Particle Astrophysics (Studies in High Energy Physics, Cosmology, and Gravitation)

Particle Astrophysics
	Contents
	Preface
	Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: The standard model of particle physics
	1.1 The building blocks of matter
	1.2 The fundamental interactions
	1.3 Quantum numbers and symmetries
		1.3.1 The electric charge Q
		1.3.2 Parity P and charge conjugation C
		1.3.3 C P conjugation
			1.3.3.1 CP invariance
			1.3.3.2 CP violation
		1.3.4 Time reversal T and the CPT-theorem
		1.3.5 Baryon number B
		1.3.6 Lepton number L
	1.4 Gauge theories
		1.4.1 The gauge principle
		1.4.2 Global internal symmetries
		1.4.3 Local (= gauge) symmetries
		1.4.4 Non-Abelian gauge theories (= Yang-Mills theories)
	1.5 The standard model of elementary particle physics
		1.5.1 Quantum chromodynamics (QCD)
			1.5.1.1 The properties of the strong interaction
		1.5.2 The electroweak interaction
			1.5.2.1 Spontaneous symmetry breaking and the Higgs mechanism
			1.5.2.2 The CKM mass matrix
			1.5.2.3 Experimental tests
			1.5.2.4 Precision tests at LEP and open questions
Chapter 2: Grand unified theories (GUTS)
