Pavement Engineering: Principles and Practice

Cover
Half Title
Title
Copyright
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Author/Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Introduction and Description of Pavements
	1.1 Importance
	1.2 Functions
	1.3 Design and Construction
	1.4 Maintenance and Rehabilitation
	1.5 Important Issues
	1.6 Functional Requirements
	1.7 Types and Uses of Pavements
	1.8 Different Features of Typical Asphalt Pavements
	1.9 Different Features of Typical Concrete Pavements
		1.9.1 Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements
		1.9.2 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavements
		1.9.3 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
		1.9.4 Composite Pavements
		1.9.5 Selecting the Type of Pavement
	1.10 Research on Pavements
	References
Chapter 2 Standards
	2.1 Importance of Standards
	2.2 The American Society of Testing and Materials
	2.3 The American Society of State Highway and Transportation Officials
	2.4 Use of Standards in Materials Selection, Mix Design, and Structural Design
	2.5 Use of Standards in Quality Control in Construction
	2.6 Important Specifications
	References
Chapter 3 Principles of Mix, Structural Design, and Construction of Asphalt Pavement
	3.1 Overview
	3.2 Traffic and Load Distribution Concept
	3.3 Materials and Layers
		3.3.1 Soils
		3.3.2 Aggregates
		3.3.3 Asphalt
	3.4 Environment
	3.5 Mix Design
	3.6 Structural Design
	3.7 Link Between Mix and Structural Design
	3.8 Theoretical Considerations for Structural Design
		3.8.1 Hooke’s Theory of Elasticity
		3.8.2 Boussinesq’s Method
		3.8.3 Application, Extension, and Refinement of Boussinesq’s Method
		3.8.4 Burmister’s Method for Two-Layer Systems
		3.8.5 Odemark’s Method of Equivalent Thickness
		3.8.6 Fox and Acum and Fox’s Solutions
		3.8.7 Computer Programs
	3.9 Principles of Good Construction
	3.10 Putting Everything Together
	References
Chapter 4 Principles of Structural Design, Mix Design, and Construction of Concrete Pavements
	4.1 Overview
	4.2 Structural Design
	4.3 Theoretical Considerations
		4.3.1 Stresses Due to Curvature and Bending in Slabs
		4.3.2 Stresses Due to Temperature Curling
		4.3.3 Stresses and Deflections Due to Applied Loading
			4.3.3.1 Corner Slab Loading
			4.3.3.2 Interior Slab Loading
			4.3.3.3 Edge Slab Loading
	4.4 Computer Programs for Rigid Pavements
	4.5 Combined Stresses
	4.6 Stresses Due to Friction
	4.7 Joint Opening
	4.8 Joints
		4.8.1 Transverse Contraction Joints
		4.8.2 Longitudinal Joints
		4.8.3 Construction Joints
		4.8.4 Expansion Joints
		4.8.5 Joint Design
		4.8.6 Joint Spacing for Airfields
		4.8.7 Variable Joint Spacing
		4.8.8 Skewed Joints
		4.8.9 Aggregate Interlock Between Joints
		4.8.10 Design of Dowels
		4.8.11 Dowel Diameter Design
			4.8.11.1 Allowable Bearing Stress
			4.8.11.2 Bearing Stress on One Dowel
		4.8.12 Tiebar Steel Design
		4.8.13 Traffic and Loads
	4.9 Concrete Properties and Mix Design
		4.9.1 Hydration, Strength, and Materials
			4.9.1.1 Construction
	References
Chapter 5 Traffic
	5.1 Different Types of Highway Traffic
	5.2 Measurement of Traffic Loads
	5.3 Load Equivalency Factor and Equivalent Single-Axle Load
		5.3.1 Flexible Pavements
		5.3.2 Rigid Pavements
	5.4 Alternative Load Equivalent Factor Concept
