Oxford Textbook of Medicine, 6e (May 6, 2020)_(0198746695)_(Oxford University Press).pdf

Oxford Textbook of Medicine-Volume 1, 6e (May 6, 2020)_(0198746695)_(Oxford University Press)
	cover
	Oxford Textbook of Medicine
	Copyright
	Foreword
	Preface
	Section editors
	Contents
	List of abbreviations xxxv
	List of contributors xlv
	SECTION 1 Patients and their treatment
		1.1 On being a patient 3
		1.2 A young person’s experience of chronic disease 6
		1.3 What patients wish you understood 8
		1.4 Why do patients attend and what do they want from the consultation? 14
		1.5 Medical ethics 20 Mike Parker, Mehrunisha Suleman, and Tony Hope
		1.6 Clinical decision- making 26 Timothy E.A. Peto and Philippa Peto
	SECTION 2 Background to medicine
		2.1 Science in medicine: When, how, and what 33
		2.2 Evolution: Medicine’s most basic science 39
		2.3 The Global Burden of Disease: Measuring the health of populations 43
		2.4 Large- scale randomized evidence: Trials and meta- analyses of trials 51
		2.5 Bioinformatics 67
		2.6 Principles of clinical pharmacology and drug therapy 71
		2.7 Biological therapies for immune, inflammatory, and allergic diseases 100
		2.8 Traditional medicine exemplified by traditional Chinese medicine 108
		2.9 Engaging patients in therapeutic development 118
		2.10 Medicine quality, physicians, and patients 124
		2.11 Preventive medicine 127
		2.12 Medical screening 137
		2.13 Health promotion 152
		2.14 Deprivation and health 157
		2.15 How much should rich countries’ governments spend on healthcare? 161
		2.16 Financing healthcare in low- income developing countries: A challenge for equity in health 168
		2.18 Fostering medical and health research in resource- constrained countries 181
		2.17 Research in the developed world 177
		2.19 Regulation versus innovation in medicine 185
		2.20 Human disasters 188
		2.21 Humanitarian medicine 193
		2.22 Complementary and alternative medicine 201
	SECTION 3 Cell biology
		3.1 The cell 209
		3.2 The genomic basis of medicine 218
		3.3 Cytokines 236
		3.4 Ion channels and disease 246
		3.5 Intracellular signalling 256
		3.6 Apoptosis in health and disease 266
		3.7 Stem cells and regenerative medicine 281
		3.8 The evolution of therapeutic antibodies 296
		3.9 Circulating DNA for molecular diagnostics 299
	SECTION 4 Immunological mechanisms
		4.1 The innate immune system 307
		4.2 The complement system 315
		4.3 Adaptive immunity 325
		4.4 Immunodeficiency 337
		4.5 Allergy 368
		4.6 Autoimmunity 379
		4.7 Principles of transplantation immunology 392
	SECTION 5 Principles of clinical oncology
		5.1 Epidemiology of cancer 411
		5.2 The nature and development of cancer: Cancer mutations and their implications 445
		5.3 The genetics of inherited cancers 456
		5.4 Cancer immunity and immunotherapy 471
		5.5 Clinical features and management 487
		5.6 Systemic treatment and radiotherapy 497
		5.7 Medical management of breast cancer 505
	SECTION 6 Old age medicine
		6.1 Ageing and clinical medicine 511
		6.2 Frailty and sarcopenia 521
		6.3 Optimizing well- being into old age 532
		6.4 Older people and urgent care 539
		6.5 Older people in hospital 548
		6.6 Supporting older peoples’ care in surgical and oncological services 563
		6.7 Drugs and prescribing in the older patient 571
		6.8 Falls, faints, and fragility fractures 579
		6.9 Bladder and bowels 589
		6.10 Neurodegenerative disorders in older people 601
		6.11 Promotion of dignity in the life and death of older patients 612
	SECTION 7 Pain and palliative care
		7.1 Introduction to palliative care 623
		7.2 Pain management 629
		7.3 Symptoms other than pain 634
		7.4 Care of the dying person 639
	SECTION 8 Infectious diseases
		8.1 Pathogenic microorganisms and the host 651
			8.1.1 Biology of pathogenic microorganisms 651
			8.1.2 Clinical features and general management of patients with severe infections 656
		8.2 The patient with suspected infection 662
			8.2.1 Clinical approach 662
			8.2.2 Fever of unknown origin 664
			8.2.3 Nosocomial infections 669
			8.2.4 Infection in the immunocompromised host 673
			8.2.5 Antimicrobial chemotherapy 684
		8.3 Immunization 706
		8.4 Travel and expedition medicine 713
		8.5 Viruses 723
			8.5.1 Respiratory tract viruses 723
			8.5.2 Herpesviruses (excluding Epstein– Barr virus) 734
			8.5.3 Epstein– Barr virus 754
			8.5.4 Poxviruses 764
			8.5.5 Mumps: Epidemic parotitis 769
			8.5.6 Measles 772
			8.5.7 Nipah and Hendra virus encephalitides 784
			8.5.8 Enterovirus infections 787
			8.5.9 Virus infections causing diarrhoea and vomiting 797
			8.5.10 Rhabdoviruses: Rabies and rabies- related lyssaviruses 805
			8.5.11 Colorado tick fever and other arthropod- borne reoviruses 819
			8.5.12 Alphaviruses 821
			8.5.13 Rubella 827
			8.5.14 Flaviviruses excluding dengue 830
			8.5.15 Dengue 845
			8.5.16 Bunyaviridae 852
			8.5.17 Arenaviruses 862
			8.5.18 Filoviruses 870
			8.5.19 Papillomaviruses and polyomaviruses 877
			8.5.20 Parvovirus B19 886
			8.5.21 Hepatitis viruses (excluding hepatitis C virus) 889
			8.5.22 Hepatitis C virus 896
			8.5.23 HIV/ AIDS 901
			8.5.24 HIV in low- and middle- income countries 933
			8.5.25 HTLV- 1, HTLV- 2, and associated diseases 941
			8.5.26 Viruses and cancer 945
			8.5.27 Orf and Milker’s nodule 947
			8.5.28 Molluscum contagiosum 949
			8.5.29 Newly discovered viruses 951
		8.6 Bacteria 958
			8.6.1 Diphtheria 959
			8.6.2 Streptococci and enterococci 965
			8.6.3 Pneumococcal infections 975
			8.6.4 Staphylococci 991
			8.6.5 Meningococcal infections 1010
			8.6.6 Neisseria gonorrhoeae 1025
			8.6.7 Enterobacteria and bacterial food poisoning 1032
			8.6.8 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1041
			8.6.9 Typhoid and paratyphoid fevers 1044