	2.1 Coupling constants
	2.2 The minimal SU(5) model
		2.2.1 Proton decay
		2.2.2 Successes and failures of SU(5)
	2.3 The SO(10) model
		2.3.1 Neutron-anti-neutron oscillations
	2.4 Massive neutrinos
		2.4.1 B-decay: the mass of the electron neutrino
			2.4.1.1 The 17 keV neutrino
		2.4.2 The BB-decay: effective mass of the electron neutrino
		2.4.3 The muon neutrino
		2.4.4 The r neutrino
		2.4.5 Neutrino oscillations
			2.4.5.1 General
			2.4.5.2 Experiments
				Reactors
				Accelerators
		2.4.6 Neutrino decay
	2.5 Supersymmetry
		2.5.1 The search for supersymmetry with accelerators
		2.5.2 The search for supersymmetry in non-accelerator experiments
			2.5.2.1 Supersymmetry and proton decay
			2.5.2.2 Supersymnietry and neutrinoless double beta-decay
	2.6 Compositeness
	2.7 Superstring theories
Chapter 3: Cosmology
	3.1 Cosmological models
		3.1.1 Determination of the Hubble constant HO
			3.1.1.1 Distance determination in space
		3.1.2 The density in the universe
		3.1.3 The age of the universe
	3.2 The evolution of the universe
		3.2.1 The standard model of cosmology
		3.2.2 Baryon asymmetry in the universe
			3.2.2.1 General conditions and the GUT phase-transition
			3.2.2.2 The electroweak phase transition
	3.3 Problems of the standard model
		3.3.1 The flatness problem
		3.3.2 The horizon problem
		3.3.3 The monopole problem
	3.4 The inflationary phase
Chapter 4: Primordial nucleosynthesis
	4.1 Observed abundances of the elements
		4.1.1 The 4He abundance
		4.1.2 Deuterium and 3He
		4.1.3 7Li, 9Be, 11B
	4.2 The process of nucleosynthesis
		4.2.1 Parameters controlling the 4He abundance
			4.2.1.1 The lifetime of the neutron tn
			4.2.1.2 The baryon-photon ratio r]
			4.2.1.3 The relativistic degrees of freedom geff, and the number of neutrino flavours.
	4.3 Accelerators and the number of neutrino flavours
	4.4 Inhomogeneous nucleosynthesis
Chapter 5: The cosmological constant
	5.1 Cosmological models with A # 0
	5.2 Direct determination of A
		5.2.1 The determination of qo
			5.2.1.1 Luminosity distance-red-shift relation
			5.2.1.2 Angular diameter-red-shift relation
			5.2.1.3 Galaxy number-count-red-ship relation
		5.2.2 Future alternatives to determine A
	5.3 The A problem
		5.3.1 Suggested solutions for the A problem
Chapter 6: Large scale structures in the universe
	6.1 Galaxies
	6.2 Clusters, superclusters and voids
	6.3 Red-shift surveys
	6.4 Peculiar velocities
	6.5 Quasars
	6.6 Description of structures
	6.7 The development of fluctuations
	6.8 The evolution of structures
		6.8.1 Dark matter and structure formation
	6.9 The initial spectrum of density fluctuations
	6.10 Cosmic strings
Chapter 7: Cosmic background radiation
	7.1 The 3 K background radiation
		7.1.1 Spectrum and temperature
		7.1.2 Measurement of the spectral form and temperature of the 3K radiation
		7.1.3 Anisotropies in the 3 K radiation
			7.1.3.1 Measurement of the anisotropy
			7.1.3.2 The dipole anisotropy
			7.1.3.3 Anisotropies on small scales
			7.1.3.4 Anisotropies on large scales
	7.2 The cosmic X-ray background
	7.3 The cosmic neutrino background
Chapter 8: Cosmic radiation
	8.1 Classical cosmic rays
		8.1.1 The primary spectrum
		8.1.2 Direct measurements of the primary radiation
			8.1.2.1 The JACEE experiment
			8.1.2.2 The Chicago ‘egg’
		8.1.3 Secondary products and showers
			8.1.3.1 Cerenkov technique
			8.1.3.2 Large area detectors
			8.1.3.3 Fluorescence radiation
		8.1.4 Atmospheric muons from cosmic radiation
		8.1.5 Atmospheric neutrinos
	8.2 Sources of cosmic radiation
		8.2.1 Acceleration of cosmic radiation
		8.2.2 Propagation of the cosmic radiation
	8.3 X-ray and -pray astronomy
		8.3.1 26Al in the Milky Way
		8.3.2 The 511 keV line in the Milky Way
		8.3.3 Geminga
		8.3.4 The Crab and Vela pulsars
		8.3.5 Gamma-ray bursters
		8.3.6 Ultra high energy y-radiation
	8.4 High energy neutrinos
Chapter 9: Dark matter
	9.1 Evidence for dark matter
		9.1.1 Dark matter in galaxies
			9.1.1.1 Rotational curves of spiral galaxies
			9.1.1.2 Elliptical galaxies
			9.1.1.3 Dark matter in dwarf spheroidals
		9.1.2 Dark matter in clusters of galaxies
		9.1.3 Dark matter and large scale structure
		9.1.4 Dark matter and cosmology