	5.5 Equivalent Single-Wheel Load
		5.5.1 Conversion to Equivalent Gear
		5.5.2 Conversion to Equivalent Annual Departure
	5.6 Tire Pressure
	5.7 Speed
		5.7.1 Effect of Load and Tire Pressure
	5.8 Aircraft Loading, Gear Configuration, and Tire Pressure
	References
Chapter 6 Drainage
	6.1 Sources and Effects of Water
	6.2 Estimating Flow
		6.2.1 Return Period
		6.2.2 Rainfall Intensity
	6.3 Hydroplaning and Surface Drainage System
	6.4 Inlets
	6.5 Subsurface Drainage System
		6.5.1 Groundwater
		6.5.2 Water Entering Through Cracks
		6.5.3 Artesian Aquifers
		6.5.4 Melting Snow
	6.6 Design of Subsurface Drainage Structures
		6.6.1 Design of Permeable Base
			6.6.1.1 Materials for Permeable Base
		6.6.2 Design of Separator or Filter Layer
			6.6.2.1 Geotextile Separator Layer
		6.6.3 Design of Edge Drains
	6.7 Consideration of Drainage in Pavement Design
	6.8 Pumping in Rigid Pavements
	6.9 Use of Software for Design of Drainage Structures
	References
Chapter 7 Soil
	7.1 Overview
	7.2 Soils in Subgrade
	7.3 Mass-Volume Relationships
	7.4 Grain Size Distribution: Gradation
	7.5 Effects of Water
	7.6 Soil Classification
		7.6.1 AASHTO Method
		7.6.2 Unified Soil Classification System (ASTM)
	7.7 Density and Optimum Moisture Content
	7.8 Hydraulic Conductivity
	7.9 Frost Susceptibility
	7.10 Swell Potential
	7.11 Stiffness and Strength of Soils
		7.11.1 California Bearing Ratio Test (AASHTO T 193)
		7.11.2 Resilient Modulus Test (AASHTO T 307)
		7.11.3 Dynamic Cone Penetrometer (ASTM D 6951)
		7.11.4 Light Weight Deflectometer
	7.12 Subgrade Soil Tests for Rigid Pavements
		7.12.1 Plate Load Test
	7.13 Subbase and Unstabilized Base
	7.14 Soil Stabilization Concepts and Methods: Chemical and Mechanical
		7.14.1 Mechanical Stabilization by Densification or Compaction
			7.14.1.1 Effect of Compaction on Soil Properties
			7.14.1.2 Field Compaction
			7.14.1.3 Field Control
			7.14.1.4 Measuring Devices
			7.14.1.5 Intelligent Soil Compaction System
		7.14.2 Use of Geosynthetics
		7.14.3 Lime Treatment of Soils
		7.14.4 Cement Treatment of Soil
			7.14.4.1 Mixture Design Process
		7.14.5 Asphalt (Bituminous) Treated Soil
			7.14.5.1 Stabilization Mechanism with Asphalt Treatment
			7.14.5.2 Mix Design Procedure
	7.15 Dust Control
	References
Chapter 8 Aggregates for Asphalt and Concrete Mixes
	8.1 Definition, Parent Rock, and Types
	8.2 Suitability for Application
	8.3 Production
	8.4 Overview of Desirable Properties
		8.4.1 Properties Critical for Structural Layers
		8.4.2 Properties Critical for Drainage Layers
		8.4.3 Properties Critical for Asphalt Mix Layers
		8.4.4 Properties Critical for Cement Concrete Layers
	8.5 Gradation for Asphalt Pavements
		8.5.1 Aggregate Tests
	8.6 Specific Gravities and Absorption
	8.7 Cleanliness and Deleterious Materials
	8.8 Toughness or Resistance against Abrasion Loss
	8.9 Particle Shape and Surface Texture
	8.10 Durability/Soundness
	8.11 Expansive Characteristics
	8.12 Polishing and Frictional Characteristics
	8.13 Aggregate Tests Specifically for Concrete
		8.13.1 Fineness Modulus (ASTM C 125)
		8.13.2 Gradation
		8.13.3 Bulk Density and Voids in Aggregates Test
	8.14 Automated Aggregate Analysis (AASHTO TP 81 and PP 64)
	8.15 Artificial Aggregates
	References
Chapter 9 Asphalt and Emulsions
	9.1 Asphalt Binder
	9.2 Naturally Occurring Asphalts
