Parikh's Textbook of Medical Jurisprudence Forensic Medicine & Toxicology

Cover Page
Half Title Page
Title Page
Copyright
Preface to the Eighth Edition
Foreword to Sixth Edition
Foreword to Sixth Edition
Preface to the Seventh Edition
Acknowledgements
How to Use This Book
Why This Book
Contents
	Part 1: Medical Jurisprudence
		Section 1
			1. Introduction and Legal Procedure
			2. Law and Medicine
				Law in Relation to the Medical Profession
				The Indian Medical Council (MCI)
				The State Medical Councils
				State Medical Register
				Medical Etiquette and Medical Ethics
				Disciplinary Control
				Compulsory Duties of a Medical Practitioner
				Voluntary Duties of a Medical Practitioner
				Practitioner and Patient
				Continue to Treat
				Reasonable Care
				Reasonable Skill
				Professional Secrets and Privileged Communication
				Illustrative Cases
				Duties of a Patient
				Professional Negligence
				Civil Negligence (Malpractice)
				Criminal Negligence
				Resuscitate or Not
				Investigation of Anaesthetic Deaths
				Novus Actus Interveniens
				Therapeutic Hazards/Therapeutic Misadventure
				Product Liability
				Precautions Against Negligence
				Contributory Negligence
				Vicarious Responsibility
				Euthanasia
				Malingering
				Medical Indemnity Insurance
				Practice of Legal Medicine
				Introduction to Forensic Nursing: A New Perspective in Health Care
				Virginia Lynch, MSN, RN Fellow, American Academy of Forensic Sciences President, International Association of Forensic Nurses, USA
				Investigation of Trauma
				Domestic Violence
				Sexual Assault (SANE/SART)
				Conclusion
				The National Medical Commission
	Part 2: Forensic Medicine and Pathology
		Section 2
			3. Personal Identification
				Race
				Religion
				Sex
				Variations from Normal Sex
				Intersex States
				Concealed Sex
				Age
				Teeth
				Ossification of Bones
				Height and Weight
				Miscellaneous Particulars
				Age Certificate
				General Development
				Congenital Features
				Fingerprints (Dactylography, Dermatoglyphics, Galton System)
				Dr Subrahmanyam’s ‘Namaste’ Technique
				Footprints (Podogram)
				Congenital Malformations
				Acquired Peculiarities
				Occupational Marks
				Tattoo Marks
				Scars
				Time Required for Scar Formation
				Scar and Causative Agent
				Age of Scars
				Growth and Disappearance of Scars
				Examination of Scars
				Medicolegal Significance of Scars
				Acquired Malformations
				Miscellaneous Data
			4. Identification in Mass Disasters
				Photographs
				Faked Photographs
				Superimposition Photography
				Facial Reconstruction
				Forensic Odontology
				X-rays
				Ultraviolet Rays
				Postmortem Serology
				DNA Profiling
			5. Medicolegal Autopsy
				External Examination
				Internal Examination
				Disposal
				Preserve, Pack and Label
				Preservation and Despatch of Viscera
			6. Autopsy on Decomposed Bodies, Mutilated Bodies, Fragmentary Remains and Bones
				Decomposed Bodies
				Mutilated Bodies and Fragmentary Remains
				Bones
			7. Handling HIV-Infected and Hepatitis B Positive Bodies
				At the Scene
				In the Autopsy Room
				In the Laboratory
				In the Court
				General Precautions
			8. Autopsy on Bodies Contaminated with Radioactive Compounds
			9. Postmortem Artifacts
				Therapeutic Artifacts
				Agonal Artifacts
				Postmortem Artifacts
			10. Exhumation
		Section 3
			11. Medicolegal Aspects of Death Investigation
				Causes of Sudden Natural Death
				Signs of Death
				Signs of Somatic or Clinical Death (Immediate Signs)
				Signs of Molecular or Cellular Death (Early Signs)
				Cooling of the Body
				Changes in the Eye
				Changes in the Skin
				Primary Relaxation
				Rigor Mortis
				Secondary Relaxation
				Late Signs
				Putrefaction
				Colour Changes
				Gases of Putrefaction
				Pressure Effects of Putrefactive Gases
				Appearance of Maggots
				Other Sequelae
				External Factors
				Internal Factors
				Body Farming
				Presumption of Death
				Presumption of Survivorship
			12. Deaths from Asphyxia
