Parliaments as peacebuilders in conflict-affected countries, Pagina 252

Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 10
Preface......Page 12
Contributors......Page 14
1. Introduction: Parliaments as Peacebuilders......Page 18
Parliamentary Structure and Functions......Page 19
A Study of Countries’ Experiences and Strategies......Page 22
References......Page 27
2. The Nexus Among Parliaments, Poverty Reduction, and Conflict Prevention......Page 28
Figure 2.1 The Conflict Cycle......Page 30
The Relationship between Democracy and Conflict......Page 31
The “Development First” Philosophy......Page 33
The Relationship between Democracy and Development......Page 35
Parliaments as the Cornerstone......Page 37
The Way Forward......Page 38
References......Page 40
Declarations......Page 42
3. Making Parliament More Representative......Page 44
Designing Electoral Systems to Encourage Participation and Representation in Parliament......Page 45
Ensuring Just Representation and Legitimacy through the Electoral Process......Page 48
Working with Election Observers to Ensure a Representative Parliament......Page 51
The Role of the Opposition in Representing the Community’s Collective Interests in Conflict Prevention......Page 52
Parliamentary Leadership......Page 55
Conclusion......Page 56
Annex: Management of the 2005 Afghan Parliamentary Elections......Page 58
References......Page 61
Declarations......Page 62
Building a Culture of Cooperation in Parliament......Page 64
Conducting Parliamentary Business......Page 65
Creating a Legislative Agenda for Conflict-Affected Countries......Page 71
Conclusion......Page 77
References......Page 78
Principles and Recommendations......Page 79
Fifty Years of Drift......Page 80
Development of the 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement......Page 81
Multiparty Peace Talks and the Belfast Agreement......Page 82
Rights, Responsibilities, and Respect for Minorities......Page 83
Respect and Trust......Page 88
Sharing Power and Serving the Public Interest......Page 89
Rebuilding of the Rule of Law and a Culture of Lawfulness......Page 90
Beyond the Belfast Agreement......Page 92
6. Strengthening Parliamentary Oversight to Prevent Conflict and Reduce Poverty......Page 94
Direct Parliamentary Oversight of the Government......Page 96
Autonomous Accountability Institutions......Page 99
Conclusion......Page 105
References......Page 106
Declarations and Principles......Page 108
Democratic Transformation and Defense Policy......Page 110
The Establishment of Parliamentary Defense Oversight......Page 111
The Strategic Defense Procurement Package and Parliamentary Oversight......Page 113
The Implications for Defense Oversight......Page 117
References......Page 119
8. Social Accountability—Citizens, Civil Society, and the Media Working with Parliament to Prevent Conflict and Reduce Poverty......Page 122
Parliament and Constituency Relations......Page 124
Civil Society and Community Groups......Page 126
Civil Society and Diagonal Accountability......Page 128
The Media......Page 129
References......Page 135
Treaties, Declarations, and Principles......Page 137
9. The Role of the Rwandan Parliament in Conflict Prevention......Page 138
The Arusha Accords and Legislative Design......Page 139
The 2003 Constitution and the Bicameral Legislature......Page 142
Parliament as an Instrument for Limiting Political Expression......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 149
References......Page 150
10. Gender Dimensions in Conflict-Affected Countries: The Role of Parliaments......Page 152
International Commitments to Gender Mainstreaming......Page 153
Situation of Women in Parliaments in Post-Confl ict Countries......Page 154
Gender and Peace Processes—Negotiations and Agreements......Page 155
Civil Society Organizations......Page 156
Gender, Justice, and Reconciliation......Page 157
Gender Concerns for Parliament during Political Reconstruction......Page 159
Gender, Parliament, and Economic Development......Page 164
Conclusion......Page 166
References......Page 167
Treaties, Declarations, and Resolutions......Page 168
11. Building Capacity to Manage Conflict and Change: Lessons From Thailand......Page 170
Conflict in Southern Thailand......Page 171
Labeling of Conflict......Page 172
Figure 11.1 Interrelationship between Individual and Group Identity......Page 173
Figure 11.2 Escalation and De-escalation of Conflict......Page 174
Capacity Building to Manage Conflict and Change......Page 176
Effective Leadership......Page 178
References......Page 179
12. Military Intervention in Thai Parliamentary Democracy......Page 180
The 1997 Constitution: Weakening of the Legislature......Page 181
A Dominant Executive Branch......Page 182
Corruption......Page 183
The September 2006 Coup......Page 184
Conclusion......Page 186
Readings......Page 187
13. Broad Strategies for Parliament to Tackle Conflict and Promote Socioeconomic Equality......Page 190
Promotion of Socioeconomic Equality......Page 191
The Natural Environment......Page 192
Decentralization......Page 194
Rule of Law......Page 197
Conclusion......Page 200
References......Page 201
Principles......Page 203
14. Macroeconomic Challenges in Post-Conflict Countries and the Role of Parliaments......Page 204
Post-Conflict Economic Policy and the Role of Parliament......Page 206
Stylized Macroeconomic Facts in Post-Conflict Countries......Page 207
Policy Priorities in a Post-Conflict Setting......Page 208
Role of Parliaments in Prioritizing Public Spending and Ensuring Prudent Macroeconomic Policies......Page 209
Parliaments and the Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) Process......Page 213
Conclusion......Page 215
References......Page 216
15. Regional Parliamentary Peacebuilding and Engagement with International Organizations......Page 218
Parliamentary Representation of Community Interests in Initiatives Undertaken with Multilateral Development Agencies......Page 219
Development of Informal Networks: The Great Lakes Parliamentary Forum on Peace (AMANI Forum)......Page 221
Participation in Professional Associations: The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association’s Commitment to the Harare Declaration......Page 224
Formal Regional Institutions: SADC Parliamentary Forum......Page 225
References......Page 227
Declarations......Page 228
16. Toward an Active Participation in Foreign Policy—The Role of the Finnish Parliament in International Conflict Prevention and Crisis Management......Page 230
Empowering the Finnish Parliament to Participate in International Conflict Management......Page 231
How the Finnish Parliament Has Contributed to International Conflict Resolution......Page 235
Conclusion......Page 240
Annex: The Finnish Parliament in the 21st Century......Page 242
The 2000 Constitution......Page 243
Budgetary and Administrative Autonomy of the Eduskunta......Page 244
17. Conclusion......Page 248
Ensuring That Parliament Has a Representative Voice......Page 249
Establishing Accountability......Page 250
Conducting Legislative Business......Page 251
Case Studies Provide Anecdotal Support to the Central Arguments......Page 252
Contributing to Conflict Prevention beyond Parliament’s Walls......Page 253
Conclusion......Page 254
Box 3.1 Text of the Fox Agreement......Page 53
Figure 1.1 Model of Parliamentary Power......Page 20
Figure 6.1 Horizontal and Vertical Accountability Flows......Page 95
Figure 11.3 Interrelational Framework......Page 177