		9.2.1 Lake Asphalt
		9.2.2 Rock Asphalt
		9.2.3 Gilsonite
	9.3 Refined Asphalt from Crude Oil
	9.4 Safe Delivery, Storage, and Handling of Asphalts
		9.4.1 Causes of Hazards and Precautions
		9.4.2 Health Hazards
		9.4.3 Precautions and Good Practices
	9.5 Asphalt Binder Properties
		9.5.1 Specific Gravity: ASTM D 70
		9.5.2 Cleveland Open Cup Method (Flash Point): ASTM D 92
		9.5.3 Solubility Test: ASTM D 2042
		9.5.4 Spot Test: AASHTO T 102
		9.5.5 Penetration: ASTM D 5
		9.5.6 Viscosity Tests
		9.5.7 Softening Point (Ring and Ball) Test: ASTM D 36
		9.5.8 Fraass Breaking Point Test: BS EN 12593, BS 2000-8
		9.5.9 Ductility: ASTM D 113
		9.5.10 Thin Film Oven Test (TFOT): ASTM D 1754
		9.5.11 Rolling Thin Film Oven Test (RTFOT): ASTM D 2872, BS EN 12591, AASHTO T 240
	9.6 Asphalt Binder Properties and Pavement Distress and Performance
		9.6.1 Aging of Asphalt Binder
			9.6.1.1 Hardening
	9.7 Stiffness
		9.7.1 Viscosity for Stiffness
	9.8 Viscoelastic Nature of Asphalt and Direct Measurement of Stiffness
	9.9 Tensile Behavior
	9.10 Superpave (Superior Performing Asphalt Pavements)
		9.10.1 High-Temperature Viscosity
		9.10.2 Complex Modulus and Phase Angle
		9.10.3 Aging Tests
		9.10.4 DSR Tests Conducted on Aged Asphalt
		9.10.5 Low-Temperature Stiffness (ASTM D 6648, AASHTO T 313)
		9.10.6 Direct Tension Test (ASTM D 6723, AASHTO T 314)
		9.10.7 Superpave Requirements
			9.10.7.1 Explanation
		9.10.8 Multiple Stress Creep Recovery Test (AASHTO T 350, Specification, AASHTO M 332)
	9.11 Recent Developments
	9.12 Recovery of Asphalt Binder from Asphalt Mix
	9.13 Adhesion Properties
	9.14 Asphalt Emulsions
		9.14.1 Properties
		9.14.2 Tests for Asphalt Emulsions
		9.14.3 Classification of Emulsions and Selection
	References
Chapter 10 Distress and Performance
	10.1 Distresses in Asphalt Pavements
		10.1.1 Bleeding
		10.1.2 Block Cracking
		10.1.3 Corrugations
		10.1.4 Delamination
		10.1.5 Edge Cracks
		10.1.6 Fatigue Cracks and Edge Fatigue Cracks
		10.1.7 Longitudinal Joint Cracks
		10.1.8 Polished Aggregate
		10.1.9 Potholes
		10.1.10 Raveling
		10.1.11 Reflective Cracking
		10.1.12 Rutting
		10.1.13 Slippage Crack
		10.1.14 Thermal Cracks
	10.2 Distresses in Concrete Pavements
		10.2.1 Corner Breaks
		10.2.2 Durability Cracking (or “D” Cracking)
		10.2.3 Longitudinal Cracking
		10.2.4 Transverse Cracking
		10.2.5 Spalling of Transverse Joints
		10.2.6 Map Cracking and Scaling
		10.2.7 Polished Aggregate
		10.2.8 Popouts
		10.2.9 Blowups
		10.2.10 Faulting of Transverse Joints and Cracks
		10.2.11 Lane-to-Shoulder Drop-Off
		10.2.12 Lane-to-Shoulder Separation
		10.2.13 Patch/Patch Deterioration
		10.2.14 Water Bleeding and Pumping
		10.2.15 Punchouts
		10.2.16 Joint Seal Damage
	10.3 Consideration of Performance
	10.4 Damage
	10.5 Forensic Investigation for Determination of Type and Cause of Distress
		10.5.1 Forensic Investigation Plan
		10.5.2 Nondestructive and Destructive Tests
	References
Chapter 11 Consideration of Major Distress Mechanisms and Material Characterization for Asphalt Pavements
	11.1 Fatigue Cracking
		11.1.1 Material Characterization Tests
			11.1.1.1 Indirect Tensile Strength: Test Method
			11.1.1.2 Resilient Modulus
			11.1.1.3 Dynamic Modulus (AASHTO TP 62–03)
			11.1.1.4 Texas Overlay Tester (Texas OT)
		11.1.2 Models