			8.6.10 Intracellular klebsiella infections (donovanosis and rhinoscleroma) 1051
			8.6.11 Anaerobic bacteria 1055
			8.6.12 Cholera 1060
			8.6.13 Haemophilus influenzae 1066
			8.6.14 Haemophilus ducreyi and chancroid 1071
			8.6.15 Bordetella infection 1073
			8.6.16 Melioidosis and glanders 1076
			8.6.17 Plague: Yersinia pestis 1081
			8.6.18 Other Yersinia infections: Yersiniosis 1086
			8.6.19 Pasteurella 1088
			8.6.20 Francisella tularensis infection 1091
			8.6.21 Anthrax 1094
			8.6.22 Brucellosis 1102
			8.6.23 Tetanus 1109
			8.6.24 Clostridium difficile 1115
			8.6.25 Botulism, gas gangrene, and clostridial gastrointestinal infections 1120
			8.6.26 Tuberculosis 1126
			8.6.27 Disease caused by environmental mycobacteria 1150
			8.6.28 Leprosy (Hansen’s disease) 1154
			8.6.29 Buruli ulcer: Mycobacterium ulcerans infection 1167
			8.6.30 Actinomycoses 1170
			8.6.31 Nocardiosis 1176
			8.6.32 Rat bite fevers (Streptobacillus moniliformis and Spirillum minus infection) 1179
			8.6.33 Lyme borreliosis 1181
			8.6.34 Relapsing fevers 1188
			8.6.35 Leptospirosis 1198
			8.6.36 Nonvenereal endemic treponematoses: Yaws, endemic syphilis (bejel), and pinta 1204
			8.6.37 Syphilis 1210
			8.6.38 Listeriosis 1223
			8.6.39 Legionellosis and Legionnaires’ disease 1226
			8.6.40 Rickettsioses 1230
			8.6.41 Scrub typhus 1252
			8.6.42 Coxiella burnetii infections (Q fever) 1257
			8.6.43 Bartonellas excluding B. bacilliformis 1262
			8.6.44 Bartonella bacilliformis infection 1272
			8.6.45 Chlamydial infections 1278
			8.6.46 Mycoplasmas 1295
			8.6.47 A checklist of bacteria associated with infection in humans 1307
		8.7 Fungi (mycoses) 1338
			8.7.1 Fungal infections 1338
			8.7.2 Cryptococcosis 1359
			8.7.3 Coccidioidomycosis 1361
			8.7.4 Paracoccidioidomycosis 1364
			8.7.5 Pneumocystis jirovecii 1371
			8.7.6 Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei infection 1375
			8.7.7 Microsporidiosis 1378
		8.8 Protozoa 1384
			8.8.1 Amoebic infections 1384
			8.8.2 Malaria 1395
			8.8.3 Babesiosis 1414
			8.8.4 Toxoplasmosis 1416
			8.8.5 Cryptosporidium and cryptosporidiosis 1424
			8.8.6 Cyclospora and cyclosporiasis 1432
			8.8.7 Cystoisosporiasis 1436
			8.8.9 Giardiasis and balantidiasis 1440
			8.8.8 Sarcocystosis (sarcosporidiosis) 1438
			8.8.10 Blastocystis infection 1449
			8.8.11 Human African trypanosomiasis 1451
			8.8.12 Chagas disease 1459
			8.8.13 Leishmaniasis 1467
			8.8.14 Trichomoniasis 1475
		8.9 Nematodes (roundworms) 1478
			8.9.1 Cutaneous filariasis 1478
			8.9.2 Lymphatic filariasis 1487
			8.9.3 Guinea worm disease (dracunculiasis) 1495
			8.9.4 Strongyloidiasis, hookworm, and other gut strongyloid nematodes 1500
			8.9.5 Gut and tissue nematode infections acquired by ingestion 1506
			8.9.6 Angiostrongyliasis 1516
		8.10 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520
			8.10.1 Cestodes (tapeworms) 1520
			8.10.2 Cystic hydatid disease (Echinococcus granulosus) 1529
			8.10.3 Cysticercosis 1533
		8.11 Trematodes (flukes) 1540
			8.11.1 Schistosomiasis 1540
			8.11.2 Liver fluke infections 1551
			8.11.3 Lung flukes (paragonimiasis) 1558
			8.11.4 Intestinal trematode infections 1562
		8.12 Nonvenomous arthropods 1568
		8.13 Pentastomiasis (porocephalosis, linguatulosis/ linguatuliasis, or tongue worm infection) 1582
	SECTION 9 Sexually transmitted diseases
		9.1 Epidemiology of sexually transmitted infections 1589
		9.2 Sexual behaviour 1597
		9.3 Sexual history and examination 1600
		9.4 Vaginal discharge 1603
		9.5 Urethritis 1606
		9.6 Genital ulceration 1610
		9.7 Anogenital lumps and bumps 1613
		9.8 Pelvic inflammatory disease 1622
		9.9 Principles of contraception 1626
	Index
Oxford Textbook of Medicine-Volume 2, 6e (May 6, 2020)_(0198746695)_(Oxford University Press)
	cover
	Oxford Textbook of Medicine
	Copyright
	Foreword
	Preface
	Section editors
	Contents
	List of abbreviations
	List of contributors
	SECTION 10 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning
		10.1 Environmental medicine, occupational medicine, and poisoning— Introduction 1637
		10.2 Occupational health 1638
			10.2.1 Occupational and environmental health 1638
			10.2.2 Occupational safety 1652
			10.2.3 Aviation medicine 1656
			10.2.4 Diving medicine 1664
			10.2.5 Noise 1671
			10.2.6 Vibration 1673
		10.3 Environment and health 1677
			10.3.1 Air pollution and health 1677
			10.3.2 Heat 1687
			10.3.3 Cold 1689
			10.3.4 Drowning 1691
			10.3.5 Lightning and electrical injuries 1696
			10.3.6 Diseases of high terrestrial altitudes 1701
			10.3.7 Radiation 1709
			10.3.8 Disasters: Earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, and volcanic eruptions 1713
			10.3.9 Bioterrorism 1718
		10.4 Poisoning 1725
			10.4.1 Poisoning by drugs and chemicals 1725
			10.4.2 Injuries, envenoming, poisoning, and allergic reactions caused by animals 1778
			10.4.3 Poisonous fungi 1817
			10.4.4 Poisonous plants 1828
		10.5 Podoconiosis (nonfilarial elephantiasis) 1833
	SECTION 11 Nutrition
		11.1 Nutrition: Macronutrient metabolism 1839
		11.2 Vitamins 1855
		11.3 Minerals and trace elements 1871
		11.4 Severe malnutrition 1880
		11.5 Diseases of affluent societies and the need for dietary change 1891
		11.6 Obesity 1903
		11.7 Artificial nutrition support 1914
	SECTION 12 Metabolic disorders
		12.1 The inborn errors of metabolism: General aspects 1929
		12.2 Protein- dependent inborn errors of metabolism 1942
		12.3 Disorders of carbohydrate metabolism 1985
			12.3.1 Glycogen storage diseases 1985 Robin H. Lachmann and Timothy M. Cox
			12.3.2 Inborn errors of fructose metabolism 1993 Timothy M. Cox
			12.3.3 Disorders of galactose, pentose, and pyruvate metabolism 2003
		12.4 Disorders of purine and pyrimidine metabolism 2015
		12.5 The porphyrias 2032 Timothy M. Cox
		12.6 Lipid disorders 2055
