Pathobiology of Parasitic Protozoa: Dynamics and Dimensions

Contents
About the Editors
Nanotechnology-Based Promising Therapeutic Approaches Against Protozoan
	1 Introduction
	2 Current Treatment Regimes and Their Limitations
	3 Nanotechnology-Based Promising Therapeutic Approaches for Combating Protozoan-Associated Diseases
		3.1 Nanopharmaceuticals
		3.2 Exosomes
		3.3 Liposomes
		3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
		3.5 Dendrimers
		3.6 Polymeric Nanoparticles
		3.7 Quantum Dots
		3.8 Nano-vaccines
	4 Conclusion
	References
Intertwining of Retinoic Acid and Cholesterol Pathway and its Consequences in Leishmania donovani-Infected Macrophages
	1 Introduction
	2 Visceral Leishmaniasis Caused by Leishmania donovani
	3 Current Status of Therapy in VL
	4 Immune Responses in Liver, Bone Marrow, and Spleen
	5 Cholesterol is Required for Leishmania donovani Infection: Implications in Leishmaniasis
	6 Malnutrition and Visceral Leishmaniasis
	7 Retinoic Acid (RA) and its Importance
	8 RA Metabolism and Gene Regulation through Nuclear Receptors
	9 Status of RA and its Pathway in Visceral Leishmaniasis
	10 Crosstalk of RA and Cholesterol Pathways: Impact of RA on Cellular Cholesterol
	11 Conclusions
	References
Role and Pathophysiology of Protozoan Parasites Causing Liver Diseases
	1 Introduction
	2 Epidemiology
		2.1 Entamoeba histolytica
		2.2 Cryptosporidium spp.
		2.3 Giardia lamblia
		2.4 Malaria Parasite
		2.5 Toxoplasma gondii
		2.6 Leishmania donovani
	3 Pathogenesis in Liver Disease
		3.1 Entamoeba histolytica
		3.2 Cryptosporidium parvum
		3.3 Giardia lamblia
		3.4 Invasion and Transition of Malaria Parasite
		3.5 Toxoplasma gondii
		3.6 Leishmania donovani
	4 Pharmacological Targeting of Drugs Against Protozoans Causing Liver Disease
	5 Conclusion
	References
Cognitive Impairment in Parasitic Protozoan Infection
	1 Cognition and Cognitive Impairment
	2 Neuroinflammation in Cognitive Impairment
	3 Neural, Psychological and Cognitive Impairments in Parasitic Protozoan Diseases
		3.1 Toxoplasmosis
		3.2 Chagas Disease
		3.3 Leishmaniasis
		3.4 Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) or Sleeping Sickness
		3.5 Malaria
		3.6 Primary Amoebic Meningoencephalitis
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Cycling Within a Cell: Cell Cycle of Intracellular Kinetoplastid Parasites
	1 Introduction
	2 Cell Division in Kinetoplastids
		2.1 Role of kDNA in the Regulation of Cell Cycle
		2.2 Role of Paraflagellar Rod (PFR) in Cell Division of Kinetoplastid Parasites
	3 Cell Cycle in Trypanosoma
	4 Cell Cycle in Leishmania
	5 Conclusion
	References
Elaborating the Role of Aspartyl Protease in Host Modulation and Invasion in Apicomplexan Parasites Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Aspartyl Proteases in Pathogens and Their Mode of Action
		1.2 ASPs in Apicomplexan Plasmodium and Toxoplasma
	2 Aspartyl Protease in Export
		2.1 PMV
			Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
			Mechanism of Action
		2.2 TgASP5
			Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
			Mechanism of Action
	3 Aspartyl Protease in Invasion and Egress
		3.1 TgASP3, PfPMIX and PfPMX
			Structural Insights and Substrate Specificity
			Mechanism of Action
	4 Concluding Remarks
	References
Leishmaniasis: Tissue Tropism in Relation to the Species Diversity
	1 Introduction
	2 What Is Tropism?
	3 Tropism in Leishmaniasis
		3.1 Dermotropic
		3.2 Viscerotropic
		3.3 Exceptions
	4 Evolution of Leishmania
	5 What Determines VL vs. CL?
		5.1 Pre-dissemination
			Size of the Inoculum
			Sand Fly Components
			Host Immune Response
			Pro-inflammation vs. Anti-inflammation
			Matrix Metalloproteinase
			Apoptotic Mimicry
		5.2 Post-dissemination
			A2 Genes and Oxidative Stress
			Nucleotide Sugar Transporter (NST)
			Lipid Composition
		5.3 Visceralization in HIV/Leishmania
		5.4 Leishmania Genomics
			RagC
			Mini-exon Copy Number Variation
			Loss of Visceralization due to Genome Hybridization
	6 Differential Tissue Tropism: Bliss or Curse for Leishmania
	References
Transcriptional Control in Entamoeba: Something Old, Something New
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Entamoeba Genome Sequencing and Transcriptomic Data Improves the Field
		1.2 Gene Expression Profiling and Transcriptional Regulation
	2 Transcription Factors in Cellular Function
		2.1 TATA-Box-Binding Protein
		2.2 EhCudA
		2.3 EhEBP1 and EhEBP2
		2.4 EhPC4
		2.5 Ehp53
		2.6 HMGB1
	3 TF in Development and Stress Response
		3.1 HRM-BP
		3.2 EhMyb and EhMyb-dr
		3.3 ERM-BP
		3.4 NF-Y (Nuclear Factor Complex)
	4 Transcription Factors in Pathogenicity, Virulence, Drug Resistance, and Phagocytosis
		4.1 URE-3BP
		4.2 EhGATA
		4.3 EhHSTF
	5 Summary and Conclusions
	References
A Perspective on Mathematical Modeling and Machine Learning Models to Predict Visceral Leishmaniasis
	1 Introduction
	2 History of Kala-azar and PKDL
	3 History of HIV
	4 Overview of HIV and PKDL Co-infection
	5 Related Work and Methodologies
		5.1 Mathematical Model on VL
		5.2 Statistical Model on VL
	6 Future Research Directions
	7 Conclusion
	References
Elucidating the Role of miRNA in Inflammasome-Mediated Immune Response in Leishmaniasis
	1 Introduction
	2 Pathogen-Derived Activating Signals
	3 Host-Derived Activating Signals
	4 Canonical and Noncanonical Inflammasomes
	5 Canonical Inflammasome Assembly
	6 Noncanonical Inflammasome Activation
	7 Epigenetic Mechanisms of Inflammasome Regulation
	8 Inflammasome and Leishmaniasis
	9 miRNA and Leishmaniasis
	10 Conclusion
	References
An Insight into Immunopathology of Leishmaniasis
	1 Leishmaniasis
	2 Classical Leishmaniasis
		2.1 Immunopathology of Visceral Leishmaniasis
			T Cell Subset Cytokine Milieu with Effector Function in VL
			Immunoglobulins and Visceral Leishmaniasis
		2.2 Immunopathology of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
			T Cell Subset Cytokine Milieu with Effector Function in CL
			Immunoglobulins and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
		2.3 Immunopathology of Atypical Leishmaniasis
	References