PALEOGENE FOSSIL BIRDS

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
1: Introduction
2: Basic Terminology and the Broader Phylogenetic and Geological Framework
	2.1 Phylogenetic Terminology
	2.2 Bird Bones and Often Used Osteological Terms
	2.3 The Higher-Level Phylogeny of Extant Birds
	2.4 Mesozoic Neornithes
	2.5 Stratigraphy and Major Paleogene Fossil Localities
		2.5.1 Europe
		2.5.2 Asia
		2.5.3 North America
		2.5.4 Central and South America
		2.5.5 Africa
		2.5.6 Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica
	References
3: Palaeognathous Birds
	3.1 Lithornithidae
	3.2 Palaeotididae, Geranoididae, and Eogruidae-Northern Hemispheric Stem Group Representatives of the Struthioniformes
		3.2.1 The European Palaeotididae
		3.2.2 The North American Geranoididae
		3.2.3 The Asian Eogruidae and Ergilornithidae
	3.3 Remiornithidae
	3.4 Eremopezidae
	3.5 Rheiformes (Rheas)
	3.6 Casuariiformes (Emus and Cassowaries)
	3.7 Putative Palaeognathous Bird from the Eocene of Antarctica
	References
4: Pelagornithidae, Gastornithidae, and Crown Group Galloanseres
	4.1 Pelagornithidae (Bony-Toothed Birds)
	4.2 Gastornithidae
	4.3 Galliformes (Landfowl)
		4.3.1 The Eocene Gallinuloididae-Stem Group Galliformes from North America and Europe
		4.3.2 Other Early and Middle Eocene Stem Group Galliforms
		4.3.3 The Paraortygidae-A Well-Represented Group of Stem Group Galliformes
		4.3.4 The North American Taxa Procrax, Archaealectrornis, and Palaeonossax
		4.3.5 Quercymegapodiidae
		4.3.6 The Australian Megapodiidae (Megapodes)
		4.3.7 Phasianoidea (Guinea Fowl, Quails, Pheasants, and Allies)
	4.4 The Australian Dromornithidae
	4.5 Anseriformes (Waterfowl)
		4.5.1 Anhimidae (Screamers)
		4.5.2 Presbyornithidae
		4.5.3 Anseranatidae (Magpie Geese)
		4.5.4 Anatidae (Ducks, Geese, and Swans)
	References
5: Mirandornithes (Grebes and Flamingos), Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Allies), and Gruiformes (Rails, Cranes, and Allies)
	5.1 Podicipediformes (Grebes) and Phoenicopteriformes (Flamingos)
	5.2 Charadriiformes (Shorebirds and Allies)
		5.2.1 Lari (Gulls, Auks, and Allies)
		5.2.2 Charadrii (Plovers and Allies)
		5.2.3 Scolopaci (Sandpipers and Allies)
	5.3 Gruiformes (Rails, Cranes, and Allies)
		5.3.1 Messelornithidae and Walbeckornis
		5.3.2 Songziidae
		5.3.3 Ralloidea (Finfoots, Flufftails, and Rails)
		5.3.4 Parvigruidae
		5.3.5 Gruoidea (Trumpeters, Limpkins, and Cranes)
	References
6: Opisthocomiformes (Hoatzins), ``Columbaves´´ (Doves, Cuckoos, Bustards, and Allies), and Strisores (Nightjars, Swifts, Humm...
	6.1 Opisthocomiformes (Hoatzin)
	6.2 Otididae (Bustards)
	6.3 Foratidae
	6.4 Musophagiformes (Turacos)
	6.5 Cuculiformes (Cuckoos)
	6.6 Columbiformes (Doves), Pterocliformes (Sandgrouse), and Mesitornithiformes (Mesites)
	6.7 Eopachypterygidae, Eocuculus, and Carpathiavis
	6.8 Strisores (Nightjars, Swifts, Hummingbirds, and Allies)
		6.8.1 Archaeotrogonidae
		6.8.2 Caprimulgiformes (Nightjars)
		6.8.3 Nyctibiiformes (Potoos)
		6.8.4 Steatornithiformes (Oilbirds)
		6.8.5 Fluvioviridavidae
		6.8.6 Parvicuculidae
		6.8.7 Podargiformes (Frogmouths)
		6.8.8 Protocypselomorphus
		6.8.9 Aegotheliformes (Owlet Nightjars) and Apodiformes (Swifts and Hummingbirds)
			6.8.9.1 Eocypselidae
			6.8.9.2 Aegialornithidae
			6.8.9.3 Hemiprocnidae (Tree Swifts) and Apodidae (True Swifts)
			6.8.9.4 Trochilidae (Hummingbirds)
	References
7: Phaethontiformes and Aequornithes: The Aquatic and Semi-aquatic Neaovian Taxa