			13. Violent Asphyxial Deaths
				Hanging
				Postmortem Appearances
				Ligature Strangulation
				Postmortem Appearances
				Throttling (Manual Strangulation)
				Autopsy Appearances
				Suffocation
				Smothering
				Autopsy Appearances
				Medicolegal Aspects
				Choking
				Traumatic Asphyxia
				Drowning: Immersion
				Classification
				Typical Drowning
				Atypical Drowning
				Mechanism of Drowning
			14. Deaths from Starvation, Cold, and Heat
				Deaths from Starvation
				Deaths from Cold
				Deaths from Heat
			15. Anaphylactic Deaths
				External Examination
				Internal Examination
				Microscopic Findings
		Section 4
			16. Mechanical Injuries—General Aspects
				Mechanism of Injury
				Classification
				Abrasions
				Bruises (Contusions)
				Lacerations
				Incised Wounds
				Stab Wounds
				Defence Wounds
				Self-inflicted Wounds
				Injury Patterns
			17. Firearms and Firearm Injuries
				Part 1: Firearms and Ballistics
				Part 2: Some Medical Aspects of Firearm Injuries
			18. Injuries—Medicolegal Aspects
				Injury Certificate
				Nature of Injury
				Simple, Grievous, or Dangerous Injury
				Haemorrhage
				Injury to a Vital Organ
				Neurogenic Shock
				Infection
				Renal Failure (Crush Syndrome)
				Thrombosis
				Embolism
				Secondary Shock
				Consumptive Coagulopathy
				Indirect Effects
				Acceleration of Pre-existing Disease
				Supervention of New Disease
				Operative Treatment
				Neglect of Treatment
				Volitional Acts after Injury
				Naked Eye Appearance of Wounds
				Histological Timing of Wounds
				Histochemical Timing of Wounds
				Biochemical Timing of Wounds
				Scene of Crime
				The Injury
				The Weapon
				Circumstantial Evidence
			19. Trauma, Work Stress, and Disease
				Trauma and the Heart
				Trauma and the Nervous System
				Trauma and the Alimentary System
				Trauma and Malignancy
				Disease from Non-traumatic Accidents
			20. Regional Injuries
				Head
				Scalp
				Skull
				Fractures of the Skull
				Mechanism of Cerebral Injury
				Coup and Contrecoup Injury
				Injuries to Cranial Contents
				Vertebral Column and Spinal Cord
				Face
				Neck
				Chest
				Abdomen
				Bones
				Joints
			21. Transportation Injuries
				Motor Vehicle Injuries
				Pedestrian Injuries
				Driver and Passenger Injuries
				Front Impact Crash
				Side Impact Crash
				Rear Impact Crash
				Roll-over Crash
				Other Mishaps
				Seat Belts
				Autopsy
				Scene of Mishap
				Clothing
				History
				Injuries
				Laboratory Specimens
				Motor Cycle Injuries
				Moped and Bicycle Injuries
				Railway Injuries
				Suicidal Injuries
				Accidental Injuries
				Difficulties in Diagnosis of Railway Accident Deaths
				Aircraft Injuries
				Crash Accidents
				Flight Accidents
			22. Thermal Injuries
				Burns
				Dowry Deaths
				Difficulties in Diagnosis of Death from Burns
				Scalds
				Electricity
				Low Voltage Current Injuries
				High Voltage Current Injuries
				Difficulties in Diagnosis
				Lightning
				Explosions
				Medicolegal Aspects
			23. Violence in the Home
				Battered Baby (Caffey Syndrome)
				Autopsy
				Battered Wives
				Battered Elderly
				Battered Husbands
		Section 5
			24. Impotence, Sterility, Sterilisation, and Artificial Insemination
				Impotence and Sterility
				Sterilisation
				Artificial Insemination
				Precautions to be Taken by a Doctor
				Legal Problems
				Test-tube Baby
				Surrogate Motherhood
				New Fertility Technique
			25. Virginity, Pregnancy, and Delivery
				Virginity
				Pregnancy
				Presumptive Signs
				Probable Signs
				Conclusive Signs of Pregnancy
				Delivery
				Signs of Recent Delivery in the Living
				Signs of Recent Delivery in the Dead
				Signs of Remote Delivery in the Living
				Signs of Remote Delivery in the Dead
			26. Legitimacy
				Maitri Karar (Friendship Contract) (Living Together on Contract)
			27. Natural Sexual Offences
				Rape
				Law on Rape in India
				Intramarital Rape
				Examination of the Rape Victim
				The Preliminary Data
				The Inference
				Accidents Following Rape
