Party Elites In Divided Societies: Political Parties in Consociational Democracy (Routledge Ecpr Studies in European Political Science, 7)

Book Cover......Page 1
Half-Title......Page 2
Title......Page 5
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 7
Figures......Page 9
Tables......Page 11
Contributors......Page 13
Series editor’s preface......Page 15
Editors’ preface......Page 17
Party abbreviations......Page 19
Part I Introduction: the significance of party elites......Page 22
Consociational and party theory......Page 23
Proposed framework for comparative analysis......Page 27
Parties within their segments: intra-subcultural linkage......Page 28
Parties between the segments: inter-subcultural interaction (or the party system)......Page 32
Structure and focus of this volume......Page 35
Notes......Page 39
Introduction......Page 40
1 Executive dominance......Page 42
3 Effective number of parties......Page 43
6 Centralised versus decentralised government......Page 45
8 Constitutional flexibility......Page 46
Measuring institutional change......Page 47
Party-related indicators of change......Page 50
Conclusions......Page 59
Notes......Page 60
Part II Case studies in comparative perspective......Page 61
Introduction......Page 62
The period of ‘classic’ consociationalism......Page 63
Changes since the mid-1960s......Page 67
Nature and extent of participation......Page 70
Mobilisation via ideational values......Page 71
Mobilisation and material values......Page 73
Hierarchical control......Page 74
Subcultural political cohesion......Page 75
Introduction......Page 78
The electoral arena......Page 81
The parliamentary arena......Page 82
The governmental arena......Page 83
The neo-corporatist arena......Page 86
The bureaucratic arena......Page 88
Conclusion......Page 90
Notes......Page 92
Introduction......Page 94
Interwar period......Page 95
Post-war period......Page 98
The Catholic pillar......Page 101
The Socialist pillar......Page 105
The liberal pillar......Page 106
Pillar parties and intra-subcultural linkage: some conclusions......Page 108
Introduction......Page 109
Electoral arena......Page 112
The governmental arena......Page 118
Other arenas of pillar party competition......Page 120
Consociational path to federalism......Page 122
Consociational structures and techniques in Belgian federalism......Page 124
Conclusion: pillar parties and federal-consociational tensions......Page 126
Notes......Page 128
Consociationalism in Dutch politics and in Dutch political science......Page 129
Weak and weakening encapsulation......Page 131
Weakening subcultural mobilization......Page 133
Parties in control of pillars?......Page 142
Pillarization without partitocrazia......Page 145
Continued consociationalism after depillarization......Page 149
Notes......Page 154
Introduction......Page 156
Cultural versus territorial segmentation......Page 157
Direct democracy and the consociational mode of decision-making......Page 160
Introduction......Page 162
Organisational penetration......Page 163
Provision of values......Page 167
Hierarchical control......Page 170
Concentration at the top......Page 172
Electoral competition and decision-making......Page 174
Proportionality......Page 179
Conclusion: the break-up of consociationalism?......Page 180
Notes......Page 182
Relevance of parties in Israeli democracy......Page 185
Social segmentation and political parties in Israel......Page 186
Role of religion in Israeli society......Page 188
Religion and politics in Israel versus Europe......Page 189
Consociationalism in Israel: the early years......Page 192
Dissolution of consociationalism: the rise of consensualism......Page 198
Demise of consensualism: advent of majoritarianism......Page 202
Conclusion......Page 207
Notes......Page 209
Part III Party dimensions in comparative perspective......Page 211
Definition of pillarization......Page 212
Approaches to the analysis of pillarization......Page 213
Hypothesis 1: pillarization and stabilisation of electoral behaviour......Page 216
Hypothesis 2: pillarization and the closure of the electoral market......Page 218
Stabilisation and closure of the electoral market......Page 219
Stabilisation of electorates......Page 223
The evolution of total volatility 1945–96......Page 224
Volatility between pillar and non-pillar parties......Page 228
Volatility across class and religion cleavage lines......Page 235
Characterisation of the electoral phases......Page 240
Conclusions......Page 243
Notes......Page 244
Introduction......Page 246
The academic literature an political parties......Page 248
The consociational literature......Page 250
The four countries......Page 251
The Netherlands......Page 252
Belgium......Page 253
Austria......Page 255
Aggregate patterns: the four countries compared......Page 256
Volatility and electoral change......Page 257
Polarization and elite interaction......Page 258
Differences and similarities further considered......Page 261
Conclusion......Page 263
Notes......Page 264
Organisational penetration......Page 265
Bases and success of pillar parties’ political mobilisation......Page 268
Pillar parties’ hierarchical control of their subculture......Page 271
Pillar parties and inter-subcultural accommodation: pillar party dominance or party systems under threat?......Page 273
A framework for the comparative analysis of change......Page 278
Similarities and differences......Page 280
Notes......Page 285
Bibliography......Page 287
Index......Page 305