Pathophysiology: concepts of human disease

Cover......Page 1
Brief Contents......Page 2
Title Page......Page 5
Copyright Page......Page 6
About the Authors......Page 7
Preface......Page 13
Chapter Guide......Page 16
Chapter Features......Page 19
Visuals......Page 20
MyLab Nursing......Page 21
Contents......Page 23
Unit I: Foundations of Pathophysiology......Page 32
 Chapter 1: Introduction to the Basics of Pathophysiology......Page 34
  1.1 The Language of Pathophysiology......Page 35
  1.2 Overview of Health and Illness......Page 38
  1.3 The Structure of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Human Disease......Page 40
  1.4 Leading Indicators of Morbidity and Mortality......Page 44
   Chapter Summary......Page 47
 Chapter 2: Genetics, Genomics, and Epigenomics......Page 52
  2.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 53
  2.2 Molecular Basis of Gene Expression......Page 55
  2.3 The Human Genome, Genomics, and Epigenomics......Page 57
  2.4 Gene Replication, Transcription, and Translation......Page 58
  2.5 Mutations......Page 63
  2.6 Categories of Genetic Disorders......Page 64
  2.8 Genes and Neoplasia/Malignancies......Page 68
  2.9 Genetic- and Genomic-based Diagnostic Tests......Page 69
  2.10 Linking Pathophysiology to Treatment: Genetic- and Genomic-based Therapies......Page 70
  2.11 Advances in Human Genomics......Page 71
   Chapter Summary......Page 72
 Chapter 3: Environmental Health Influences on Disease and Injury......Page 77
  3.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 78
  3.2 Environmental Hazard Classification......Page 81
  3.3 Key Concepts of Environmental Health from Related Sciences......Page 83
  3.4 Environmental Epidemiology......Page 94
  3.5 Pathophysiologic Mechanisms......Page 96
  3.6 Hazards and Health Effects of Environmental Agents......Page 97
   Chapter Summary......Page 102
 Chapter 4: Stress and Adaptation......Page 107
  4.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 108
  4.2 Conceptualizations of Stress......Page 109
  4.3 The Body in Balance......Page 111
  4.4 The Body Responding to Stress......Page 112
  4.5 The Effects of Stress on Health......Page 115
  4.6 Stress and Mental Health......Page 118
  4.7 Stress and Physical Health......Page 119
   Chapter Summary......Page 123
Unit II: Risks Underlying the Leading Causes of Morbidity and Mortality......Page 128
 Chapter 5: Health Risks of Obesity and Physical Inactivity......Page 130
  5.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 131
  5.2 Etiology and Pathophysiology of Obesity......Page 133
  5.3 Health Risks of Obesity......Page 139
  5.4 Health Risks of Physical Inactivity......Page 144
   Chapter Summary......Page 146
 Chapter 6: Risks Related to Substance Use Disorders......Page 151
  6.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 152
  6.2 Anatomy and Neurobiology of the Brain......Page 153
  6.3 Alcohol Use Disorder......Page 156
  6.4 Tobacco Use Disorder......Page 161
  6.5 Cannabis Use Disorder......Page 164
  6.6 Stimulant Use Disorders......Page 165
  6.7 Hallucinogen Use Disorder......Page 168
  6.8 Opioid Use Disorder......Page 169
   Chapter Summary......Page 170
 Chapter 7: Risks Related to Sleep Alterations......Page 175
  7.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 176
  7.2 Normal Sleep......Page 177
  7.3 Measurement of Sleep......Page 180
  7.4 Sleep Deprivation......Page 182
  7.5 Insomnia......Page 183
  7.6 Sleep-Disordered Breathing......Page 185
  7.7 Narcolepsy......Page 190
  7.8 Restless Legs Syndrome......Page 191
  7.9 Parasomnias......Page 192
   Chapter Summary......Page 194
Unit III: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 198
 Chapter 8: Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances......Page 200
  8.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 201
  8.2 Composition and Distribution of Body Fluids......Page 202
  8.3 Water and Sodium Imbalances......Page 208
  8.4 Chloride Imbalances......Page 215
  8.5 Potassium Imbalances......Page 216
  8.6 Calcium Imbalances......Page 218
  8.7 Phosphorus Imbalances......Page 220
  8.8 Magnesium Imbalances......Page 221
