Parasitoid Viruses: Symbionts and Pathogens

Front Matter......Page 2
Copyright......Page 6
Forward - The Discovery of Polydnaviruses and the Influence of Dr. George Salt......Page 12
Preface......Page 18
Contributors......Page 20
Don’s Perspective......Page 26
Peter’s Perspective......Page 28
A Question is Raised......Page 30
Where Next?......Page 31
References......Page 33
2 Evolutionary Progenitors of Bracoviruses......Page 36
Why are No Genes from the Packaged Genome Related to Nudiviruses?......Page 38
Some Genes of the Bracovirus Packaged Genome Come from the Wasp Genome......Page 39
Some Genes of the Bracovirus Packaged Genome Come from Mobile Elements or other Viruses......Page 40
Bracoviruses and Nudiviruses Have Similar Nucleocapsid Morphology......Page 41
Bracovirus Particles are Produced and Enveloped Within the Nucleus: A Characteristic Feature Shared with Nudiviruses and Ba .........Page 42
Genes Involved in Transcription......Page 43
Genes Expressed in Braconid Wasp Ovaries are Similar to Baculovirus Occlusion Derived Virus Components......Page 46
Discussion......Page 48
References......Page 50
Introduction......Page 54
IVSPER Genes are Conserved in Campopleginae Wasps......Page 56
IVSPERS are Amplified During HdIV Particle Production......Page 57
IVSPERS and Viral Segments Share Members of Multigenic Families......Page 59
Conclusion: The Extended IV Genome......Page 60
Multiple p53 Proteins are Associated with IV Particles......Page 61
IVSPERs Represent Fingerprints of the IV Ancestor......Page 64
References......Page 66
Introduction......Page 68
PDV Genomes Contained Within Virion Particles are Highly Segmented......Page 69
Organization of the Integrated BV Proviral Genome......Page 71
Conservation of the DRJ Excision Site Among BVs......Page 72
Genes of PDV Packaged Genomes are Organized in Gene Families......Page 74
Replication of PDVS......Page 76
References......Page 79
Introduction......Page 84
PDV Genome Content and Links with Host–Parasitoid Physiological Relationships......Page 85
Gene Expansion is a Remarkable Feature of PDV Genomes......Page 86
Positive Selection Acting on Cys-Motif Genes......Page 88
Origin of PDV Virulence Genes......Page 89
Distribution of ank Genes Among PDV Genomes......Page 90
Structural Features and Roles of the Nuclear Factor-Kappa B/IκB Interactions in Insects......Page 91
Phylogenetic Analysis of PDV Ankyrin-Like Proteins......Page 92
Evidence for Gene Transfer from Wasps to PDV Sequences......Page 95
Role of Other Viruses and Transposable Elements in PDV Gene Origin and Shuffling......Page 96
References......Page 97
Introduction......Page 100
Unique Morphological Features of the GfIV Virion......Page 101
Gene Families......Page 102
Lateral Gene Transfer from and into the GfIV Genome......Page 104
On the Origin of Banchine Ichnoviruses......Page 105
References......Page 107
Introduction......Page 110
Monophyly of the Wasp Lineage Bearing Bracoviruses......Page 111
Possible Polyphyly of Ichneumonid Wasps Bearing PDVS......Page 112
Cophylogeny of PDVS with Wasps......Page 113
What Can Wasp Phylogeny Tell Us about PDV Evolution?......Page 114
Phylogenomics of Wasps and PDVS......Page 115
Availability of Wasp Genomes......Page 116
References......Page 117
8 Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Host Cellular Genomic DNA......Page 120
Integration of Polydnavirus (Proviral form) within the Primary Parasitoid Host Cellular DNA: Vertical Transfer......Page 121
In Vitro Persistence of Encapsidated Form Polydnavirus Genome DNA Within Lepidopteran Host and Non Host Insect Cells in Cul .........Page 123
In Vitro Polydnavirus DNA Integration Confirmation by Isolation of Clones Containing Integration Junctions from Infected Cu .........Page 124
In Vivo Integration of Polydnavirus DNA into Insect Host Cellular Genomic DNA......Page 125
Vertical and Horizontal Transfer of Polydnavirus DNAs with Insect Host(s)......Page 126
Jumping Genes: A Wide Array of Transposable Element Associations with Polydnaviruses......Page 127
Revisiting Demonstrated Polydnavirus Cellular DNA Integration......Page 129
Functional Significance for Polydnavirus Integration and Maintenance in Host Cellular DNA......Page 130
References......Page 131
Introduction......Page 136
Mimivirus: the Largest Sequenced Virus......Page 137
Polydnaviruses: Viral Symbionts......Page 138
Genome Features Shared Across Mimivirus and Polydnaviruses......Page 140
Mimivirus Origins......Page 141
Origins of Parasitoid–Virus Symbioses......Page 142
Are Mimivirus and Polydnaviruses Redefining Viruses?......Page 143
The Ovipositor and Amoeba as Evolutionary Environments......Page 144