		12.7 Trace metal disorders 2098
			12.7.1 Hereditary haemochromatosis 2098 William J.H. Griffiths and Timothy M. Cox
			12.7.2 Inherited diseases of copper metabolism: Wilson’s disease and Menkes’ disease 2115
		12.8 Lysosomal disease 2121
		12.9 Disorders of peroxisomal metabolism in adults 2157
		12.10 Hereditary disorders of oxalate metabolism: The primary hyperoxalurias 2174
		12.11 A physiological approach to acid– base disorders: The roles of ion transport and body fluid compartments 2182
		12.12 The acute phase response, hereditary periodic fever syndromes, and amyloidosis 2199
			12.12.1 The acute phase response and C- reactive protein 2199
			12.12.2 Hereditary periodic fever syndromes 2207
			12.12.3 Amyloidosis 2218
		12.13 a1- Antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies 2235
	SECTION 13 Endocrine disorders
		13.1 Principles of hormone action 2245 Rob Fowkes, V. Krishna Chatterjee, and Mark Gurnell
		13.2 Pituitary disorders 2258
			13.2.1 Disorders of the anterior pituitary gland 2258 Niki Karavitaki and John A.H. Wass
			13.2.2 Disorders of the posterior pituitary gland 2277
		13.3 Thyroid disorders 2284
			13.3.1 The thyroid gland and disorders of thyroid function 2284
			13.3.2 Thyroid cancer 2302
		13.4 Parathyroid disorders and diseases altering calcium metabolism 2313
		13.5 Adrenal disorders 2331
			13.5.1 Disorders of the adrenal cortex 2331 Mark Sherlock and Mark Gurnell
			13.5.2 Congenital adrenal hyperplasia 2360 Nils P. Krone and Ieuan A. Hughes
		13.6 Reproductive disorders 2374
			13.6.1 Ovarian disorders 2374 Stephen Franks, Kate Hardy, and Lisa J. Webber
			13.6.2 Disorders of male reproduction and male hypogonadism 2386
			13.6.3 Benign breast disease 2406
			13.6.4 Sexual dysfunction 2408
		13.7 Disorders of growth and development 2416
			13.7.1 Normal growth and its disorders 2416
			13.7.2 Normal puberty and its disorders 2428
			13.7.3 Normal and abnormal sexual differentiation 2435
		13.8 Pancreatic endocrine disorders and multiple endocrine neoplasia 2449
		13.9 Diabetes and hypoglycaemia 2464
			13.9.1 Diabetes 2464
			13.9.2 Hypoglycaemia 2531
		13.10 Hormonal manifestations of nonendocrine disease 2541
		13.11 The pineal gland and melatonin 2553
	SECTION 14 Medical disorders in pregnancy
		14.1 Physiological changes of normal pregnancy 2563
		14.2 Nutrition in pregnancy 2568
		14.3 Medical management of normal pregnancy 2575
		14.4 Hypertension in pregnancy 2583
		14.5 Renal disease in pregnancy 2589
		14.6 Heart disease in pregnancy 2597
		14.7 Thrombosis in pregnancy 2606
		14.8 Chest diseases in pregnancy 2613
		14.9 Liver and gastrointestinal diseases of pregnancy 2619
		14.10 Diabetes in pregnancy 2627
		14.11 Endocrine disease in pregnancy 2638
		14.12 Neurological conditions in pregnancy 2642
		14.13 The skin in pregnancy 2648
		14.14 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitis in pregnancy 2655
		14.15 Maternal infection in pregnancy 2671
		14.16 Fetal effects of maternal infection 2678
		14.17 Blood disorders in pregnancy 2687
		14.18 Malignant disease in pregnancy 2696
		14.19 Maternal critical care 2701
		14.20 Prescribing in pregnancy 2706
		14.21 Contraception for women with medical diseases 2711
	SECTION 15 Gastroenterological disorders
		15.1 Structure and function of the gastrointestinal tract 2721
		15.2 Symptoms of gastrointestinal disease 2727
		15.3 Methods for investigation of gastroenterological disease 2734
			15.3.1 Colonoscopy and flexible sigmoidoscopy 2734
			15.3.2 Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy 2740
			15.3.3 Radiology of the gastrointestinal tract 2748
			15.3.4 Investigation of gastrointestinal function 2757
		15.4 Common acute abdominal presentations 2765
			15.4.1 The acute abdomen 2765
			15.4.2 Gastrointestinal bleeding 2771
		15.5 Immune disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 2783
		15.6 The mouth and salivary glands 2797
		15.7 Diseases of the oesophagus 2828
		15.8 Peptic ulcer disease 2849
		15.9 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract 2862
			15.9.1 Hormones and the gastrointestinal tract 2862
			15.9.2 Carcinoid syndrome 2870
		15.10 Malabsorption 2875
			15.10.1 Differential diagnosis and investigation of malabsorption 2875
			15.10.2 Bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine 2879
			15.10.3 Coeliac disease 2884
			15.10.4 Gastrointestinal lymphomas 2892
			15.10.5 Disaccharidase deficiency 2902
			15.10.6 Whipple’s disease 2909
			15.10.7 Effects of massive bowel resection 2911
			15.10.8 Malabsorption syndromes in the tropics 2916
		15.11 Crohn’s disease 2925
		15.12 Ulcerative colitis 2937
		15.13 Irritable bowel syndrome 2951
		15.14 Colonic diverticular disease 2960
		15.15 Congenital abnormalities of the gastrointestinal tract 2967
		15.16 Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract 2977
		15.17 Vascular disorders of the gastrointestinal tract 2997
		15.18 Gastrointestinal infections 3008
		15.19 Miscellaneous disorders of the bowel 3025
		15.20 Structure and function of the liver, biliary tract, and pancreas 3032
		15.21 Pathobiology of chronic liver disease 3043 Wajahat Z. Mehal
		15.22 Presentations and management of liver disease 3049
			15.22.1 Investigation and management of jaundice 3049
			15.22.2 Cirrhosis and ascites 3058
			15.22.3 Portal hypertension and variceal bleeding 3068
			15.22.4 Hepatic encephalopathy 3080
			15.22.5 Liver failure 3089
			15.22.6 Liver transplantation 3100
		15.23 Hepatitis and autoimmune liver disease 3108
			15.23.1 Hepatitis A to E 3108
			15.23.2 Autoimmune hepatitis 3119
			15.23.3 Primary biliary cholangitis 3127
			15.23.4 Primary sclerosing cholangitis 3135
		15.24 Other liver diseases 3142
			15.24.1 Alcoholic liver disease 3142