   Chapter Summary......Page 223
 Chapter 9: Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 227
  9.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 228
  9.3 Measures of Hydrogen Ion Concentration......Page 230
  9.4 Regulation of Acid–Base Balance......Page 231
  9.5 Types and Effects of Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 238
  9.6 Laboratory Tests Used in Assessment of Acid–Base Status......Page 242
  9.7 Respiratory Acidosis......Page 246
  9.8 Respiratory Alkalosis......Page 248
  9.9 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 251
  9.10 Metabolic Alkalosis......Page 254
  9.11 Mixed Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 257
  9.12 Stepwise Analysis of Acid–Base Imbalances......Page 258
   Chapter Summary......Page 259
Unit IV: Cell Injury, Inflammation, and Alterations of Cell Growth and Regulation......Page 266
 Chapter 10: Mechanisms of Cell Injury and Aging......Page 268
  10.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 269
  10.2 The Cell as the Basic Unit of Disease......Page 270
  10.3 Common Causes of Cell Injury......Page 275
  10.4 Environmental Factors That Cause Cell Injury......Page 279
  10.5 Impact of Injury on Cell Types Present in Many Organs......Page 286
  10.6 Cellular Responses to Injury......Page 287
  10.7 Cell Death......Page 292
  10.8 Aging of the Individual as a Result of Cellular Aging......Page 294
   Chapter Summary......Page 296
 Chapter 11: Inflammation......Page 301
  11.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 302
  11.2 Functions of the Inflammatory Response in Health and Disease......Page 304
  11.3 Acute Inflammatory Response......Page 306
  11.4 Regulation and Termination of Acute Inflammation......Page 311
  11.5 Morphologic Types and Outcomes of Acute Inflammation......Page 312
  11.6 Chronic Inflammation......Page 313
  11.7 Systemic Manifestations of Inflammation......Page 314
  11.8 Impaired and Excessive Inflammation......Page 315
  11.9 Overview of Disorders Associated with Chronic Inflammation......Page 316
  11.10 Linking Pathophysiology to the Diagnosis and Treatment of Inflammation......Page 317
   Chapter Summary......Page 319
 Chapter 12: Neoplasia......Page 324
  12.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 325
  12.2 Cell Cycle and Cellular Differentiation......Page 327
  12.3 Molecular Basis of Cancer......Page 329
  12.4 Carcinogenesis......Page 333
  12.5 Cancer Invasion and Metastasis......Page 335
  12.6 Epidemiology of Cancer......Page 337
  12.7 Clinical Manifestations of Cancer......Page 341
  12.8 Linking Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment......Page 343
   Chapter Summary......Page 348
Unit V: Infection and Disorders of Immunity......Page 354
 Chapter 13: Mechanisms of Infection and Host Protection......Page 356
  13.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 357
  13.2 The Host–Microbe Relationship......Page 359
  13.3 From Pathogen to Infectious Disease......Page 361
  13.4 Microbial Agents of Infectious Disease......Page 366
  13.5 The Innate and Adaptive Immune Response to Infectious Microoorganisms......Page 379
  13.6 Resistance to Infectious Disease......Page 382
  13.7 Resistance to Different Microbial Pathogens as Mediated by Different Host Protective Mechanisms......Page 383
  13.8 Immune Deficient/Susceptible Host......Page 384
  13.9 Protection from Infectious Disease by Vaccination......Page 385
   Chapter Summary......Page 387
 Chapter 14: Hypersensitivity and Autoimmune Disorders......Page 393
  14.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 394
  14.2 Hypersensitivity Disorders......Page 397
  14.3 Autoimmune Disease......Page 404
   Chapter Summary......Page 408
 Chapter 15: Immunodeficiency Disorders......Page 411
  15.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 412
  15.2 HIV and AIDS......Page 413
  15.3 Common Conditions Associated with HIV/AIDS......Page 421
  15.4 Primary Immunodeficiencies......Page 423
   Chapter Summary......Page 425
 Chapter 16: Disorders of White Blood Cells......Page 430
  16.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 431