			11.1.2.1 Simplified Viscoelastic Continuum Damage (S-VECD) Model
		11.1.3 Definition of Failure
		11.1.4 Use of Models
		11.1.5 Relationship Between Mix Design and Fatigue Performance
		11.1.6 Relationship Between Pavement Structure and Fatigue Performance
			11.1.6.1 Steps for Avoiding Premature Fatigue Cracking
	11.2 Thermal Cracking
		11.2.1 Material Characterization
		11.2.2 Models
			11.2.2.1 Environmental Conditions
			11.2.2.2 Regression Equation Approach (Hajek and Haas, 1972)
			11.2.2.3 Fracture Mechanics Approach: SHRP Thermal Cracking Model
			11.2.2.4 Models for Cracking
		11.2.3 Cracking and Properties of Asphalts and Aggregates
	11.3 Rutting or Permanent Deformation
		11.3.1 Material Characterization
			11.3.1.1 Creep Testing
			11.3.1.2 Triaxial Test
		11.3.2 Models
			11.3.2.1 Consideration of Rutting in Asphalt Mix Only
			11.3.2.2 Statistical Predictive Models on the Basis of Different Properties (Baladi, 1989)
			11.3.2.3 Layered Vertical Permanent Strain Approach
			11.3.2.4 Permanent Strain Rate Method
			11.3.2.5 Plastic-Elastic Vertical Strain Ratio Method
			11.3.2.6 Rutting Rate Method (Majidzadeh, 1981)
			11.3.2.7 Alternate Model Relating Tertiary Flow Characteristics to Mix Properties
			11.3.2.8 Models for Unbound Materials
			11.3.2.9 Ayres Combined Model for Subgrade and Granular Materials (NCHRP, 2004)
			11.3.2.10 Equivalent Temperature Concept
			11.3.2.11 El-Basyouny and Witczak Model (NCHRP, 2004)
		11.3.3 Definition of Failure
	11.4 Smoothness Consideration
	11.5 Top-Down Cracking
		11.5.1 Pavement Surface Characteristics
	References
Chapter 12 Mix and Structural Design of Asphalt Mix Layers
	12.1 Physical and Volumetric Properties of Asphalt Mix
		12.1.1 Bulk-Specific Gravity of Compacted Asphalt Mix (Gmb)
		12.1.2 Theoretical Maximum Density or Maximum Specific Gravity of the Mix (Gmm)/Rice Specific Gravity
	12.2 Mix Design Methods
		12.2.1 Hveem Method (ASTM D 1560, D 1561)
		12.2.2 Marshall Method
		12.2.3 Superpave Method
			12.2.3.1 Mix Design Systems of South Africa, France, the United Kingdom, and Australia
	12.3 Balanced Mix Design (BMD)
	12.4 Structural Design
		12.4.1 Empirical Methods
			12.4.1.1 California Bearing Ratio Method
			12.4.1.2 American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Method
		12.4.2 Mechanistic-Empirical Methods
			12.4.2.1 Design of Low Volume Roads
			12.4.2.2 Example of Structural Design Procedure Using Mechanistic Principles
			12.4.2.3 NCHRP 1-37A Mechanistic-Empirical Design Guide
	12.5 Thickness of Hot Mix Asphalt Layers to Avoid Excessive Permeability
	References
Chapter 13 Construction of Asphalt Pavements
	13.1 Overview
		13.1.1 Production
		13.1.2 Transportation and Laydown
	13.2 Description and Requirements of Components in Hot Mix Asphalt-Producing Plants
		13.2.1 Aggregate Stockpiles
		13.2.2 Cold Feed Bins
		13.2.3 Drum Mix Plant
		13.2.4 Hot Elevator and Bins
		13.2.5 Pugmill
		13.2.6 Hauling and Storage
		13.2.7 Drum Plant
		13.2.8 Dust Collection from HMA Plants
		13.2.9 Asphalt Storage Tanks
	13.3 Equipment Used for Transportation, Laydown, and Compaction
		13.3.1 Trucks
		13.3.2 Pavers
		13.3.3 Rollers
	13.4 Important Factors
	13.5 Construction of Granular Layers
		13.5.1 Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) and Recycled Concrete Material (RCM) in Granular or Stabilized Base Course
