera
	Shadow
		Formation of a Shadow by a Point Source
		Formation of Shadows Using an Extended Source
	Reflection of Light
		Difference between Virtual and Real Image
		Defi nitions Related to Refl ection of Light
	Laws of Reflection
	Miror
		Reflection of a Point Object in a Plane Mirror
		Reflection of an Extended Object in a Plane Mirror
		Verification of the Laws of Reflection
		Effect on the Refl ected Ray Due to the Rotation of a Plane mirror
		Lateral Inversion and Inversion
		Formation of Images by Two mirrors
		Minimum Length of a Plane Mirror Required to View Full Image
		Reflecting Periscope
	Spherical Mirors
		General Terms Related to a Spherical Mirror
		Principal Focus
		Relation between Focal Length and Radius of Curvature
		Rules for the Construction of Ray Diagrams Formed in Spherical Mirrors
		geometrical Construction of the Formation of an Image in a Spherical mirror
		Table for Formation of Images in a Concave Mirror
		Formation of Images by a Convex mirror
		mirror Formula and Cartesian Sign Convention
		Relation Between Object Distance, Image Distance, and Focal Length of a Spherical Mirror: Mirror Formula
		Magnification
		Uses of Spherical Mirrors
		Experiment to Find the Radius of Curvature of a Concave Mirror
		To Determine the Focal Length of a Concave Mirror
		Refraction of Light
		Activity
		Refractive Index
	Snel’s Law
		Atmospheric Refraction
		Twinkling of Stars
		Critical Angle
		Total Internal Reflection
		Condition Required for Total Internal Reflection to Occur
		Refraction Through a Prism
		Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism
		Recombination of Light Using Two Prisms
		Recombination of Colours Using Newton’s Colour Disk
	Colours
		Primary Colours of Light
		Colours of Opaque Objects
	Pigments
		Primary Pigments
		Secondary Pigments
		Scattering of Light
		Blue Colour of the Sky
		The Sun Appearing Red at Sunrise and Sunset
		Electromagnetic Spectrum
	Infrared Rays (IR)
		Uses of Infrared Radiations
		Ultra Violet Rays (U.V)
		Fluorescence
		Lenses
		Refraction Through a Lens
		Refraction Through Thin Lens
		general Terms Related to a Spherical Lens
		Refraction by Spherical Lenses
		Formation of Images by a Convex Lens
		Nature of Images Formed by a Convex Lens
		Formation of Image by a Concave Lens
		Nature of Images Formed by a Concave Lens
		Sign Convention for Lenses
		Difference Between Image Formation by Convex and Concave Lenses
		Lens Formula
		Optical Instruments
		Hypermeteropia
		Dioptric Power of Lens
		Camera
		Simple Microscope
		Compound Microscope
		Telescope
		Terrestrial Telescope
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 10: Electricity
	Introduction
	Static Electricity
		Electric Charges
		Units of Charge
		Properties of Charges
	Conductors and Insulators
		Flow of Electric Charges
		Charging a Conductor
		Charging by Friction
		Charging by Conduction
		Charging by Induction
	Detection of Charge on a Body
		Electroscope
		Pith Ball Electroscope
		Gold Leaf Electroscope
		Working
		Proof Plane
	Biot’s Experiment
	Faraday’s Experiment
		Atmospheric Electricity
	Coulomb’s Law
	Electric Field and Electric Field Strength
		Electric Potential
		Potential Difference
	Capacitance and Capacitors
		Uses of Capacitors
		Electric Current
		Electric Cell
	Electro Motive Force (EMF)
	Ohm’s Law
	Electrical Resistance
		Electric Resistance—Factors Affecting it
		Length of the Conductor
		Area of Cross Section
		Temperature
		Nature of Material
		Resistors—Their Combinations
	Electric Circuits and Circuit Diagrams
		Open Circuit
		Closed Circuit
		Electrical Power
		Calculation of Electrical Energy Consumed and Electrical Billing
		Domestic Wiring
		Electrical Hazards and Safety Measures
		Precautions in the Use of Electricity
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 11: Magnetism
	Introduction
		Important Properties of a Magnet
	Artificial Magnets
	Bar  Magnet
		Locating the Actual Position of the Magnetic Poles of a Bar Magnet
		Methods of Magnetization
		Methods of Demagnetization
	Magnetic Induction
		Classification of Substances
	Ewing’s Molecular Theory of Magnetism
		Failures of Ewing’s theory
	Magnetic Field
		Properties of Lines of Force
		Patterns of Lines of Force
	Terrestrial Magnetism
		Elements of the Earth’s Magnetic Field
		Cause and Variation of Dip
		Some Important Terms
		Magnetic Field Due to a Bar Magnet in the Earth’s Magnetic Field
		Magnetic Effect of Electricity
		Experiment I
		Electromagnetic Field—Its Direction
	Maxwell’s Right-Hand Grip Rule
		Magnetic Field Due to Current in a Straight Conductor
		Magnetic Field Around a Circular Conductor (Coil)
	Galvanoscope
		Instruments Using Magnetic Effect of Electric Current
	Solenoid
	Electromagnet
	Magnetic Crane
	An Electric Bell
	Electroma Gnetic Relay
		Relay Switch for a Car Starter
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation
Chapter 12: Modern Physics
	Introduction
	Atomic Structure
	Discharge of Electricity Through Gases
	Millikan’s Experiment
	Goldstein’s Experiment
	Mas Spectrometry
	X-rays
	Radioactivity
	a, b, g Radiations
		Properties of a, b, g-rays
	Practice Questions
	Hints and Explanation