				Examination of the Accused
				Incest
				Proforma for Investigation of Sexual Offences
				Physical Examination—Female
				Opinion
				Physical Examination—Male
				Opinion
				Protection of Children from Sexual Offences
			28. Unnatural Sexual Offences
				Sodomy
				Examination of the Passive Agent
				Examination of the Habitual Passive Agent
				Examination of the Active Agent
				Difficulties in Diagnosis
			29. Sexual Perversions/Deviations
			30. Abortion
				Natural Abortion
				Artificial or Induced Abortion
				Criminal Abortion
				Use of Drugs
				Mechanical Violence
				Examination of the Woman
			31. Infanticide
				Autopsy on Infants and Stillborns
				Degree of Maturity
				Signs of Establishment of Respiration
				Other Signs
				Natural Causes
				Accidental Causes
				Criminal Causes
				Abandoning of Children
				Concealment of Birth
			32. “Cot Deaths” or SIDS
	Part 3: Forensic Psychiatry
		Section 6
			33. Forensic Psychiatry (Mental Illness/Impairment)
				Dementia
				Drug-induced Psychoses
				Confusional States
				Epileptic Psychosis
				Psychosis due to Pregnancy and Child Birth
				Post-traumatic Psychosis
				Psychosis due to General Diseases
				Schizophrenia
				Manic-Depressive Psychosis
				Neurotic Disorders
				Diagnosis of Mental Illness
				Restraint of the Mentally Ill
				Civil Responsibilities of the Mentally Ill
				Criminal Responsibility of the Mentally Ill
				Unsound Mind and Other Pleas
				McNaghten Rules
				Doctrine of Partial Responsibility
				Durham Rule
				Currens Rule
				American Law Institute’s Test
				Norwegian System
				Illustrative Cases
	Part 4: Forensic Biology and Serology
		Section 7
			34. Forensic Examination of Biological Fluids, Stains, and Other Materials
				Forensic Examination of Biological Fluids, Stains and Other Materials
				Blood
				General Considerations
				Basic Genetic Principles
				Blood Groups as Hereditary Factors
				Different Blood Group Systems
				Grouping Based on Red Cell Antigens
				Grouping Based on Blood Proteins
				Grouping Based on Enzymes
				Grouping Based on White Cell Antigens
				Blood Transfusion Reactions
				DNA Profiling (DNA Fingerprinting)
				Disputed Paternity and Maternity
				Illustrative Cases of Disputed Paternity and Maternity
				Blood Stains
				Physical Examination
				Chemical Examination
				Physicochemical Examination
				Microscopic (Microchemical) Examination
				Spectroscopic Examination
				Detection of Species Origin
				Discussion
				Detection of Blood Groups in Stains
				Discussion
				Semen
				Physical Examination
				Chemical Examination
				Microscopic Examination
				Electrophoretic Methods
				Identification of Species Origin
				Blood Groups in Seminal Stains
				Proof of Semen
				Saliva
				Urine
				Faecal Matter
				Milk
				Hair
				The National DNA Data Bank
			35. Collection and Preservation of Biological Materials
				Blood
				Saliva
				Swabs and Smears
				Hair
				Nails
	Part 5: Clinical and Forensic Toxicology
		Section 8
			36. Introduction and Law Relating to Poisons
				Introduction
				Routes of Administration
				Action of Poisons
				Dose
				Form of Poison
				Method of Administration
				Condition of the Body
				Fate of Poisons in the Body (Toxicokinetics)
				Poisoning in the Living
				Poisoning in the Dead
				Removal of Unabsorbed Poison from the Body
				Use of Antidotes
				Elimination of the Absorbed Poison
				Treatment of General Symptoms
				Maintenance of the Patient’s General Condition
				Assessment of the Patient
				Glasgow Coma Scale
				Best Eye Response
				Best Verbal Response (V)
				Best Motor Response (M)
				The Narco Analysis Test
			37. Toxicological Evidence
				Forensic Aspects
				Symptoms and Signs
				Autopsy Findings
				Evidence of Pathological Lesion
				Analytical Aspects
				Other Examinations
				Embalming and Toxicological Analysis
				Putrefaction and Toxicological Analysis
				Interpretation
			38. Common Household Poisons
				Corrosives
			39. Mineral Acids and Caustic Alkalis