  16.2 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia......Page 433
  16.3 Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia......Page 436
  16.4 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia......Page 438
  16.5 Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia......Page 439
  16.6 Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma......Page 441
  16.7 Hodgkin Lymphoma......Page 444
  16.8 Multiple Myeloma......Page 445
   Chapter Summary......Page 446
Unit VI: Disorders of Oxygenation......Page 452
 Chapter 17: Restrictive Lung Disorders......Page 454
  17.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 455
  17.2 Restrictive Lung Disorders of Pulmonary Expansion......Page 457
  17.3 Restrictive Lung Disorders of Pulmonary Compliance......Page 464
   Chapter Summary......Page 466
 Chapter 18: Obstructive Lung Disorders......Page 470
  18.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 471
  18.2 Alterations in Respiratory Structure and Function......Page 472
  18.3 Asthma......Page 475
  18.4 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease......Page 480
  18.5 Cystic Fibrosis......Page 487
  18.6 Bronchiectasis......Page 489
   Chapter Summary......Page 490
 Chapter 19: Neoplastic, Infectious, and Pulmonary Vascular Respiratory Disorders......Page 495
  19.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 496
  19.2 Malignant Lung Tumors......Page 497
  19.3 Benign Lung Lesions......Page 501
  19.4 Infectious Diseases of the Upper Respiratory Tract......Page 506
  19.5 Infectious Diseases of the Lower Respiratory Tract......Page 508
  19.6 Pulmonary Vascular Disorders......Page 516
   Chapter Summary......Page 519
 Chapter 20: Respiratory Failure......Page 524
  20.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 525
  20.2 Respiratory Failure: Type I and Type II......Page 526
  20.3 Disorders Causing Respiratory Failure......Page 531
   Chapter Summary......Page 539
 Chapter 21: Disorders of Oxygen Transport......Page 543
  21.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 544
  21.2 Characteristics of Anemia......Page 545
  21.3 Nutritional Deficiency Anemias......Page 549
  21.4 Hemolytic Anemias......Page 552
  21.5 Anemia of Chronic Disease......Page 557
  21.6 Polycythemia Vera......Page 558
   Chapter Summary......Page 559
Unit VII: Disorders of Perfusion......Page 562
 Chapter 22: Alterations of Hemostasis......Page 564
  22.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 565
  22.2 Review of Hemostatic Mechanisms......Page 568
  22.3 Primary Disorders of Hemostasis......Page 569
  22.4 Secondary Disorders of Hemostasis......Page 575
  22.5 Issues of Hypercoagulopathy......Page 576
   Chapter Summary......Page 578
 Chapter 23: Vascular Disorders......Page 582
  23.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 583
  23.2 Peripheral Arterial Disease......Page 585
  23.3 Chronic Venous Disease......Page 589
  23.4 Hypertension......Page 592
   Chapter Summary......Page 598
 Chapter 24: Coronary Circulation Disorders......Page 602
  24.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 603
  24.2 Epidemiology and Risk Factors Related to Coronary Artery Disease......Page 605
  24.3 Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease......Page 606
  24.4 Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction......Page 611
  24.5 Specific Acute Coronary Syndromes......Page 618
  24.6 Complications of Acute Coronary Syndromes......Page 624
  24.7 Valvular Disorders......Page 633
   Chapter Summary......Page 636
 Chapter 25: Cardiac Structural Disorders......Page 642
  25.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 643
  25.2 Structure of the Pediatric Cardiovascular System......Page 644
  25.3 Prenatal and Postnatal Hemodynamics......Page 645
  25.4 Genetics and Genomics of Critical Congenital Heart Defects......Page 647
  25.5 Congenital Heart Defects......Page 649
  25.6 Linking Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment of Critical Congenital Heart Defects......Page 658
  25.7 Linking Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult Congenital Heart Disorders......Page 659
  25.8 Noncongenital Structural Heart Defects......Page 661
