Pearson IIT Foundation Series - Physics Class 8

Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Chapter Insights
Series Chapter
 Flow
Chapter 1 Measurements
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	PHYSICAL QUANTITIES AND THEIR UNITS
		Characteristics of a Unit
		Fundamental Quantity
		Derived Quantity
		Fundamental Unit
		Derived Unit
			Systems of Units
	DEFINITIONS OF UNITS
	MEASUREMENT OF LENGTH
		Metre Scale
		Vernier Calliper
	DESCRIPTION
		Description of Vernier Calliper
		Observations to be Made
		Measurement of Area
		Measurement of the Area of a Leaf
			Procedure
	MEASUREMENT OF VOLUME
		Measuring Jar
		Measuring Flask and Pipette
		Burette
		To Determine the Volume of a Single Drop of Water
	MEASUREMENT OF MASS
		Mass
		Applications of Different Types of Balances
	MEASUREMENT OF DENSITY AND RELATIVE DENSITY
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chpater 2 Kinematics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
		Geometrical Representation of a Vector
	DISTANCE AND DISPLACEMENT
		Distance
		Displacement
	SPEED
		Instantaneous Speed
		Average Speed
	UNIFORM AND NON-UNIFORM VELOCITY
		Instantaneous Velocity
	ACCELERATION
	EQUATIONS OF MOTION
		Graphical Representation of Motion
		Displacement–Time Graph
			Significance of Displacement-Time Graph
		Velocity–Time Graph
			Significance of V-T Graph
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 3 Dynamics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
		Classfication of Forces
			Mechanical Force
			Magnetic Force
			Gravitational Force
			Electric Force
			Nuclear Force
	NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION
	TYPES OF INERTIA
	MASS AND INERTIA
	FRICTION
		Factors Affecting Frictional Force
		Types of Friction
		Advantages of Friction
		Disadvantages of Friction
		Methods to Reduce Friction
	STREAMLINING
	MOMENTUM
		Units of Momentum
	NEWTON’S SECOND LAW OF MOTION
		Derivation of F=ma
		Units of Force
		Relation Between Newton And Dyne
	WEIGHT AND MASS
		Difference between Mass and Weight
			Weightlessness
	NEWTON’S THIRD LAW OF MOTION
	PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
		Law of Conservation of Momentum
		Proving Law of Conservation of Momentum by Newton’s third Law
	ROCKETS
	WORK
		Units of Work
	ENERGY
		Various Forms of Energy
	CENTRE OF GRAVITY
		Activity
		Centre of Gravity of Regular Bodies
		Centre of Gravity of an Irregular Lamina
		Stability of Bodies
		Equilibrium of Bodies
		Conditions for a Body to be in Equilibrium
			Kinds of Equilibrium
		Practical Applications
	SIMPLE MACHINES
		Power (P)
		Load (W)
			Mechanical Advantage (M.A.)
		Velocity Ratio (V.R.)
		Efficiency
			Relation between Mechanical Advantage, Velocity Rat
		Levers
		Load Arm
		Effort Arm
	LAW OF LEVERS
		Classfication of Levers
			First Order Lever
			Second Order Lever
			Third Order Lever
		Pulley
			Single Fixed Pulley
			Block of Pulleys
			Inclined Plane
			Description
			Procedure
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 
2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATIO
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 4 Hydrostatics
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER
	THRUST AND PRESSURE
		Thrust
			Units of Thrust
		Pressure
			Units of Pressure
		Fluid Pressure
		Pressure at a Point Inside a Liquid
	LAWS OF LIQUID PRESSURE
	HARE’S APPARATUS
	ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
	MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
		Mercury Barometer
		Fortin’s Barometer
		Aneroid Barometer
		Advantages of an Aneroid Barometer Over a Simple Barometer
		Disadvantages of the Aneroid Barometer
		Effect of Altitude on Atmospheric Pressure
		Altimeter
		Weather Forecast
		Gas Manometer
		Lift Pump
		Construction
		Working
	PASCAL’S LAW
		Application of Pascal’s Law
			Bramah Press
			Mechanical Advantage
		Upthrust
	ARCHIMEDES’ PRINCIPLE
		Relative Density