			15.24.2 Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease 3147
			15.24.3 Drug- induced liver disease 3155
			15.24.4 Vascular disorders of the liver 3166
			15.24.5 The liver in systemic disease 3169
			15.24.6 Primary and secondary liver tumours 3178
			15.24.7 Liver and biliary diseases in infancy and childhood 3191
		15.25 Diseases of the gallbladder and biliary tree 3196
		15.26 Diseases of the pancreas 3209
			15.26.1 Acute pancreatitis 3209
			15.26.2 Chronic pancreatitis 3218
			15.26.3 Tumours of the pancreas 3227
	Index
Oxford Textbook of Medicine- Volume 3, 6e (May 6, 2020)_(0198746695)_(Oxford University Press)
	cover
	Oxford Textbook of Medicine
	Copyright
	Foreword
	Preface
	Section editors
	Contents
	Abbreviations
	Contributors
	List of abbreviations xxxv
	List of contributors xlv
	SECTION 16 Cardiovascular disorders Section editor: Jeremy Dwight
		16.1 Structure and function 3241 16.1.1 Blood vessels and the endothelium 3241 Keith Channon and Patrick Vallance
			16.1.2 Cardiac physiology 3253 Rhys D. Evans, Kenneth T. MacLeod, Steven B. Marston, Nicholas J. Severs, and Peter H. Sugden
		16.2 Clinical presentation of heart disease 3276 16.2.1 Chest pain, breathlessness, and fatigue 3276 Jeremy Dwight
			16.2.2 Syncope and palpitation 3284 K. Rajappan, A.C. Rankin, A.D. McGavigan, and S.M. Cobbe
		16.3 Clinical investigation of cardiac disorders 3294 16.3.1 Electrocardiography 3294 Andrew R. Houghton and David Gray
			Andrew R. Houghton and David Gray 16.3.2 Echocardiography 3314 James D. Newton, Adrian P. Banning, and Andrew R.J. Mitchell
			Andrew R.J. Mitchell 16.3.3 Cardiac investigations: Nuclear, MRI, and CT 3326 Nikant Sabharwal, Andrew Kelion, Theodoros Karamitos, and Stefan Neubauer
			Nikant Sabharwal, Andrew Kelion, Theodoros Karamitos, and Stefan Neubauer 16.3.4 Cardiac catheterization and angiography 3339 Edward D. Folland
		16.4 Cardiac arrhythmias 3350 Matthew R. Ginks, D.A. Lane, A.D. McGavigan, and Gregory Y.H. Lip
			Cardiac failure 3390 16.5.1 Epidemiology and general pathophysiological classification of heart failure 3390 Theresa A. McDonagh and Kaushik Guha
			16.5.2 Acute cardiac failure: Definitions, investigation, management 3397 Andrew L. Clark and John G.F. Cleland
			16.5.3 Chronic heart failure: Definitions, investigation, and management 3407 John G.F. Cleland and Andrew L. Clark
			16.5.4 Cardiorenal syndrome 3421 Darren Green and Philip A. Kalra
			16.5.5 Cardiac transplantation and mechanical circulatory support 3428 Jayan Parameshwar and Steven Tsui
		16.6 Valvular heart disease 3436 Michael Henein
		16.7 Diseases of heart muscle 3459 16.7.1 Myocarditis 3459 Jay W. Mason and Heinz- Peter Schultheiss
			Jay W. Mason and Heinz- Peter Schultheiss 16.7.2 The cardiomyopathies: Hypertrophic, dilated, restrictive, and right ventricular 3468 Oliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott
			Oliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott 16.7.3 Specifific heart muscle disorders 3489 Oliver P. Guttmann and Perry Elliott
		16.8 Pericardial disease 3501 Michael Henein
		16.9 Cardiac involvement in infectious disease 3509
			disease 3509 16.9.1 Acute rheumatic fever 3509 Jonathan R. Carapetis
			16.9.2 Endocarditis 3519 James L. Harrison, John L. Klein, William A. Littler, and Bernard D. Prendergast
			16.9.3 Cardiac disease in HIV infection 3534 Peter F. Currie
			16.9.4 Cardiovascular syphilis 3539 Krishna Somers
			16.10 Tumours of the heart 3544 Thomas A. Traill
		Thomas A. Traill 16.11 Cardiac involvement in genetic disease 3551 Thomas A. Traill
		16.12 Congenital heart disease in the adult 3559 S.A. Thorne
		16.13 Coronary heart disease 3596 16.13.1 Biology and pathology of atherosclerosis 3596 Robin P. Choudhury, Joshua T. Chai, and Edward A. Fisher
			16.13.2 Coronary heart disease: Epidemiology and prevention 3603 Goodarz Danaei and Kazem Rahimi
			16.13.3 Management of stable angina 3616 Adam D. Timmis
			Adam D. Timmis 16.13.4 Management of acute coronary syndrome 3626 Rajesh K. Kharbanda and Keith A.A. Fox
			16.13.5 Percutaneous interventional cardiac procedures 3655 Edward D. Folland
			Edward D. Folland 16.13.6 Coronary artery bypass and valve surgery 3666 Rana Sayeed and David Taggart
		16.14 Diseases of the arteries 3674 16.14.1 Acute aortic syndromes 3674 James D. Newton, Andrew R.J. Mitchell, and Adrian P. Banning
			16.14.2 Peripheral arterial disease 3680 Janet Powell and Alun Davies
			16.14.3 Cholesterol embolism 3688 Christopher Dudley
		16.15 The pulmonary circulation 3691 16.15.1 Structure and function of the pulmonary circulation 3691 Nicholas W. Morrell
			16.15.2 Pulmonary hypertension 3695 Nicholas W. Morrell
		16.16 Venous thromboembolism 3711 16.16.1 Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism 3711 Paul D. Stein, Fadi Matta, and John D. Firth
			16.16.2 Therapeutic anticoagulation 3729 David Keeling
		16.17 Hypertension 3735 16.17.1 Essential hypertension: Definition, epidemiology, and pathophysiology 3735 Bryan Williams and John D. Firth
			16.17.2 Essential hypertension: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment 3753 Bryan Williams and John D. Firth
			16.17.3 Secondary hypertension 3778 Morris J. Brown and Fraz A. Mir
			16.17.4 Mendelian disorders causing hypertension 3796 Nilesh J. Samani and Maciej Tomaszewski
			16.17.5 Hypertensive urgencies and emergencies 3800 Gregory Y.H. Lip and Alena Shantsila
			Chronic peripheral oedema and lymphoedema 3811 Peter S. Mortimer
			Peter S. Mortimer 16.19 Idiopathic oedema of women 3823 John D. Firth
	SECTION 17 Critical care medicine Section editor: Simon Finfer
		17.1 The seriously ill or deteriorating patient 3829 Carole Foot and Liz Hickson
		17.2 Cardiac arrest 3839 Gavin D. Perkins, Jasmeet Soar, Jerry P. Nolan, and David A. Gabbott