  25.9 Linking Pathophysiology to Diagnosis and Treatment of Noncongenital Structural Heart Defects......Page 662
   Chapter Summary......Page 663
 Chapter 26: Heart Failure......Page 667
  26.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 668
  26.2 Classification and Staging of Heart Failure......Page 669
  26.3 Systolic Heart Failure (Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction)......Page 672
  26.4 Diastolic Heart Failure (Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction)......Page 681
  26.5 Left-Sided Heart Failure......Page 682
  26.6 Right-Sided Heart Failure......Page 683
  26.7 High-Output Heart Failure......Page 685
   Chapter Summary......Page 686
 Chapter 27: Disorders of Circulation Within the CNS......Page 690
  27.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 691
  27.2 Vascular Supply of the Central Nervous System......Page 692
  27.3 Production and Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid......Page 694
  27.4 Blood–Brain Barrier......Page 695
  27.5 Cerebral Autoregulation......Page 696
  27.6 Ischemia and Hypoxia of the Central Nervous System......Page 699
  27.7 Transient Ischemic Attack......Page 700
  27.8 Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke......Page 701
  27.9 Subdural and Spinal Cord Hemorrhage......Page 705
   Chapter Summary......Page 706
 Chapter 28: Shock and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 710
  28.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 711
  28.2 Pathophysiology of Shock......Page 712
  28.3 Hypovolemic Shock......Page 714
  28.4 Cardiogenic Shock......Page 718
  28.5 Distributive Shock......Page 720
  28.6 Obstructive Shock......Page 725
   Chapter Summary......Page 726
Unit VIII: Disorders of Mood and Cognition......Page 730
 Chapter 29: Emotional Regulation and Mood......Page 732
  29.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 733
  29.2 Anxiety......Page 734
  29.3 Depression......Page 743
  29.4 Bipolar Disorders......Page 752
   Chapter Summary......Page 754
 Chapter 30: Neurocognitive and Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 760
  30.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 761
  30.2 Pathophysiology of Neurocognitive and Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 763
  30.3 Schizophrenia......Page 765
  30.4 Neurocognitive Disorders......Page 767
  30.5 Genetic Neurodevelopmental Disorders......Page 770
   Chapter Summary......Page 773
Unit IX: Disorders of Sensory Perception and Thermoregulation......Page 778
 Chapter 31: Disorders of Hearing, Balance, and Vision......Page 780
  31.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 781
  31.2 Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Hearing and Balance......Page 783
  31.3 Conductive Hearing Loss Disorders......Page 785
  31.4 Sensorineural Hearing Loss Disorders......Page 789
  31.5 Basic Anatomy and Physiology of Vision......Page 795
  31.6 External Eye Disorders......Page 797
  31.7 Vision Disorders......Page 798
  31.8 Nystagmus......Page 802
   Chapter Summary......Page 803
 Chapter 32: Pain, Neuropathy, and Headache......Page 808
  32.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 809
  32.2 Neuroanatomy of Pain......Page 810
  32.3 Assessment of Pain......Page 817
  32.4 Acute Pain......Page 820
  32.5 Chronic Pain......Page 822
  32.6 Neuropathic Pain......Page 823
  32.7 Headache......Page 829
  32.8 Other Pain Syndromes......Page 833
  32.9 Pain Assessment and Management in Nonverbal or Cognitively Impaired Patients......Page 835
   Chapter Summary......Page 837
 Chapter 33: Disorders of Thermoregulation......Page 845
  33.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 846
  33.3 Thermoregulatory Processes and Control Mechanisms......Page 848
  33.4 Hypothermia......Page 852
  33.5 Fever......Page 859
  33.6 Hyperthermia......Page 862
   Chapter Summary......Page 864
Unit X: Disorders of Mobility......Page 870
 Chapter 34: Disorders Affecting Motor Function......Page 872
  34.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 873
  34.2 Parkinson Disease......Page 874
  34.3 Multiple Sclerosis......Page 878