		13.5.2 Steps in the Construction of an Asphalt Pavement
	13.6 Specifications
		13.6.1 Variability of Materials
		13.6.2 Use of Quality Control Charts
	13.7 Preparation of Subgrade and Construction of Base and Subbase Layers
	13.8 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
	13.9 Construction of Longitudinal Joints
		13.9.1 Techniques of Constructing Good Longitudinal Joints
			13.9.1.1 Combination of Notched Wedge Joint, Rubberized Asphalt Tack Coat, and Minimum Joint Density Requirements
			13.9.1.2 Rubberized Asphalt Tack Coat and Minimum Joint Density Requirements
			13.9.1.3 Notched Wedge Joint and Minimum Joint Density Requirements
			13.9.1.4 Cutting Wheel and Minimum Joint Density Requirements
			13.9.1.5 Infrared Joint Heating and Minimum Joint Density Requirements
	References
Chapter 14 Concrete Fundamentals for Rigid Pavements
	14.1 Concrete
	14.2 Aggregates
	14.3 Cement
		14.3.1 Types of Portland Cement
	14.4 Water
	14.5 Hydration
	14.6 Steel in Concrete
	References
Chapter 15 Distress Models and Material Characterization for Concrete Pavements
	15.1 Distresses and Models
		15.1.1 Cracking
			15.1.1.1 Fatigue Cracking in JPCP
			15.1.1.2 Zero-Maintenance Design Fatigue Model
			15.1.1.3 Calibrated Mechanistic Design Fatigue Model
			15.1.1.4 ERES-COE Fatigue Model
			15.1.1.5 PCA Fatigue Model
			15.1.1.6 ARE Fatigue Model
			15.1.1.7 Vesic Distress Model
			15.1.1.8 RISC Distress Function
			15.1.1.9 Transverse Cracking
		15.1.2 Transverse Joint Faulting in Jointed Plain Concrete Pavements
			15.1.2.1 Models to Predict Faulting
			15.1.2.2 Slab Corner Deflections
		15.1.3 Erosion Characterization of Base/Subbase
		15.1.4 Characterizing Free Water Within a Pavement Structure
		15.1.5 PRS M-E Transverse Joint-Faulting Prediction Model
		15.1.6 Punchouts in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
			15.1.6.1 Development of CRCP Punchout Models
			15.1.6.2 Punchout Distress Model
		15.1.7 Smoothness Considerations
	15.2 Tests for Concrete
		15.2.1 Flexural Strength Tests
		15.2.2 Compressive Strength
		15.2.3 Tensile Strength
		15.2.4 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion Test
		15.2.5 Fatigue Testing for PCC
	15.3 Composite Pavements
	15.4 Distress Mechanism for Design of Composite Pavements
	References
Chapter 16 Mix Design and Structural Design for Concrete Pavements
	16.1 Mix Design
		16.1.1 Concrete Strength
		16.1.2 Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio
		16.1.3 Selection of the Water-to-Cementitious Materials Ratio
		16.1.4 Aggregates
		16.1.5 Air Content in Concrete
		16.1.6 Slump
		16.1.7 Water Content
		16.1.8 Cementing Materials Content and Type
		16.1.9 Admixtures
		16.1.10 Example of Mix Design
	16.2 Structural Design
		16.2.1 AASHTO Method (AASHTO, 1993)
		16.2.2 Design Input Parameters
			16.2.2.1 Reliability
			16.2.2.2 Serviceability
			16.2.2.3 Drainage Coefficient (Cd)
			16.2.2.4 Load Transfer Coefficient (J)
		16.2.3 Rigid Foundation at Shallow Depth
		16.2.4 Effective Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
			16.2.4.1 Software Solutions
			16.2.4.2 AASHTO 1998 Supplement to Design Guide
			16.2.4.3 MEPDG Design Guide
			16.2.4.4 Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements
			16.2.4.5 CRCP Design Criteria