References......Page 145
Cryptic Specialization is Frequently Observed in Larval Endoparasitoids......Page 148
Why are Larval Endoparasitoids Selected for Cryptic Specialization?......Page 149
Why are Polydnaviruses Good Markers for Studying Cryptic Specialization?......Page 150
The Association between Polydnavirus Variants and the Evolution of Host Races......Page 151
How to Maintain Host Races without Producing New Species?......Page 152
The Polydnavirus Association in the Specialization Process......Page 153
Conclusion......Page 154
References......Page 155
The Proviral and Encapsidated Genomes of PDVs......Page 160
BV Gene Expression in Wasps......Page 161
PDV Gene Expression in Hosts......Page 162
BVs From Wasps in the Genus Glyptapanteles......Page 163
BV Gene Expression in Hosts: Subfamily Cheloninae......Page 164
IV Gene Expression in Hosts......Page 165
References......Page 166
Host Immune Defenses against Parasitoids......Page 170
Encapsulation of Parasitoids and Related Defense Responses......Page 171
Melanization of Capsules, Regulation of Phenoloxidase Activity, and Parasitoid Death......Page 173
PDV Gene Content Differs among Taxa......Page 174
BV-Encoded Genes Implicated in Altering Host Immune Defenses......Page 175
Effects of PDVS on Permissiveness of Insects to Infection by Other Pathogens......Page 177
References......Page 178
Introduction......Page 184
Polydnaviruses that Act as Endocrine Regulators......Page 185
Mechanistic Explanations for PDV-Induced Hormonal Interventions......Page 187
References......Page 188
Introduction......Page 190
Characterization of the Players and their Antigenic Relatedness......Page 191
Effects of CiBV and the Parasitoid Larva on the Host......Page 192
CiBV Transcripts in the Course of Parasitization and X-Ray Parasitization......Page 197
References......Page 198
Introduction......Page 202
PDV Particles......Page 203
VLPs in Venturia canescens (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae)......Page 204
VLPs in Leptopilina heterotoma, L. victoriae and L. boulardi (Hymenoptera, Figitidae)......Page 205
Viral or Common Origin with PDVS?......Page 207
Cellular Secretions?......Page 208
Future Directions......Page 209
References......Page 210
Introduction......Page 214
Positive-Sense, Single-Stranded RNA Viruses......Page 215
Negative-Sense, Single-Stranded RNA Viruses......Page 218
Segmented, Double-Stranded RNA Viruses......Page 219
References......Page 221
Introduction......Page 224
Virus Discovery......Page 225
Adaptive Significance of the Parasitoid’s Behavioral Alteration......Page 227
Prevalence and Dynamics in Natural Populations......Page 229
Consequences of the Presence of the Virus......Page 232
Any Link with Polydnaviruses?......Page 233
References......Page 234
Introduction......Page 238
What is the Composition of Venom in Endoparasitoids?......Page 239
Enzymes......Page 240
Transient Paralysis and Cytotoxicity......Page 241
Venom as an Immune Regulatory Factor......Page 242
Developmental Alterations......Page 244
Host Castration......Page 245
Viruses and Virus-Like Particles Produced in the Venom......Page 246
References......Page 248
Introduction......Page 254
The Venom Apparatus......Page 255
Venom Collection......Page 256
Immunity......Page 257
Venom Composition in the Pre-Genome Area......Page 258
Tools for Venom Characterization......Page 259
ESI-FT-ICR-MS......Page 263
References......Page 264
Introduction......Page 268
Host Castration......Page 269
Host Apterization and Developmental Arrest......Page 270
The Role of Teratocytes in the Host Regulation Process......Page 271
Host Regulation by Aphid Parasitoids: A Physiological Model......Page 272
References......Page 273
Introduction......Page 276
Effects of Asobara Parasitoids and their Venom on the Immune Defenses of D. melanogaster Larvae......Page 277
Paralyzing Effects of Asobara Parasitoid Venom......Page 281
The Multiple Effects of Asobara Venoms......Page 283
Summary of Asobara’s Strategies and Toolkits......Page 284
References......Page 285
Introduction......Page 290
The Use of Insect Natural Antagonists: Beyond Classical Biological Control......Page 291
Case Studies on Parasitoid- and PDV-Derived Molecules......Page 293
New Candidate Bioinsecticide Molecules......Page 295
Delivery Vectors......Page 296
Enhancing Oral Toxicity......Page 297
Physiology of Gut Absorption as a Basis for Developing New Delivery Strategies......Page 299
Conclusions......Page 300
References......Page 301
Origins of Virus Associations with Parasitoids......Page 306
Function of PDV-Encoded Products......Page 307
Medical Applications......Page 308
Index......Page 310