Patterns of Parental Behavior: From Animal Science to Comparative Ethology and Neuroscience

Contents
Parental Behavior in Rodents
	1 Introduction
	2 Patterns of Maternal Caregiving
		Sciuromorpha
		Hystricomorpha
		Castorimorpha
		Anomaluromorpha
	3 Neural Basis of Maternal Caregiving in Rodents
	4 Endocrinology of Maternal Caregiving in Rodents
		Steroid Hormones and Maternal Care: Estrogens and Progesterone
		Protein and Peptide Hormones and Maternal Care: Prolactin and Oxytocin
	5 Patterns of Paternal Caregiving
	6 Neural Basis of Paternal Caregiving
	7 Endocrinology of Paternal Caregiving
		Steroid Hormones and Paternal Care
		Peptide and Protein Hormones and Paternal Care
	8 Conclusions
	References
Parental Behavior in Carnivores
	1 Introduction
		Paternal Care
	2 Prepartum Behavior: Preparation for Arrival of the Young
	3 Parturition
	4 Postpartum Care and Transition to Independence
		Nursing
		Den Hygiene and Safety
		Mother-Young Recognition
		Alloparental Care
		Weaning
		Postweaning Care
	5 Conclusion
	References
The Onset of Maternal Behavior in Sheep and Goats: Endocrine, Sensory, Neural, and Experiential Mechanisms
	1 Introduction
	2 Characteristics of the Onset of Maternal Behavior
		Behavior During the Prepartum Period
		Behavior at Parturition and Maternal Responsiveness
		Individual Recognition of the Young: Maternal Selectivity
	3 Immediate Factors Controlling Maternal Responsiveness
		Physiological Changes During Pregnancy and Parturition
		Hormonal Factors Controlling Maternal Responsiveness
		Sensory Factors Controlling Maternal Responsiveness
		Brain Regions Involved in Maternal Responsiveness
	4 Immediate Factors Controlling Maternal Selectivity
		Olfactory Cues
		Visual and Auditory Cues
		Brain Regions Involved in Selectivity
			The Olfactory Bulb
			Beyond the Olfactory Bulb
	5 Environmental Factors Regulating the Onset of Maternal Behavior: Nutrition Levels
	6 Personality Traits and Experiential Factors Regulating the Onset of Maternal Behavior
		Breed Differences
		Temperament
		Maternal Experience
	7 Conclusion
	References
Parental Behaviour in Sows
	1 Nest-Building Behaviour
		Background
		Hormonal Control of Nest-Building Behaviour
		Environmental Requirements
		Effects of Modern Housing in Confinement on Nest-Building Behaviour
		Consequences of Lacking Nest-Building Behaviour
	2 Farrowing
	3 Lactation
		Nursing Behaviour
		Aggressive Behaviour
		Is Maternal Behaviour Inherited?
		Cross-Fostering in the Pig
	4 Conclusions
	References
Rabbit Maternal Behavior: A Perspective from Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Animal Production, and Psychobiology
	1 Introduction
	2 The Doe’s Behavior Throughout Pregnancy and Parturition: Mother-Offspring Activities During Lactation
		Nest Building in the Laboratory, on the Farm, and in the Wild
			Hormones and Brain Targets Regulating Specific Aspects of Nest Building
			Effect of Environmental Factors (Housing, Available Materials, Seminatural Enclosures)
			Effect of Social Rank
		Delivery, Placentophagia, Postpartum Estrus, and Their Management on the Farm
			Duration of Kindling and Kit Survival in Relation to Maternal Social Rank
			Mating Postpartum in the Lab, on the Farm, and in the Wild: Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Consequences for the Doe
			Fostering Kits
		Lactation: Behavioral Aspects
			Periodicity of Nursing, Suckling Bout Duration, and Impact of Litter Size
			Photoperiod and “Clock Genes”
			Domestic Breeds vs. Wild Animals
			Effect of Different Housing Systems
		Milk Production Across Early, Middle, and Late Lactation (with and Without Concurrent Pregnancy)
			Impact of Breed, Litter Size, and Environmental Factors
			Main Hormones Involved
			Weaning
		Kits’ Behavior
			In Anticipation of Nursing, During Suckling (Change in Teat Position), and After Milk Intake
			Critical Assessment of Biostimulation on Kit Development
	3 Maternal Nest Building in the Rabbit as a Possible Model for Elucidating the Neurobiological Control of Compulsive Behavior
		Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): Dysregulation of Normal, Adaptive Behavior?
