Pastor in the Shadow of Violence. Gustavo Gutiérez as a Public Pastoral Theologian in Peru en 1980s adn 1990s

List of figures and tables................................................................................xi
Acknowledgements..................................................................................... xiii
Introduction.....................................................................................................1
The focus of the study: Gutiérrez’ appearances in political public debate... 3
Stating the problem ....................................................................................5
Gutiérrez – Pastor of the Nation.................................................................6
Pastoral theology ...................................................................................7
Gutiérrez as pastor .................................................................................9
Peru as category for Gutiérrez .............................................................12
Gutiérrez’ theology – a pastoral theology............................................13
Material ....................................................................................................14
The consistency in Gutiérrez’ writings................................................17
Previous research......................................................................................18
Nordic research on Liberation theology ..............................................19
Research with a focus on Peru and pastoral praxis..............................19
Specific Gutiérrez research..................................................................20
Theory ......................................................................................................30
Method .....................................................................................................33
Outline......................................................................................................37
Chapter 1 Socio-political and ecclesial context....................................39
Introduction ..............................................................................................39
1.1 Colonial heritage and its consequences..............................................40
1.1.1 Independence and the republic ...................................................41
1.1.2 José Carlos Mariátegui and Víctor Haya de la Torre..................43
1.1.3 The Catholic Church from colonial time to the 1950s................44
1.2 1956 – 1979........................................................................................45
1.2.1 Democracy and military regimes................................................45
1.2.2 Social movements and grassroots movements............................48
1.2.3 The Catholic Church...................................................................52
1.3 1980 – 2000........................................................................................59
1.3.1 Return to democracy...................................................................59
1.3.2 Sendero Luminoso and MRTA...................................................59
1.3.3 From Alan García to Alberto Fujimori .......................................61
1.3.4 Peru under Fujimori....................................................................62
1.3.5 Sendero Luminoso and the counterinsurgency response............67
1.3.6 Crisis and decline for movimiento popular.................................72
1.3.7 The fall of Fujimori ....................................................................75
1.3.8 Human rights movement in Peru ................................................77
1.3.9 The Catholic Church...................................................................80
1.3.10 Liberation theology and human rights......................................83
1.3.11 The Churches and the political violence...................................85
Chapter 2 Gustavo Gutiérrez – the theologian .....................................89
2.1 Gutiérrez in his ecclesial context........................................................89
2.1.1 Studies and ordination ................................................................89
2.1.2 Gutiérrez and the emergence of liberation theology...................92
2.1.3 Critique and support from the hierarchy.....................................94
2.1.4 In defence of life, the 1980s and 1990s ......................................97
2.1.5 The role of theology....................................................................97
2.1.6 Intelligence of faith...................................................................101
2.1.7 Theological reflection and social sciences in Gutiérrez ...........102
2.2 Gutiérrez in his societal context .......................................................105
Chapter 3 Gustavo Gutiérrez – a public pastor...................................109
Introduction ............................................................................................109
3.1 Pastoral theology and the socio-political context.............................113
Introduction .......................................................................................113
3.1.1 There is still time to respond and act (June 1986) ....................114
3.1.2 The necessity to break silence and speak (July 1992) ..............121
3.1.3 A moment of shame (June 1995)..............................................128
3.1.4 The Truth and Reconciliation Commission – a process to
reveal the truth (October 2003)..........................................................137
3.1.5 Concluding remarks..................................................................149
3.2 Homilies on memorial services for victims of the political violence ... 150
3.2.1 The death of a union leader (December 1993) .........................150
3.2.2 The dead are not strangers (January 1994) ...............................156
3.3 Liturgical year and socio-political context.......................................165
3.3.1 To live with the indicative and the imperative (March 1991) ..166
3.3.2 Glow-worms that give hope (December 1992).........................173
3.3.3 Hope and vigilance (April 2001) ..............................................178
3.4 A theology of hope as a pastoral response .......................................184
Chapter 4 “Choose life so that you and your descendants may live” –
 a reading of Gutiérrez’ theology as a theology of life..............193
Introduction ............................................................................................193
Institutionalised violence – a hermeneutical tool to interpret the
political violence................................................................................195
4.1 Proclamation of the God of life in a context of unjust and
premature death......................................................................................201
4.1.1 The dialectic life – death...........................................................201
4.1.2 To be a friend of life .................................................................205
4.1.3 Creation – incarnation - eschatology ........................................206
4.2 The Right to life according to Gutiérrez ..........................................207
4.2.1 Life is a gift from God ..............................................................209
4.2.2 Death is a negation of the right to life for the poor...................212
4.2.3 The right to life is proclaimed from a situation marked by
premature and unjust death................................................................213
4.2.4 The struggle of the poor for liberation is also a struggle for
the right to life ...................................................................................214
4.2.5 The right to life must be seen from a perspective that
intends to see Christ in the poor ........................................................217
4.2.6 Respect for the right to life supposes commitment to the poor .... 219
4.2.7 Martyrdom can be seen as a manifestation of the struggle
for the right to life..............................................................................220
4.3 Conclusion........................................................................................222
Chapter 5 Gutiérrez as pastor in the shadow of violence – an assessment ... 225
5.1 A conflict perspective and a pastoral model.....................................226
5.2 Binary oppositions............................................................................228
5.2.1 From institutionalised violence to peace ..................................229
5.2.2 From injustice to justice............................................................231
5.2.3 From impunity to reconciliation ...............................................232
5.2.4 From selfishness and indifference to solidarity ........................234
5.2.5 From despair to a hermeneutic of hope ....................................236
5.2.6 From death to life......................................................................238
5.3 Gutiérrez’ pastoral program: An interpretation of the binary
oppositions .............................................................................................241
Bibliography ...............................................................................................245
Sources ...................................................................................................245
Books, essays and articles by Gustavo Gutiérrez ..............................245
Interviews with Gutiérrez ..................................................................248
Olle Kristenson - Archive..................................................................248
Websites consulted.................................................................................250
References ..............................................................................................251
Index of names............................................................................................261