  34.4 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis......Page 883
  34.5 Huntington Disease......Page 884
  34.6 Seizure Disorders......Page 886
   Chapter Summary......Page 889
 Chapter 35: Acute Musculoskeletal Disorders......Page 893
  35.2 Fractures......Page 894
  35.4 Nerve Entrapment......Page 901
  35.5 Bursitis......Page 902
  35.7 Knee Injuries......Page 903
  35.8 Shoulder Injuries......Page 905
  35.9 Bone Infections and Tumors......Page 906
   Chapter Summary......Page 909
 Chapter 36: Chronic Musculoskeletal Disorders......Page 913
  36.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 914
  36.2 Lower Back Pain......Page 915
  36.3 Rheumatic and Arthritic Disorders......Page 921
  36.4 Metabolic Bone Disease......Page 927
   Chapter Summary......Page 929
Unit XI: Disorders of Endocrine Regulation......Page 932
 Chapter 37: Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications......Page 934
  37.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 935
  37.2 Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Prediabetes......Page 937
  37.3 Maintenance of Normal Blood Glucose Levels......Page 938
  37.4 Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 942
  37.5 Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus......Page 944
  37.6 Clinical Manifestations of and Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes Mellitus......Page 946
  37.7 Acute Complications of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 948
  37.8 Chronic Complications of Diabetes Mellitus......Page 954
   Chapter Summary......Page 959
 Chapter 38: Thyroid, Parathyroid, and Adrenal Disorders......Page 963
  38.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 964
  38.2 Mechanisms of Hormonal Alterations in Thyroid and Adrenal Disease......Page 965
  38.3 Disorders of the Thyroid......Page 966
  38.4 Disorders of the Parathyroid......Page 971
  38.5 Disorders of Adrenocortical Function......Page 973
   Chapter Summary......Page 979
Unit XII: Altered Tissue Integrity......Page 982
 Chapter 39: Tissue and Wound Healing......Page 984
  39.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 985
  39.2 The Structure of the Skin......Page 986
  39.3 Cutaneous Wound Healing......Page 991
  39.4 Factors Impeding Wound Healing......Page 999
  39.5 Spectrum of Wound Healing......Page 1002
  39.6 Pressure Injuries......Page 1005
   Chapter Summary......Page 1008
 Chapter 40: Acute Skin Disorders......Page 1012
  40.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1013
  40.2 Bacterial Skin Infections......Page 1014
  40.3 Fungal Skin Infections......Page 1018
  40.4 Dermatitis......Page 1021
  40.5 Life-threatening Inflammatory Disorders......Page 1025
  40.6 Stings and Bites......Page 1027
  40.7 Disorders Caused by Infestations......Page 1029
  40.8 Disorders Associated with Adolescent/Adult Skin......Page 1032
  40.9 Disorders of the Nail......Page 1034
   Chapter Summary......Page 1035
 Chapter 41: Chronic Skin Disorders......Page 1041
  41.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1042
  41.2 Viral Skin Infections......Page 1043
  41.3 Skin Disorders with a Genetic Basis......Page 1047
  41.4 Benign Neoplasms of the Skin......Page 1053
  41.5 Skin Cancer......Page 1057
  41.6 Changes in Pigmentation of the Skin......Page 1060
  41.7 Disorders of the Hair and Scalp......Page 1062
   Chapter Summary......Page 1065
Unit XIII: Disorders of Digestion, Metabolism, and Elimination......Page 1070
 Chapter 42: Disorders of Upper and Lower Gastrointestinal Systems......Page 1072
  42.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1073
  42.2 Disorders of the Esophagus......Page 1075
  42.3 Disorders of the Stomach......Page 1083
  42.4 Disorders of the Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and Rectum......Page 1087
   Chapter Summary......Page 1095
 Chapter 43: Disorders of the Exocrine Pancreatic and Hepatobiliary Systems......Page 1100
  43.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1101
  43.2 Disorders of the Liver......Page 1102
  43.3 Disorders of the Gallbladder......Page 1113
  43.4 Disorders of the Pancreas......Page 1118
