Patterns of Sounds

Cover......Page 1
Frontmatter......Page 2
Contents......Page 6
Dedication......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
1.2 Design of the database......Page 16
1.3 Variations in inventory size......Page 18
1.4 Relationship between size and structure......Page 20
1.5 Phonetic salience and the structure of inventories......Page 24
1.6 Compensation in inventory structure......Page 28
1.7 Segments and suprasegmentals......Page 31
1.8 Segment inventories and syllable inventories......Page 32
Notes to Chapter 1......Page 34
References......Page 35
2.2 Stop series......Page 36
2.4 Stop systems by place......Page 42
2.6 Voicing and place of articulation for plosives......Page 45
2.7 Secondary articulations with plosives......Page 48
2.8 Affricates......Page 49
2.9 Summary of generalizations on stops and affricates......Page 50
References......Page 51
3.1 Introduction......Page 52
3.2 The occurrence of fricatives......Page 53
3.3 Number of fricatives per language......Page 54
3.4 Implications of voicing in fricatives......Page 58
3.6 Predicting frequency from intensity......Page 60
3.7 Estimates of perceptual salience of fricatives......Page 62
3.8 The structure of systems of fricatives......Page 63
3.10 Conclusion......Page 68
References......Page 69
4.2 Types of nasals......Page 70
4.3 Ferguson\'s \"Assumptions about nasals\": primary nasal consonants......Page 72
4.4 Primary nasals and obstruents......Page 75
4.5 Secondary nasal consonants......Page 76
4.6 Restated generalizations about nasals......Page 80
4.7 Explanations for nasal patterns......Page 81
References......Page 82
5.2 Overall frequency of liquids......Page 84
5.3 Laterals......Page 85
5.4 R-sounds......Page 89
5.5 Structure of liquid systems......Page 93
5.6 Generalizations on the structure of liquid systems......Page 98
Notes to Chapter 5......Page 100
References......Page 101
6.2 Frequency of vocoid approximants......Page 102
6.3 Approximants and related vowels......Page 105
6.4 Approximants and related consonants......Page 106
6.5 Other approximants......Page 107
References......Page 108
7.1 Introduction......Page 109
7.2 Glottalic and laryngealized sounds......Page 110
7.3 Ejectives......Page 112
7.4 Voiceless laryngealized segments......Page 121
7.5 Implosives and voiced laryngealized plosives......Page 122
7.7 Laryngealized sonorants......Page 126
7.9 Phonetic explanations for the structure of glottalic systems......Page 128
7.10 Summary of generalizations......Page 131
References......Page 132
8.2 Types of vowels......Page 134
8.3 Number of vowels per language......Page 137
8.4 Distinctive vowel qualities......Page 138
8.5 Properties of vowel series......Page 139
8.6 Diphthongs......Page 144
8.7 Summary......Page 145
References......Page 146
9.2 Preliminaries......Page 147
9.3 Method......Page 150
9.4 Analysis of defective systems......Page 152
9.5 Conclusions......Page 164
Notes to Chapter 9......Page 165
References......Page 166
10.1 Introduction......Page 167
10.2 Selection of languages for UPSID......Page 168
10.3 Determining the inventories......Page 171
10.4 Indices and variables......Page 174
10.5 Using UPSID......Page 182
References......Page 184
1. Genetic listing of languages and outline classification......Page 185
2. Alphabetic listing of languages with key to sources......Page 188
3. Bibliography of data sources......Page 194
The charts......Page 211
The index......Page 213
Vowel symbols and diacritics used in phoneme charts......Page 215
Segment index......Page 216
Phoneme charts......Page 274