		Determination of Relative Density or Specific Gravity of a solid
		Determination of the Specific Gravity of a Liquid Using Archimedes' Principle
		Floatation
	HYDROMETERS
		Principle of Hydrometer
		Types of Hydrometer
	PLIMSOLL LINES
	BOYLE’S LAW
	BERNOULLI’S PRINCIPLE
		Explanation of Bernoulli’s Principle
	SURFACE TENSION
		Explanation for Surface Tension
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 5 Wave Motion and Sound
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	SIMPLE PENDULUM
	LAWS OF SIMPLE PENDULUM
		1st Law of Simple Pendulum
		2nd Law of Simple Pendulum
		3rd Law of Simple Pendulum
	Vefication of Laws of Simple Pendulum
		Verification o
f 1st Law
		Verification of 2nd Law
		Verification of 3rd Law
	WAVE MOTION
		Transverse Waves
		Longitudinal Waves
		Relation between Frequency (n), Time Period (T) and  Wavelength (λ)
	SOUND
		Experiment to Verify that Vibrating Bodies Produce Sound
	TRANSMISSION OF SOUND
		Longitudinal Nature of Sound Waves in Air
		Sound Requires a Medium for Propagation
	MUSIC AND NOISE
		Musical Instruments
		Stringed Instruments
		Percussion Instruments (Drum Instruments)
		Wind Instruments (Blow Type Instruments)
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 6 Heat
	REMEMBER
	KEY IDEAS
	INTRODUCTION
	FLOW OF HEAT ENERGY AND THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM
	DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HEAT ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE
	MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE
		Units of Heat
		Specific Heat Capacity
		Heat Capacity
		Advantages of High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
	CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS OF HEAT ENERGY
	THERMAL EXPANSIONS IN SOLIDS
	MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE AND THERMOMETER
		Different Temperature Scales
		Construction of Celsius Thermometer
		Marking of Fixed Points
		Relation Between Different Scales
		Clinical Thermometer
		Clinical Thermometer
		Six’s Maximum and Minimum Thermometer
		Galileo’s Thermometer
	CHANGE OF STATE
		Determination of Melting Point of Wax
		Determination of Melting Point of Ice and Boiling Point of Water
		Experiment to Determine the Melting Point of Ice  and Boiling Point of Water
		Latent Heat of Fusion
		Specific
 Latent Heat of Fusion
		Latent Heat of Vapourization
		Effect of Pressure and Soluble Impurities
			Pressure Cooker
			Skating
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 7 Light
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
		Properties of Light
	SHADOWS
		Formation of Shadow by a Point Source
		Formation of the Shadow by An Extended Source
	ECLIPSES
	REFLECTION OF LIGHT
		Definitions Related to Reflactions
	LAWS OF REFLECTION
		Reflection of Plane Mirrors
		Image Formed by Two Mirrors
			Uses of Plane Mirrors
	PERISCOPE
	KALEIDOSCOPE
	SPHERICAL MIRRORS
		Path of the Reflected Rays in Spherical Mirrors
		Rules for Construction of Ray Diagrams Formed  in Spherical Mirrors
	MAGNIFICATION
		Formation of Images in Concave Mirror
		Formation of Images by Convex Mirror
		Mirror Formula and Cartesian Sign Convention
		Image Obtained Experimentally When the  Object is at a Small Distance
			Uses of Spherical Mirrors
	REFRACTION
	THE LAWS OF REFRACTION
		Refraction through a Glass Slab
		Refractive Index of a Medium
		Apparent Depth—A Phenomenon Due to Refraction
	TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION
		Mirage
		Sparkling of Diamond
		Bicycle Reflectors
		Optical Fibres
			Uses
		Refraction through a Prism
			Rotation of Light Eays using Different Prisms
		Dispersion of Light
		Spectrum
		Rainbow
		Scattering of light
		Blue Colour of the Sky
		Lenses
		Refraction by Spherical Lenses
		Sign Convention for Lenses
		Lens Formula
		Formation of Images by a Convex Lens
		Formation of Image by a Concave Lens
		Detearmination of the Focal Length of a Convex Lens
			Using a distant object
			Uses of Lenses
	HUMAN EYE