			16.2.4.6 Structural Performance
			16.2.4.7 Functional Performance
			16.2.4.8 Reinforcement for CRCP
			16.2.4.9 Design Methods for CRCP
			16.2.4.10 AASHTO MEPDG
			16.2.4.11 AASHTO-86/93 Design Procedure
			16.2.4.12 Reinforcement Design
			16.2.4.13 Design Variables for Longitudinal Reinforcement: AASHTO Method
			16.2.4.14 Limiting Criteria
			16.2.4.15 Longitudinal Reinforcement Design Procedure
	16.3 Composite Pavements Structural Design
	References
Chapter 17 Construction of Concrete Pavements
	17.1 Overview
	17.2 Concrete Production
	17.3 Preparation of Subgrade and Base
	17.4 Presetting Reinforcements such as Dowel Bars, Tiebars, and Continuous Reinforcement
		17.4.1 Dowel Bars
		17.4.2 Tiebars
			17.4.2.1 Reinforcing Steel (CRCP)
	17.5 PCC Slab Construction
		17.5.1 Slipform Paving
		17.5.2 Stringlines for Slipform Paver
		17.5.3 Fixed Form Paving
		17.5.4 Concrete Placement
		17.5.5 Consolidation
		17.5.6 Screeding
	17.6 Finishing
		17.6.1 Bullfloating
		17.6.2 Texturing
		17.6.3 Protection of Pavement Surface from Rain
		17.6.4 Construction Headers
	17.7 Curing
		17.7.1 Evaporation Rate
	17.8 Paving in Hot and Cold Weather Conditions
		17.8.1 Edge Slump
		17.8.2 Smoothness
	17.9 Jointing
	17.10 HIPERPAV Software
	17.11 Joint Sealing
		17.11.1 Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QC/QA)
		17.11.2 Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC)
		17.11.3 Blaine Fineness
		17.11.4 Gradation
		17.11.5 Penetration Resistance
		17.11.6 Cement Materials Temperature Profile (the “Coffee Cup Test”)
		17.11.7 Water-Cement Ratio (Microwave Oven Test)
		17.11.8 Concrete and Subgrade Temperature and Environmental Conditions
		17.11.9 Concrete Strength (Early Age)
		17.11.10 Air Void Analyzer
		17.11.11 Maturity Test
			17.11.11.1 Consistency
			17.11.11.2 Air Content
			17.11.11.3 Density and Yield
			17.11.11.4 Sampling Fresh Concrete
	References
Chapter 18 Precast Concrete Pavements
	18.1 Precast Pavement Applications
	18.2 Precast Concrete Pavement Concepts
		18.2.1 Intermittent Repairs of Concrete Pavements
		18.2.2 Continuous Application
			18.2.2.1 Jointed Precast Concrete Pavements
			18.2.2.2 Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavements
	18.3 Incrementally Connected Precast Concrete Pavements
	18.4 PCP Load Transfer System
	18.5 Transverse Joint Spacing Requirements
		18.5.1 Load Transfer Provisions
			18.5.1.1 Design of Load Transfer System
			18.5.1.2 Dowel Bar Slot Patching Material
		18.5.2 PCP Support System
			18.5.2.1 Bedding for Repair Applications
			18.5.2.2 Bedding for Continuous Application
		18.5.3 PCP Panel Fabrication
	18.6 Performance of Installed Precast Concrete Pavements
		18.6.1 Deflection Testing of JPrCP
			18.6.1.1 The I-675 in Michigan (Intermittent Repair Project)
			18.6.1.2 The I-15 in Ontario, California (Continuous Jointed PCP—Fort Miller Super-Slab JPrCP System)
			18.6.1.3 The I-57 in Missouri (PPCP Projects Based on the Texas PPCP System)
		18.6.2 Summary of Findings from Field Testing
	18.7 Concrete Requirements
	References
Chapter 19 Pavement Surface Characteristics
	19.1 Overview
		19.1.1 Pavement Surface Textures
			19.1.1.1 Microtexture
			19.1.1.2 Macrotexture
			19.1.1.3 The Next Generation Concrete Surface (NGCS) Texture
		19.1.2 Pavement Surface Friction