		17.3 Anaphylaxis 3849 Anthony F.T. Brown
		17.4 Assessing and preparing patients with medical conditions for major surgery 3860 Tom Abbott and Rupert Pearse
		17.5 Acute respiratory failure 3867 Susannah Leaver, Jeremy Cordingley, Simon Finney, and Mark Griffiths
		17.6 Circulation and circulatory support in the critically ill 3881 Michael R. Pinsky
		17.7 Management of raised intracranial pressure 3892 David K. Menon
		17.8 Sedation and analgesia in the ICU 3898 Michael C. Reade
		chronic critical illness 3906 Eva Boonen and Greet Van den Berghe
		17.10 Palliative and end- of- life care in the ICU 3914 Phillip D. Levin and Charles L. Sprung
		17.11 Diagnosis of death and organ donation 3918 Paul Murphy
		17.12 Persistent problems and recovery after critical illness 3925 Mark E. Mikkelsen and Theodore J. Iwashyna
	SECTION 18 Respiratory disorders Section editor: Pallav L. Shah
		18.1 Structure and function 3933 18.1.1 The upper respiratory tract 3933 Pallav L. Shah, J.R. Stradling, and S.E. Craig
			18.1.2 Airways and alveoli 3937 Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah
		Peter D. Wagner and Pallav L. Shah 18.2 The clinical presentation of respiratory disease 3947 Samuel Kemp and Julian Hopkin
		18.3 Clinical investigation of respiratory disorders 3956
			18.3.1 Respiratory function tests 3956 G.J. Gibson
			18.3.2 Thoracic imaging 3970 Susan J. Copley and David M. Hansell
			18.3.3 Bronchoscopy, thoracoscopy, and tissue biopsy 3992 Pallav L. Shah
		18.4 Respiratory infection 4004 18.4.1 Upper respiratory tract infections 4004 P. Little
			18.4.2 Pneumonia in the normal host 4008 Wei Shen Lim
			18.4.3 Nosocomial pneumonia 4022 Wei Shen Lim
			18.4.4 Mycobacteria 4026 Hannah Jarvis and Onn Min Kon
			18.4.5 Pulmonary complications of HIV infection 4031 Julia Choy and Anton Pozniak
		18.5 The upper respiratory tract 4040 18.5.1 Upper airway obstruction 4040 James H. Hull and Matthew Hind
			18.5.2 Sleep- related breathing disorders 4048 Mary J. Morrell, Julia Kelly, Alison McMillan, and Matthew Hind
		18.6 Allergic rhinitis 4059 Stephen R. Durham and Hesham A. Saleh
		18.7 Asthma 4067 Alexandra Nanzer- Kelly, Paul Cullinan, and Andrew Menzies- Gow
		18.8 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 4098 Nicholas S. Hopkinson
		18.9 Bronchiectasis 4142 R. Wilson and D. Bilton
		18.10 Cystic fibrosis 4151 Andrew Bush and Caroline Elston
		18.11 Diffuse parenchymal lung diseases 4166 18.11.1 Diffuse parenchymal lung disease: An introduction 4166 F. Teo and A.U. Wells
			18.11.2 Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis 4177 P.L. Molyneaux, A.G. Nicholson, N. Hirani, and A.U. Wells
			18.11.3 Bronchiolitis obliterans and cryptogenic organizing pneumonia 4185 Vasilis Kouranos and A.U. Wells
			18.11.4 The lung in autoimmune rheumatic disorders 4191 M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells
			M.A. Kokosi and A.U. Wells 18.11.5 The lung in vasculitis 4200 G.A. Margaritopoulos and A.U. Wells
		18.12 Sarcoidosis 4208 Robert P. Baughman and Elyse E. Lower
			18.13 Pneumoconioses 4219 P.T. Reid
			18.14 Miscellaneous conditions 4235 18.14.1 Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage 4235 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
			18.14.2 Eosinophilic pneumonia 4238 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
			18.14.3 Lymphocytic infiltrations of the lung 4241 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.4 Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 4244 S.J. Bourke and G.P. Spickett
			18.14.5 Pulmonary Langerhans’ cell histiocytosis 4256 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.6 Lymphangioleiomyomatosis 4257 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.7 Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis 4259 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.8 Pulmonary amyloidosis 4261 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.9 Lipoid (lipid) pneumonia 4263 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.10 Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis 4265 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.11 Toxic gases and aerosols 4267 Chris Stenton
			18.14.12 Radiation pneumonitis 4271 S.J. Bourke
			18.14.13 Drug- induced lung disease 4272 S.J. Bourke
		18.15 Chronic respiratory failure 4282 Michael I. Polkey and P.M.A. Calverley
		18.16 Lung transplantation 4292 P. Hopkins and A.J. Fisher
		18.17 Pleural diseases 4305 D. de Fonseka, Y.C. Gary Lee, and N.A. Maskell
		18.18 Disorders of the thoracic cage and diaphragm 4328 John M. Shneerson and Michael I. Polkey
		18.19 Malignant diseases 4338 18.19.1 Lung cancer 4338 S.G. Spiro and N. Navani
			18.19.2 Pulmonary metastases 4360 S.G. Spiro
			18.19.3 Pleural tumours 4361 Y.C. Gary Lee
			18.19.4 Mediastinal tumours and cysts 4368 Y.C. Gary Lee and Helen E. Davies
	SECTION 19 Rheumatological disorders Section editor: Richard A. Watts
		19.1 Joints and connective tissue— structure and function 4379 Thomas Pap, Adelheid Korb- Pap, Christine Hartmann, and Jessica Bertrand
		19.2 Clinical presentation and diagnosis of rheumatological disorders 4386 Christopher Deighton and Fiona Pearce
		19.3 Clinical investigation 4395 Michael Doherty and Peter C. Lanyon
		19.4 Back pain and regional disorders 4406 Carlo Ammendolia and Danielle Southerst
		19.5 Rheumatoid arthritis 4415 Kenneth F. Baker and John D. Isaacs
		19.6 Spondyloarthritis and related conditions 4441 Jürgen Braun and Joachim Sieper
		19.7 Infection and arthritis 4457 Graham Raftery and Muddassir Shaikh
		19.8 Reactive arthritis 4464 Carmel B. Stober and Hill Gaston
		19.9 Osteoarthritis 4470 Andrew J. Barr and Philip G. Conaghan
		19.10 Crystal- related arthropathies 4482 Edward Roddy and Michael Doherty