			40. Organic Acids
				Oxalic Acid
				Carbolic Acid (Phenol)
			41. Vegetable Acid Poisons
				Hydrocyanic Acid and Cyanides
				Illustrative Cases
		Section 9
			42. Non-Metallic Poisons
				Irritant Poisons
				Non-metallic Poisons
				Phosphorus
				Acute Poisoning
				Postmortem Appearances
				Medicolegal Aspects
				Chronic Poisoning
				Iodine
			43. Metallic Poisons
				Arsenic
				Sources of Arsenic
				Poisoning by Organic Arsenical Compounds
				Mercury (Para)
				Sources of Mercury
				Lead (Shisha)
				Copper (Tamba)
				Thallium
				Zinc
			44. Vegetable Poisons
				Ricinus Communis (Castor Oil Plant, Arandi)
				Croton Tiglium (Jamalgota, Nepala)
				Abrus Precatorius (Jequirity Bean)
				Colocynth (Bitter Apple, Indrayani)
				Ergot
				Capsicum (Chillis)
				Semecarpus Anacardium (Marking Nut)
				Calotropis (Madar, Akdo)
				Plumbago Rosea (Lal Chitra) and Plumbago Zeylanica (Chitra)
			45. Animal Poisons
				Cantharides (Spanish Fly)
				Snakes (Ophidia)
				Scorpions
			46. Mechanical Poisons
				Powdered Glass
			47. Food Poisoning and Poisonous Foods
				Bacterial Food Poisoning
				Bioterrorism
				Poisonous Mushrooms (Fungi)
		Section 10
			48. Somniferous Poisons (Opioids)
				Opium and Morphine
				Heroin (Brown Sugar)
			49. Drug Dependence
				Drug Abuse Deaths
				Solvent Abuse/Glue Sniffing
			50. Inebriant Poisons
				Alcohol (Ethyl Alcohol)
				Chronic Poisoning (Alcoholic Addiction)
				Drunkenness
				Diagnosis
				Difficulties in Diagnosis
				Alcohol and Prohibition
				The Bombay Prohibition Act (BPA)
				Consumption Cases
				Possession Cases
				Methyl Alcohol
				Isopropyl Alcohol
				Ethylene Glycol
			51. Sedatives and Hypnotics
				Chloral Hydrate
				Barbiturates
			52. Fuels
				Petroleum (Rock Oil)
			53. Agrichemical Poisons
				Organophosphorus Compounds
				Chlorinated Compounds
				Endrin
				Naphthalene
				Paraquat
				Aluminium Phosphide
				Hair Dye Poisoning
			54. Deliriant Poisons
				Dhatura
				Hyoscyamus Niger
				Cannabis Indica
			55. Spinal Poisons
				Strychnos Nux-vomica (Kuchila)
			56. Peripheral Nerve Poisons
				Curare
				Conium (Hemlock)
			57. Cardiac Poisons
				Digitalis Purpurea (Digitalis or Foxglove)
				Oleander (Kaner)
				Nerium Odorum (White Oleander, Kaner)
				Yellow Oleander (Cerbera Thevetia, Pila Kaner)
				Cerbera Odollam (Dabur, Dhakur, Pilikirbir)
				Aconite (Mithazahar, Mitha Bish)
				Nicotine (Tobacco)
			58. Asphyxiants (Irrespirable Gases)
				Carbon Monoxide
				Carbon Dioxide
				Hydrogen Sulphide
				War Gases
	Part 6: Forensic Pharmacology
		Section 11
			59. Analgesics and Antipyretics
				Analgesics and Antipyretics
				Aspirin
				Paracetamol (Acetaminophen)
			60. Antihistaminics
			61. Tranquillisers
			62. Antidepressants
			63. Stimulants
				Amphetamines
				Cocaine
				Chronic Cocaine Poisoning
				Medicolegal Aspects
			64. Hallucinogens
				LSD, Peyote, Mescaline, Phencyclidine (PCP)
			65. Street Drugs and Designer Drugs
				Street Drugs
				Designer Drugs
			66. Alphabetical Poison Table
	Part 7: Appendix
		Section 12
			67. Some Important Information
				Heights and Weights
				Formulae for Estimation of Stature
				Multiplication Factors
				Useful Measures
				Certificates
				Medicolegal Documents, Proformas, and Labels
				Labels
				Data of Organs
				Proforma for Examination of a Case of Impotency
				Common Court Questions
				I. Deaths from Hanging or Strangulation
				II. Death from Drowning
				III. Death from Wounds or Blows
				IV. Death from Firearm Injuries
				V. Death from Burns
				VI. Abortion Deaths
				VII. Infanticide
				VIII. Death due to Poisoning
				Questions that may be put to a Chemical Examiner/FSL Scientist
				Questions that may be put to a Non-professional Witness in a Case of Suspected Poisoning
				The Consumer Protection Act (CPA)
				The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2013
				New Offences
				Changes in Law
				The Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013
	Index
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