			19.1.2.1 Friction Number
			19.1.2.2 International Friction Index
		19.1.3 Pavement Surface-Tire Noise
			19.1.3.1 Measurement Techniques of Pavement-Tire Noise
		19.1.4 Ride Quality
	19.2 Pavement Surface Characteristics Design
		19.2.1 Aggregate Testing and Characterization
			19.2.1.1 Aggregate Composition/Structure and Mineral Hardness
			19.2.1.2 Aggregate Angularity, Shape, and Texture
			19.2.1.3 Abrasion/Wear Resistance
			19.2.1.4 Polish Resistance
			19.2.1.5 Soundness
			19.2.1.6 Aggregate Test Criteria
		19.2.2 Surface Mix Types and Texturing Techniques
		19.2.3 Friction Design Categories
		19.2.4 Project-Level Design Guidelines
	19.3 Pavement Surface Characteristics Management
	References
Chapter 20 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Pavements: Pavement Management Systems
	20.1 Overview
	20.2 Steps in PMS
	20.3 Different PMS Approaches
		20.3.1 Criteria for Making Decisions
	20.4 Distress Survey
	20.5 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Asphalt Pavements
		20.5.1 Maintenance
			20.5.1.1 Primary Corrective Maintenance Activities
			20.5.1.2 Primary Preventive Maintenance Activities
		20.5.2 Recycling
			20.5.2.1 Hot In-Place Recycling
			20.5.2.2 Cold Recycling
			20.5.2.3 Cold Milling
			20.5.2.4 Hot Mix Recycling
	20.6 Maintenance and Rehabilitation of Concrete Pavements
		20.6.1 Joint and Crack Sealing
		20.6.2 Slab Stabilization
		20.6.3 Diamond Grinding
		20.6.4 Load Transfer Devices
		20.6.5 Precast Panels for Repair and Rehabilitation
		20.6.6 Portland Cement Concrete Overlays
	20.7 Warranty Projects
	References
Chapter 21 Airport Pavements
	21.1 Types, Importance, and Specifications
	21.2 Structural Design of Airport Asphalt Mix Pavements
		21.2.1 Design of Flexible Pavement over Existing Pavement
			21.2.1.1 HMA Overlay on Existing Flexible Pavement
			21.2.1.2 HMA Overlay on Existing Rigid Pavement with or without Existing HMA Overlay
	21.3 Design of Concrete Pavements
	21.4 Design for Airport Pavements with Light Aircrafts
	21.5 Advanced Design Methods
		21.5.1 Asphalt Pavements
			21.5.1.1 For Vertical Strain εv on Top of the Subgrade
			21.5.1.2 For Horizontal Strain eh at the Bottom of the Surface Layer
		21.5.2 Rigid Pavements
	21.6 Nondestructive Testing and Rehabilitation of Airfield Pavements
	21.7 ACN-PCN
	21.8 Rehabilitation of PCC Airport Pavements
	21.9 Construction Quality Control and Acceptance Testing
	21.10 Constructing, Checking, and Improving Friction/Skid Resistance Drainage of Runways
	21.11 Asphalt Mixes for Airport Pavement
		21.11.1 Fuel-Resistant Mix
		21.11.2 Construction and Maintenance of Longitudinal Joints
		21.11.3 Time of Construction
		21.11.4 Deicing and Anti-Icing
	21.12 Maintenance of Airport Pavements
	21.13 Common Problems in Airport Pavements
	References
Chapter 22 Nondestructive Tests
	22.1 Nuclear Gage
	22.2 Falling Weight Deflectometer
		22.2.1 Direct Use of Deflections
			22.2.1.1 Relationship Between Deflection Bowl Parameters and Stresses and Strains at Various Locations in the Pavement
		22.2.2 Back-Calculation
			22.2.2.1 Modeling Thin Layers
			22.2.2.2 Modeling Subgrades
			22.2.2.3 Modeling Bedrock
			22.2.2.4 Stress-Dependent Materials
			22.2.2.5 Spatial Variations
			22.2.2.6 Seasonal Variations
			22.2.2.7 Detection of Voids in PCC Pavements