		19.11 Autoimmune rheumatic disorders and vasculitides 4495
			19.11.1 Introduction 4495 David A. Isenberg and Ian Giles
			19.11.2 Systemic lupus erythematosus and related disorders 4499 Anisur Rahman and David A. Isenberg
			19.11.3 Systemic sclerosis (scleroderma) 4513 Christopher P. Denton and Carol M. Black
			19.11.4 Sjögren’s syndrome 4532 Wan- Fai Ng
			19.11.5 Inflammatory myopathies 4537 Ingrid E. Lundberg, Hector Chinoy, and Robert Cooper
			19.11.6 Large vessel vasculitis 4546 Raashid Luqmani and Cristina Ponte
			19.11.7 ANCA- associated vasculitis 4556 David Jayne
			19.11.8 Polyarteritis nodosa 4569 Loïc Guillevin
			19.11.9 Small vessel vasculitis 4573 Richard A. Watts
			19.11.10 Behçet’s syndrome 4579 Sebahattin Yurdakul, Izzet Fresko, and
			19.11.11 Polymyalgia rheumatica 4584 Bhaskar Dasgupta and Eric L. Matteson
			19.11.12 Kawasaki disease 4590 Brian W. McCrindle
	19.12 Miscellaneous conditions presenting to rheumatologist 4598
	SECTION 20 Disorders of the skeleton
		20.1 Skeletal disorders— general approach and conditions 4615
		Inherited defects of connective tissue: Ehlers– Danlos syndrome, Marfan’s syndrome, and pseudoxanthoma elasticum 4670 N.P. Burrows
		20.3 Osteomyelitis 4688
		20.4 Osteoporosis 4696 Nicholas C. Harvey, Juliet Compston, and
		Osteonecrosis, osteochondrosis, and osteochondritis dissecans 4703
		20.6 Bone cancer 4709 Helen Hatcher
	SECTION 21 Disorders of the kidney and urinary tract
	Structure and function of the kidney 4717 Steve Harper and Robert Unwin
	21.2 Electrolyte disorders 4729 21.2.1 Disorders of water and sodium homeostasis Michael L. Moritz and Juan Carlos Ayus
	21.3 Clinical presentation of renal disease 4764 Richard E. Fielding and Ken Farrington
	21.4 Clinical investigation of renal disease 4781 Andrew Davenport
	21.5 Acute kidney injury 4807 John D. Firth
	21.6 Chronic kidney disease 4830 Alastair Hutchison
	21.7 Renal replacement therapy 4861 21.7.1 Haemodialysis 4861
		21.7.2 Peritoneal dialysis 4874 Simon Davies
		21.7.3 Renal transplantation 4879 Nicholas Torpey and John D. Firth
	21.8 Glomerular diseases 4909 21.8.1 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and IgA vasculitis (HSP) 4909
		Jonathan Barratt and John Feehally 21.8.2 Thin membrane nephropathy 4918 Peter Topham and John Feehally
		21.8.3 Minimal- change nephropathy and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 4919 Moin Saleem and Lisa Willcocks
		21.8.4 Membranous nephropathy 4928 An S. De Vriese and Fernando C. Fervenza
		21.8.5 Proliferative glomerulonephritis 4933 Alan D. Salama and Mark A. Little
		21.8.6 Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis 4937 Tabitha Turner- Stokes and Mark A. Little
		21.8.7 Antiglomerular basement membrane disease 4943 Mårten Segelmark and Thomas Hellmark
	21.2.2 Disorders of potassium homeostasis 4748 John D. Firth
	21.9 Tubulointerstitial diseases 4951 21.9.1 Acute interstitial nephritis 4951 Simon D. Roger
	21.9.2 Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis 4956 Marc E. De Broe, Channa Yamasumana, Patrick C. D’Haese, Monique M. Elseviers, and Benjamin Vervaet
	21.10The kidney in systemic disease
		CONTENTS
		21.10.1 Diabetes mellitus andthe kidney
			ESSENTIALS
				Aetiology and pathology—
				Staging and natural history—
				Clinical features—
				Prevention—
			Aetiology
				Hyperglycaemia
					Box 21.10.1.1 Aetiopathological factors for nephropathy
				Blood pressure
				Haemodynamic factors
					Fig. 21.10.1.1 Schematic of a glomerulus. In diabetes, there is relativeafferent arteriolar dilatation and angiotensin II- induced efferent arteriolarconstriction. This leads to increased glomerular capillary flow andpressure resulting in elevated GFR (hyperfiltration) and increased albuminfiltration. Blockade of the renin– angiotensin system dilates the efferentarteriole and reduces GFR and capillary pressure.
				Growth factors
				Mechanical and structural factors
			Genetics
			Pathology and pathogenesis
				Fig. 21.10.1.2 (a) Glomerulus from patient with type 1 diabetes andseverely increased albuminuria (haematoxylin and eosin stain). Noteafferent (A) and efferent (E) arteriolar hyalinosis, thickened and splitBowman’s capsule (B), and mesangial expansion (M). (b) Glomerulusfrom patient with type 1 diabetes and severely increased albuminuria(toluidine blue stain) showing typical nodule (N). Note centralaccumulation of matrix material with surrounding nuclei.
			Epidemiology
				Table 21.10.1.1 Levels of proteinuria, albuminuria, and albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) that define normal, moderately increased(microalbuminuria), and severely increased albuminuria (clinical proteinuria). Borderline results should be repeated on early morningsamples or confirmed by a timed collection
			Prevention
				Glycaemic control
				Table 21.10.1.2 Natural history of nephropathy in type 1 diabetesa
				Table 21.10.1.3 Comparison of intensive versus conventional therapy in the prevention of moderately increased albuminuria in type 1(DCCT + EDIC) and newly diagnosed type 2 (UKPDS) patients
				Blood pressure control
				Tertiary prevention
				Nonrenal outcomes
			Clinical features
				UAER
				GFR
				Blood pressure
			Clinical investigation
				Box 21.10.1.2 Clinical features suggestive of nondiabeticrenal disease
			Criteria for diagnosis
			Treatment
				Glycaemic control and blood pressure
				Other aspects
				Table 21.10.1.4 Cross- tabulation of latest classification of chronic kidney disease and historical definition of diabetic kidney disease
				A multiple risk factor approach
			Prognosis
				Fig. 21.10.1.4 Annual transition rates and 95% confidence interval through stages of nephropathy in 5097 newlydiagnosed type 2 diabetic patients in the UKPDS.