   Chapter Summary......Page 1122
 Chapter 44: Liver Failure......Page 1126
  44.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1127
  44.2 The Normal Liver......Page 1128
  44.3 Clinical Manifestations and Complications of Liver Failure......Page 1129
  44.4 Common Causes of Liver Failure......Page 1133
   Chapter Summary......Page 1141
 Chapter 45: Disorders of Kidney and Urinary Tract Function......Page 1145
  45.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1146
  45.2 Glomerular Disorders......Page 1148
  45.3 Diabetic Nephropathy......Page 1152
  45.4 Hypertensive Nephropathy......Page 1153
  45.5 Urinary Tract Infections......Page 1155
  45.7 Urinary Incontinence......Page 1157
  45.8 Benign Tumors and Malignancies of the Kidney and Bladder......Page 1158
   Chapter Summary......Page 1160
 Chapter 46: Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 1165
  46.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1166
  46.2 Acute Kidney Injury......Page 1167
  46.3 Chronic Kidney Disease......Page 1174
   Chapter Summary......Page 1185
Unit XIV: Disorders of Sexuality and Reproduction......Page 1190
 Chapter 47: Disorders of the Female Reproductive System......Page 1192
  47.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1193
  47.2 Disorders of the Female Breasts......Page 1194
  47.3 Disorders of Menstruation......Page 1199
  47.4 Disorders of the Ovaries and Fallopian Tubes......Page 1202
  47.5 Disorders of the Uterus......Page 1205
  47.6 Disorders of the Cervix, Vagina, and Vulva......Page 1208
  47.7 Disorders of the Female Pelvis......Page 1211
  47.8 Disorders of Fertility......Page 1212
  47.9 Sexual Dysfunction......Page 1213
   Chapter Summary......Page 1215
 Chapter 48: Disorders of the Male Reproductive System......Page 1222
  48.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1223
  48.2 Disorders of the Prostate......Page 1224
  48.3 Disorders of the Testicles......Page 1227
  48.4 Disorders of the Penis......Page 1230
   Chapter Summary......Page 1233
 Chapter 49: Sexually Transmitted Infections......Page 1236
  49.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1237
  49.2 Viral STIs......Page 1238
  49.3 Bacterial STIs......Page 1241
  49.4 Parasitic STIs......Page 1244
   Chapter Summary......Page 1246
Unit XV: Trauma and Multisystem Conditions......Page 1250
 Chapter 50: Mechanisms of Traumatic Injury......Page 1252
  50.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1253
  50.2 Modern Trauma Care......Page 1254
  50.3 Blunt Trauma......Page 1256
  50.4 Penetrating Trauma......Page 1258
  50.5 Thermal Injuries......Page 1261
  50.6 Chemical Burns......Page 1265
  50.7 Electrical Injuries......Page 1266
  50.8 Lethal Triad of Trauma......Page 1267
  50.9 Trauma Deaths and Trauma Prevention......Page 1268
   Chapter Summary......Page 1269
 Chapter 51: The Pathophysiology of Primary and Secondary Traumatic Injury......Page 1274
  51.1 Chapter Overview and Case Study......Page 1275
  51.2 The Primary Survey and Injury......Page 1278
  51.3 The Secondary Survey and Injury......Page 1290
   Chapter Summary......Page 1296
 Chapter 52: Biologic, Chemical, and Radiologic Agents of Disease......Page 1301
  52.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1302
  52.2 Biologic Agents......Page 1304
  52.3 Chemical Agents......Page 1311
  52.4 Radiologic and Nuclear Devices......Page 1315
   Chapter Summary......Page 1317
 Chapter 53: Pathophysiology at the End of Life......Page 1321
  53.1 Chapter Overview and Case Studies......Page 1322
  53.3 Dyspnea......Page 1325
  53.4 Cough......Page 1328
  53.5 Excessive Secretions......Page 1329
  53.6 Nausea and Vomiting......Page 1330
  53.7 Anorexia and Cachexia......Page 1333
  53.8 Fatigue......Page 1335
  53.9 Constipation......Page 1336
  53.10 Urinary Incontinence......Page 1337
  53.11 Delirium......Page 1338
  53.12 Last Expected Changes at the End of Life......Page 1339
  53.13 Pediatric Considerations......Page 1341
   Chapter Summary......Page 1342
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions......Page 1348
Glossary......Page 1350
Credits......Page 1376
Index......Page 1380