			22.2.2.8 Detection of Nonresilient Pavement Layer Behavior
			22.2.2.9 Evaluation of Experimental Paving Materials
			22.2.2.10 Determination of Load Transfer Efficiency for Jointed PCC Pavements
	22.3 Other Applications of FWD Data for Rigid Pavements
	22.4 Light Weight Deflectometer (ASTM E 2583)
	22.5 Continuous Deflection Device
	22.6 GeoGauge (Soil Stiffness Gauge) for Soil Compaction
	22.7 Ground-Penetrating Radar
	22.8 Portable Seismic Pavement Analyzer
	22.9 Free Free Resonant Column Test
	22.10 Ultrasonic Test
	22.11 Magnetic Induction Tomography
	22.12 Infrared Devices
	22.13 Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) Systems
	References
Chapter 23 Economic Analysis and Cost-Saving Concepts
	23.1 Economic Analysis
		23.1.1 Engineering Economy
		23.1.2 Concept of Life Cycle Cost
		23.1.3 Techniques
		23.1.4 Costs in Life Cycle Cost Analysis
		23.1.5 Probabilistic Approach
		23.1.6 Information on Life Cycle Cost Analysis for Pavements
		23.1.7 Software for Running Life Cycle Cost Analysis
	23.2 Cost-Saving Concepts
		23.2.1 Principles of Perpetual Pavements
		23.2.2 Economic Benefits of Recycling
	References
Chapter 24 Instrumentation in Asphalt and Concrete Pavement
	24.1 Temperature
	24.2 Soil Moisture Content
	24.3 Frost Depth
	24.4 Strain in Asphalt or Concrete Pavement and Soil Layers
	24.5 Stress in Soil Layers
	24.6 Deflection in Layers
	24.7 Data Acquisition Systems
Chapter 25 Specialty Applications
	25.1 Asphalt Mixtures
		25.1.1 Polymer-Modified Asphalt
		25.1.2 Asphalt Rubber Mixes
		25.1.3 Stone Matrix Asphalt
		25.1.4 Porous Friction Course
		25.1.5 Warm Mix Asphalt
			25.1.5.1 WMA and RAP
			25.1.5.2 Adoption
			25.1.5.3 Regular Use of WMA
			25.1.5.4 Mix Design
			25.1.5.5 Moisture Susceptibility Concern
		25.1.6 Ultrathin Wearing Course
	25.2 Concrete Whitetopping
	25.3 Porous Asphalt Pavements
	25.4 Pervious Concrete
	25.5 Waste Plastics in Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Layers
	References
Chapter 26 Sustainable Pavement Engineering
	26.1 Overview
		26.1.1 Sustainable Construction (SC)
			26.1.1.1 Sustainability in Transportation and Pavement Engineering
		26.1.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
		26.1.3 Sustainable Construction Practices
	26.2 Sustainable Pavement Engineering
		26.2.1 Sustainable Asphalt of Flexible Pavements
		26.2.2 Sustainable Rigid or Concrete Pavements
		26.2.3 Measuring Sustainability
		26.2.4 Pavement and Rehabilitation Design to Improve Sustainability
		26.2.5 Construction Considerations
		26.2.6 User Phase Consideration
		26.2.7 Guidelines for Measuring and Improving Sustainability
	26.3 Resilient Pavements
	References
Chapter 27 Environmental Mitigation in Transportation Projects
	27.1 Introduction
	27.2 How Transportation Impacts the Environment
	27.3 NEPA: A Model for Assessing Impacts and Developing Mitigation Measures
	27.4 Framing Mitigation Best Practices
		27.4.1 Project Conception
		27.4.2 Impact Assessment
			27.4.2.1 The Environmental Assessment (EA)
			27.4.2.2 The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
			27.4.2.3 SEPA Impact Assessment Examples
		27.4.3 Alternatives Analysis
		27.4.4 Public Involvement and Review
	27.5 Enforcement and Post-Project Monitoring
	27.6 Transportation Planning and Regional Mitigation Approaches
	References
Index