			Areas of uncertainty or controversy
				Why does intensive glycaemic control fail to completelyprevent development of moderately increasedalbuminuria?
				Do drugs that block the renin– angiotensin systemprevent or only delay the development of nephropathy?Can they reverse established nephropathy?
			Likely developments in the near future
			FURTHER READING
	21.10.2 The kidney in systemic vasculitis 4988 David Jayne
		ESSENTIALS
		Introduction
			Table 21.10.2.1 The classification of primary systemic vasculitis, updated in the 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus statement
		Aetiology, genetics, pathogenesis,and pathology
			Genetics
			Environment and drugs
			Disease associations
			ANCA and complement
			Pathology
				Fig. 21.10.2.1 Glomerular histology of ANCA- associated vasculitis. (a) A glomerulus showing focal necrosiswith an early crescentic reaction (arrow). (b) Glomerular macrophage infiltration (brown) illustrated by CD68staining. (c) Severe glomerular involvement with widespread necrosis, a circumferential crescent, and collapse ofthe glomerular tuft. (d) Massive periglomerular leucocyte infiltration occurring around an affected glomerulus.
			Granulomata
			Role of infection
		Epidemiology
		Clinical features
			Box 21.10.2.1 Clinical features that should raise suspicionof vasculitis
			Table 21.10.2.2 Classification of rapidly progressiveglomerulonephritis according to renal immunofluorescence andcirculating immune reactants
			ANCA- associated vasculitis
			AAV with anti- GBM disease
			IgA vasculitis (Henoch– Schönlein purpura)
			Polyarteritis nodosa
			Takayasu’s arteritis
				Fig. 21.10.2.2 Magnetic resonance angiogram demonstrating bilateralrenal artery stenosis (arrows) in a patient with Takayasu’s arteritis.
		Investigation
			Serology
		Treatment
	21.10.3 The kidney in rheumatological disorders 5001 Liz Lightstone and Hannah Beckwith
	21.10.4 The kidney in sarcoidosis 5012 Ingeborg Hilderson and Jan Donck
		ESSENTIALS
	Renal involvement in plasma cell dyscrasias, immunoglobulin- based amyloidoses, and fibrillary glomerulopathies, lymphomas, and leukaemias 5016 Pierre Ronco, Frank Bridoux, and Arnaud Jaccard
	21.10.6 Haemolytic uraemic syndrome 5027 Edwin K.S. Wong and David Kavanagh
	21.10.7 Sickle cell disease and the kidney 5032 Claire C. Sharpe
	21.10.8 Infection- associated nephropathies 5034 A. Neil Turner
	21.10.9 Malignancy- associated renal disease 5041
	21.10.10 Atherosclerotic renovascular disease 5044 Philip A. Kalra and Diana Vassallo
	Renal diseases in the tropics 5049 Vivekanand Jha
	Renal involvement in genetic disease 5065 D. Joly and J.P. Grünfeld
	21.13 Urinary tract infection 5074 Charles Tomson and Neil Sheerin
	Disorders of renal calcium handling, urinary stones, and nephrocalcinosis 5093 Christopher Pugh, Elaine M. Worcester, Andrew P. Evan,
	21.15 The renal tubular acidoses 5104 John A. Sayer and Fiona E. Karet
	Disorders of tubular electrolyte handling Nine V.A.M. Knoers and Elena N. Levtchenko
	Urinary tract obstruction 5124 Muhammad M. Yaqoob and Kieran McCafferty
	Malignant diseases of the urinary tract 5136 Tim Eisen, Freddie C. Hamdy, and Robert A. Huddart
	Drugs and the kidney 5150 Aine Burns and Caroline Ashley
	Index
Oxford Textbook of Medicine- Volume 4, 6e (May 6, 2020)_(0198746695)_(Oxford University Press)
	cover
	Half title
	Title
	Copyright
	Foreword
	Perface
	Section Editors
	Contents
	List of abbreviations xxxv
	List of contributors xlv
	Haematological disorders Section editors: Chris Hatton and Deborah Hay
		22.1 Introduction to haematology 5169 Chris Hatton
		22.2 Haematopoiesis 5172 22.2.1 Cellular and molecular basis of haematopoiesis 5172 Paresh Vyas and N. Asger Jakobsen
		22.2.2 Diagnostic techniques in the assessment of haematological malignancies 5181 Wendy N. Erber
		22.3 Myeloid disease 5189 22.3.1 Granulocytes in health and disease 5189 Joseph Sinning and Nancy Berliner
		22.3.2 Myelodysplastic syndromes 5197 Charlotte K. Brierley and David P. Steensma
		22.3.3 Acute myeloid leukaemia 5205 Nigel Russell and Alan Burnett
		22.3.4 Chronic myeloid leukaemia 5213 Mhairi Copland and Tessa L. Holyoake†
		22.3.5 The polycythaemias 5227 Daniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman
		22.3.6 Thrombocytosis and essential thrombocythaemia 5239 Daniel Aruch and Ronald Hoffman
		22.3.7 Primary myelofibrosis 5247 Evan M. Braunstein and Jerry L. Spivak
		22.3.8 Eosinophilia 5254 Peter F. Weller
		22.3.9 Histiocytosis 5259 Chris Hatton
		22.4 Lymphoid disease 5263 22.4.1 Introduction to lymphopoiesis 5263 Caron A. Jacobson and Nancy Berliner
			22.4.2 Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia 5269 H. Josef Vormoor, Tobias F. Menne, and Anthony V. Moorman
			22.4.3 Hodgkin lymphoma 5280 Vijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage
			22.4.4 Non- Hodgkin lymphoma 5288 Vijaya Raj Bhatt and James O. Armitage
			22.4.5 Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia 5302 Clive S. Zent and Aaron Polliack
			22.4.6 Plasma cell myeloma and related monoclonal gammopathies 5310 S. Vincent Rajkumar and Robert A. Kyle
		22.5 Bone marrow failure 5325 22.5.1 Inherited bone marrow failure syndromes 5325 Irene Roberts and Inderjeet S. Dokal
			22.5.2 Acquired aplastic anaemia and pure red cell aplasia 5336 Judith C.W. Marsh, Shreyans Gandhi, and Ghulam J. Mufti
			22.5.3 Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria 5348 Lucio Luzzatto