	7.1 Phaethontiformes (Tropicbirds)
	7.2 Gaviiformes (Loons)
	7.3 Procellariiformes (Tubenoses)
		7.3.1 The Early Oligocene Diomedeoididae
		7.3.2 Diomedeidae (Albatrosses)
	7.4 Sphenisciformes (Penguins)
	7.5 Ciconiidae (Storks)
	7.6 Suliformes: Fregatidae (Frigatebirds) and Suloidea (Gannets, Boobies, Cormorants, and Anhingas)
		7.6.1 Protoplotidae
		7.6.2 Fregatidae (Frigatebirds)
		7.6.3 Sulidae (Gannets and Boobies)
		7.6.4 Phalacrocoracidae (Cormorants) and Anhingidae (Anhingas)
		7.6.5 Plotopteridae
	7.7 Threskiornithidae (Ibises and Spoonbills)
	7.8 Scopidae (Hamerkop), Balaenicipitidae (Shoebill), and Pelecanidae (Pelicans)
	7.9 Ardeidae (Herons)
	7.10 Xenerodiopidae
	References
8: Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies), Falconiformes (Falcons), and Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies)
	8.1 Accipitriformes (New World Vultures, Hawks, and Allies)
		8.1.1 Teratornithidae and Cathartidae (New Word Vultures)
		8.1.2 Sagittariidae
		8.1.3 Pandionidae (Ospreys), and Accipitridae (Hawks and Allies)
		8.1.4 Horusornithidae
	8.2 Falconiformes (Falcons)
	8.3 Masillaraptoridae
	8.4 Cariamiformes (Seriemas and Allies)
		8.4.1 Phorusrhacidae
		8.4.2 Idiornithidae
		8.4.3 Bathornithidae
		8.4.4 Strigogyps and the Ameghinornithidae
	8.5 Cariamiform-like Paleogene Taxa of Uncertain Affinities
		8.5.1 Elaphrocnemus and Paracrax
		8.5.2 Eleutherornithidae
		8.5.3 Salmilidae
		8.5.4 Gradiornis
	References
9: Psittacopasseres: Psittaciformes (Parrots) and Passeriformes (Passerines)
	9.1 Halcyornithidae and Messelornithidae: Owl/Parrot Mosaics of Uncertain Affinities
		9.1.1 Halcyornithidae
		9.1.2 Messelasturidae
	9.2 Vastanavis, Avolatavis, Eurofluvioviridavis: Further Eocene parrot-like Birds of Controversial Affinities
	9.3 Cladornithidae
	9.4 Psittaciformes (Parrots)
	9.5 Passeriformes (Passerines)
		9.5.1 Psittacopedidae and Allies
		9.5.2 Zygodactylidae
		9.5.3 Passeriformes
	References
10: Strigiformes (Owls), Coliiformes (Mousebirds), and Cavitaves (Trogons, Rollers, Woodpeckers, and Allies)
	10.1 Strigiformes (Owls)
		10.1.1 Berruornis and Sophiornithidae
		10.1.2 Ogygoptyngidae
		10.1.3 Protostrigidae, Primoptynx, and Eostrix
		10.1.4 Necrobyinae, Palaeoglaucidae, and Selenornithinae
	10.2 Coliiformes (Mousebirds)
		10.2.1 Sandcoleidae
		10.2.2 Coliidae
	10.3 Cavitaves: Birds that Nest in Burrows and Tree Cavities
		10.3.1 Leptosomiformes (Courols)
		10.3.2 Trogoniformes (Trogons)
		10.3.3 Bucerotes (Hornbills, Hoopoes, and Woodhoopoes)
		10.3.4 Coraciiformes (Rollers, Bee-eaters, Kingfishers, and Allies)
			10.3.4.1 Coracii (Rollers and Ground Rollers)
			10.3.4.2 Meropidae (Bee-eaters) and Alcedinides (Kingfishers, Todies, and Motmots)
		10.3.5 Piciformes (Jacamars, Puffbirds, Woodpeckers, and Allies)
			10.3.5.1 Sylphornithidae
			10.3.5.2 Gracilitarsidae
			10.3.5.3 Pici
	References
11: Paleogene Avifaunas: A Synopsis of General Biogeographic and Paleoecological Aspects
	11.1 Continental avifaunas of the Northern Hemisphere
		11.1.1 Biogeography
		11.1.2 Climatic Cooling and avifaunal Turnovers
	11.2 Continental avifaunas of the Southern Hemisphere
		11.2.1 Biogeography
		11.2.2 Extant Southern Hemispheric ``endemics´´ in the Paleogene of the Northern Hemisphere
	11.3 Ecological Interactions
		11.3.1 Mammalian Evolution and Terrestrial avifaunas
		11.3.2 The Impact of Passerines on the Diversity of Paleogene Avian Insectivores
		11.3.3 Marine avifaunas
			11.3.3.1 Volant Seabirds
			11.3.3.2 Large Diving Birds
	References