	9.2 Candidates for dark matter
		9.2.1 Alternative candidates: cosmological constant, MOND theory, time- dependent gravitational constant
			The cosmological constant
			Deviations from Newtonian dynamics
			A time-dependent gravitation constant
		9.2.2 Baryonic dark matter
			9.2.2.1 The gravitational lens effect
		9.2.3 Non-baryonic dark matter
			9.2.3.1 Hot dark matter, light neutrinos
			9.2.3.2 Cold dark matter, heavy particles, WIMPS
			9.2.3.3 Mixed models
	9.3 Detection of dark matter
		9.3.1 Reaction rates for WIMP-nucleus scattering
		9.3.2 Direct experiments
			9.3.2.1 Ionization in semiconductor detectors
				9.3.2.1.1 Spin-independent interactions
				9.3.2.1.2 Spin-dependent interactions
			9.3.2.2 Cryogenic detectors
				9.3.2.2.1 Bolometers
				9.3.2.2.2 Quasi-particles in superconductors
				9.3.2.2.3 Superheated superconducting grains
				9.3.2.2.4 Liquid 4He
			9.3.2.3 Experimental situation and perspectives of direct detection
		9.3.3 Indirect experiments
			9.3.3.1 Annihilation inside the Sun or Earth
			9.3.3.2 Annihilation within the halo
Chapter 10: Magnetic monopoles
	10.1 The Dirac monopole
	10.2 The \'t Hooft Polyakov monopole
	10.3 Astrophysics of monopoles
	10.4 Experimental search for monopoles
		10.4.1 Induction experiments
		10.4.2 Ionization experiments
			10.4.2.1 The MACRO detector
		10.4.3 Catalysis of nucleon decay
		10.4.4 Other methods and conclusions
Chapter 11: Axions
	11.1 Theoretical motivation
	11.2 Characteristics of the axion
	11.3 Axions and stellar evolution
		11.3.1 Introduction
		11.3.2 Solar axions
		11.3.3 Axions and red giants
		11.3.4 Axions and SN 1987a
	11.4 Axions in cosmology
	11.5 Experimental search for axions
		11.5.1 Cosmic axions
		11.5.2 Axions from the halo of our Milky Way
		11.5.3 Direct laboratory production of axions
		11.5.4 Solar axions
Chapter 12: Solar neutrinos
	12.1 The standard solar model
		12.1.1 Reaction rates
		12.1.2 Energy and neutrino production processes in the Sun
		12.1.3 The solar neutrino spectrum
	12.2 Solar neutrino experiments
		12.2.1 The chlorine experiment
		12.2.2 The Kamiokande and Superkamiokande detectors
			12.2.2.1 Kamiokande II and III
			12.2.2.2 Superkamiokande
		12.2.3 The gallium experiments
	12.3 Attempts at theoretical explanation
		12.3.1 Non-standard solar models, the 7Be problem, cosmions and helio- seismology
			12.3.1.1 Non-standard solar models and the 7Be problem
			12.3.1.2 Cosmions
			12.3.1.3 Helio-seismology
		12.3.2 Neutrino oscillations in matter and the MSW effect
			12.3.2.1 Constant density of electrons
			12.3.2.2 Variable electron density
		12.3.3 The magnetic moment of the neutrino
	12.4 Future experiments
		12.4.1 Radiochemical experiments
			12.4.1.1 The 98M0 experiment
			12.4.1.2 The 1271 experiment
			12.4.1.3 The Li experiment
			12.4.1.4 Other radiochemical experiments
		12.4.2 Real-time Cerenkov experiments
			12.4.2.1 The Sudbury neutrino observatory (SNO)
		12.4.3 Real-time scintillator experiments
			12.4.3.1 The C6F6 experiment
			12.4.3.2 The BOREX(IN0) experiment
		12.4.4 The HELLAZ experiment
		12.4.5 The ICARUS experiment
Chapter 13: Neutrinos from supernovae
	13.1 Supernovae
		13.1.1 The evolution of massive stars
		13.1.2 The actual collapse phase
	13.2 Neutrino emission in supernova explosions
	13.3 Detection methods for supernova neutrinos
	13.4 Supernova 1987a
		13.4.1 Characteristics of supernova 1987a
			13.4.1.1 Properties of the progenitor star and the event
			13.4.1.2 y radiation
			13.4.1.3 Distance
			13.4.1.4 Summary
		13.4.2 Neutrinos from SN 1987a
		13.4.3 Neutrino properties from supernova 1987a
			13.4.3.1 Lifetime
			13.4.3.2 Mass
			13.4.3.3 Magnetic moment and electric charge
			13.4.3.4 Equivalence principle
			13.4.3.5 Emission of unknown particles
			13.4.3.6 Conclusion
	13.5 Supernova rates and future experiments
Chapter 14: The creation of heavy elements
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Neutron capture
		14.1.2 B-decay
	14.2 Explosive scenarios and element synthesis up to iron
	14.3 Element synthesis beyond iron
		14.3.1 The s-process
		14.3.2 The p-process
		14.3.3 The r-process
		14.3.4 Cosmo-chronometers and the age of the universe
References