		Neurobiology of OCD and Straw-Carrying
		Relationship Between OCD, Straw-Carrying, and Normal Maternal Behavior
	4 Final Reflections
	References
Parental Behavior in Bovines
	1 Introduction
	2 Origin and Distribution of Cattle
	3 Breeds of Cattle
	4 Cow-Calf Behavior When Kept in the Wild or Under Seminatural Conditions
		Behavior Around Calving
		The Behavior of the Calf Immediately After Birth
		Maternal Licking of the Calf
		Vocalization in Calves and Cows
		Cow-Calf Attachment
		Teat-Seeking and First Suckling
	5 Cow-Calf Behaviors During Development
		Suckling During Growth
		The First Weeks of Life
		Distance Between Calf and Cow
		Contact Between Calf and Cow During Growth
		Weaning by the Cow or by Humans After Longer Suckling Periods
	6 Reproductive Endocrinology Around Parturition
		Placenta Expulsion Postpartum
	7 The Behavior of Dairy Calves and Cows in Different Systems
		Group Housing of Cows During Calving
		Effects of Deprivation of Maternal Care on the Newborn Calf
		Effects of Cow-Calf Separation in Dairy Cattle at Different Times Postpartum
		Fostering Calves onto Foster Cows
	8 Conclusions
	References
Nonhuman Primate Paternal Care: Species and Individual Differences in Behavior and Mechanisms
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is Paternal Care, and Why Is It Important?
	3 How Is Paternal Care Activated and Controlled?
	4 What Have We Learned About the Basic Biology of Reproductive and Parenting Hormones and the Role of the Sensory Systems in Paternal Care?
	5 How Does Paternal Care Vary Within and Between the Species That We Study?
	6 Directions for Future Research
	References
Recent Neuroscience Advances in Human Parenting
	1 Introduction
	2 Maternal Brain Circuits
	3 Maternal Functional Brain Adaptations
		Task-Based fMRI
		Resting-State fMRI
	4 Maternal Structural Brain Adaptations
	5 Proposed Neural Mechanisms Mediating the Genesis and Operation of the Human Parental Brain
		Neuroplasticity
		Myelination
		Microglia, the Brain’s Immune Cells
	6 The Late-Life Parental Brain
	7 Non-birthing Parents
		The Paternal Brain
			Functional Brain Adaptations
			Structural Brain Adaptations
		The Alloparental Brain
			Grandparents
			Adoptive and Foster Parents
	8 Perinatal Mental Illness
		Perinatal Depression (PND)
		Perinatal Anxiety Disorders
		Postpartum Psychosis (PP)
		Factors Influencing Perinatal Mental Illness
		Nonpregnant Parents
	9 Conclusions
	References
Integrative Studies of the Effects of Mothers on Offspring: An Example from Wild North American Red Squirrels
	1 Introduction
	2 Kluane Red Squirrel Project
	3 North American Red Squirrels
	4 Methods for Quantifying Effects of Mothers on Offspring and Maternal Behavior
		Quantitative Genetics
		Maternal Attentiveness
		Maternal Physiology
	5 Impact of Mothers on Offspring in Red Squirrels
		Offspring Postnatal Growth Rates
		Offspring Behavior
		Offspring Physiology
		Offspring Survival
	6 Future Directions
	7 Conclusions
	References
Index