		Formation of Image on the Retina
	DEFECTS OF EYE
		Long-Sightedness or Hypermetropia
			Causes for Long-Sightedness
		Short-Sightedness or Myopia
			Causes of short-sightedness
	PHOTOGRAPHIC CAMERA
		Similarities between the Eye and the Camera
		Dissimilarities between the Eye and the Camera
	MICROSCOPES
	COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
		Construction and Working
	TELESCOPES
	ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE
		Working of Telescope
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 8 
Electricity
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	STRUCTURE OF ATOM
		Electrification
		Unit of Electric Charge
			Properties of Charges
		Methods of Charging a Body
			Charging by Friction
			Charging by Conduction
			Charging by Induction
	DETECTION AND TESTING OF CHARGES
		Gold Leaf Electroscope
			Working
		Atmospheric Electricity
		Clouds and their Electric Charge
		Electroscope
	ELECTRIC CURRENT
		The Cause of Electric Current
	ELECTRIC CELL
	ELECTRO MOTIVE FORCE (EMF)
		Voltaic Cell
		Disadvantages
	DANIEL CELL
	BICHROMATE CELL
	LECLANCHE CELL
	DRY CELL
		Construction of a Dry Cell
		Lead-acid Storage Battery
	BUTTON CELL
	ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
		Conductors and Insulators
		Series and Parallel Circuits
			Series Circuit
			Parallel Circuits
	UNITS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY
		Electric Power
		Practical Unit of Electrical Energy
	ELECTRICITY—ITS APPLICATIONS
	ELECTRICITY—ITS CHEMICAL EFFECT
		Electrolysis of Water
		Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4)
			Applications of Electrolysis
		Electricity—Its Heating Effect
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
	CONCEPT APPLICATION
		Level 1
		Level 2
		Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 9 
Magnetism
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
		Properties of Magnets
	MAGNETIC INDUCTION
		Factors Affecting Magnetic Induction
		Bar Magnet
	LINES OF FORCE (MAGNETIC FIELD LINES)
		Plotting the Magnetic Lines of Force Around a Bar Magnet
		Properties of Lines of Force
		Patterns of Lines of Force
		Uses of Magnets
		Methods of Magnetization
		Methods of Demagnetization
	MAGNETIC KEEPERS
		How Magnetic Keepers Prevent Loss of Magnetism?
	MAGNETIC AND NON–MAGNETIC SUBSTANCES
	MOLECULAR THEORY
		Earth as a Magnet
		Angle of Dip
		Angle of Declination
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 10
 Electromagnetism
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO STRAIGHT CONDUCTOR— A DEMONSTRATION
		Ampere’s Right-hand Grip Rule
		Maxwell’s Right-handed Cork-Screw Rule
	MAGNETIC FIELD DUE TO A CIRCULAR CONDUCTOR— A DEMONSTRATION
	SOLENOID
		Electromagnets—Applications
		Electric Bell
		Working
		Galvanoscope
		Telegraph
		Direct Current (D.C.) Motor
		Electromagnetic Induction
		Electric Generator
		Dynamo
		Electric Power Stations
		Direct and Alternating Electric Current
		Transformer
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
Chapter 11 
Sources of  Energy
	Remember
	Key Ideas
	INTRODUCTION
	NON-RENEWABLE (CONVENTIONAL) SOURCES OF ENERGY
		Fuel
	FOSSIL FUELS
		Coal
		Petroleum
		Gaseous Fuels
		Nuclear Energy
	RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY
		Solar Energy
		Solar Furnace
		Solar Water Heater
		Solar Drier
		Solar Cooker
			Box Type Solar Cooker
			Reflector Type Solar Cooker
		Solar Power Plant
		Solar Cells
			Uses
		Wind Energy
		Windmill
		Hydel Energy
			Limitations of Hydel Energy
		Pumped Storage Plant
		Thermal Power Plants
		Bicycle Dynamo
		Tidal Energy
		Biogas
		Biogas Plant
	AIR POLLUTION
		Causes for Air Pollution
		Hazards of Air Pollution
		Energy Crisis
	PRACTICE QUESTIONS
		TEST YOUR CONCEPTS
			Very Short Answer Type Questions
			Short Answer Type Questions
			Essay Type Questions
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3
	HINTS AND EXPLANATION
		CONCEPT APPLICATION
			Level 1
			Level 2
			Level 3