	22.6 Erythroid disorders 5354 22.6.1 Erythropoiesis 5354 Vijay G. Sankaran
	22.6.2 Anaemia: pathophysiology, classification, and clinical features 5359 David J. Weatherall† and Chris Hatton
	22.6.3 Anaemia as a challenge to world health 5366 David J. Roberts and David J. Weatherall†
	22.6.4 Iron metabolism and its disorders 5371 Timothy M. Cox and John B. Porter
	22.6.5 Anaemia of inflammation 5402 Sant- Rayn Pasricha and Hal Drakesmith
	22.6.6 Megaloblastic anaemia and miscellaneous deficiency anaemias 5407 A.V. Hoffbrand
	22.6.7 Disorders of the synthesis or function of haemoglobin 5426 Deborah Hay and David J. Weatherall†
	22.6.8 Anaemias resulting from defective maturation of red cells 5450 Stephen J. Fuller and James S. Wiley
	22.6.9 Disorders of the red cell membrane 5456 Patrick G. Gallagher
	22.6.10 Erythrocyte enzymopathies 5463 Alberto Zanella and Paola Bianchi
	22.6.11 Glucose- 6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency 5472 Lucio Luzzatto
	22.6.12 Acquired haemolytic anaemia 5479 Amy Powers and Leslie Silberstein
	22.7 Haemostasis 5490 22.7.1 The biology of haemostasis and thrombosis 5490 Gilbert C. White, II, Harold R. Roberts, and Nigel S. Key
	22.7.2 Evaluation of the patient with a bleeding tendency 5509 Trevor Baglin
	22.7.3 Thrombocytopenia and disorders of platelet function 5520 Nicola Curry and Susie Shapiro
		ESSENTIALS
	22.7.4 Genetic disorders of coagulation 5532 Eleanor S. Pollak and Katherine A. High
	22.7.5 Acquired coagulation disorders 5546 T.E. Warkentin
	Transfusion and transplantation 5563 22.8.1 Blood transfusion 5563 D.S. Giovanniello and E.L. Snyder
	22.8.2 Haemopoietic stem cell transplantation 5579 E.C. Gordon- Smith and Emma C. Morris
	23.16 Cutaneous reactions to drugs 5752 Sarah Walsh, Daniel Creamer, and Haur Yueh Lee
	23.17 Management of skin disease 5761 Rod Sinclair
	SECTION 23 Disorders of the skin Section editor: Roderick J. Hay
		23.1 Structure and function of skin 5591 John A. McGrath
		23.2 Clinical approach to the diagnosis of skin disease 5596 Vanessa Venning
		23.3 Inherited skin disease 5602 Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell
		Thiviyani Maruthappu and David P. Kelsell 23.4 Autoimmune bullous diseases 5612 Kathy Taghipour and Fenella Wojnarowska
			ESSENTIALS
			Introduction
				Table 23.4.1 Immunopathological characteristics of main autoimmune bullous diseases
			Subepidermal diseases
				Bullous pemphigoid
		23.5 Papulosquamous disease 5621 Christopher E.M. Griffiths
		23.6 Dermatitis/ eczema 5630 Peter S. Friedmann, Michael J. Arden- Jones, and Roderick J. Hay
		23.7 Cutaneous vasculitis, connective tissue diseases, and urticaria 5639 Volha Shpadaruk and Karen E. Harman
		23.8 Disorders of pigmentation 5677 Eugene Healy
		23.9 Photosensitivity 5688 Hiva Fassihi and Jane McGregor
		23.10 Infections of the skin 5695 Roderick J. Hay
		23.11 Sebaceous and sweat gland disorders 5699 Alison M. Layton
		23.12 Blood and lymphatic vessel disorders 5709 Peter S. Mortimer and Roderick J. Hay
		23.13 Hair and nail disorders 5724 David de Berker
		23.14 Tumours of the skin 5732 Edel O’Toole
		23.15 Skin and systemic diseases 5743 Clive B. Archer and Charles M.G. Archer
	SECTION 24 Neurological disorders Section editor: Christopher Kennard
		Section editor: Christopher Kennard 24.1 Introduction and approach to the patient with neurological disease 5775 Alastair Compston and Christopher Kennard
		24.2 Mind and brain: Building bridges between neurology, psychiatry, and psychology 5778 Adam Zeman
		24.3 Clinical investigation of neurological disease 5781 24.3.1 Lumbar puncture 5781 R. Rhys Davies and Andrew J. Larner
			CONTENTS
			24.3.1 Lumbar puncture
				ESSENTIALS
				Introduction
				Indications
				24.3.2 Electrophysiology of the central and peripheral nervous systems 5785 Christian Krarup
					ESSENTIALS
				24.3.3 Imaging in neurological diseases 5802 Andrew J. Molyneux, Shelley Renowden, and Marcus Bradley
					ESSENTIALS
			24.3.4 Investigation of central motor pathways: Magnetic brain stimulation 5817 K.R. Mills
				24.4 Higher cerebral function 5821 24.4.1 Disturbances of higher cerebral function 5821 Peter J. Nestor
				24.4.2 Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias 5830 Jonathan M. Schott
			Jonathan M. Schott 24.5 Epilepsy and disorders of consciousness 5860 24.5.1 Epilepsy in later childhood and adulthood 5860
				24.5.2 Narcolepsy 5882 Matthew C. Walker
				24.5.3 Sleep disorders 5886 Paul J. Reading
				24.5.4 Syncope 5896 Andrew J. Larner
				24.5.5 The unconscious patient 5901 David Bates
				24.5.6 Brainstem death and prolonged disorders of consciousness 5908 Ari Ercole, Peter J. Hutchinson, and John D. Pickard
			24.6 Disorders of the special senses 5913 24.6.1 Visual pathways 5913 Sara Ajina and Christopher Kennard
				24.6.2 Eye movements and balance 5922 Michael Strupp and Thomas Brandt
				24.6.3 Hearing loss 5931 Linda Luxon
			24.7 Disorders of movement 5937 24.7.1 Subcortical structures: The cerebellum, basal ganglia, and thalamus 5937 Mark J. Edwards and Penelope Talelli
	24.7.2 Parkinsonism and other extrapyramidal diseases 5946 Elisaveta Sokolov, Vinod K. Metta, and K. Ray Chaudhuri
	24.7.3 Movement disorders other than Parkinson’s disease 5956 Bettina Balint and Kailash Bhatia
	24.7.4 Ataxic disorders 5976 Nicholas Wood
	24.8 Headache 5987 Peter J. Goadsby
	24.9 Brainstem syndromes 6006 David Bates
	24.10 Specific conditions affecting the central nervous system 6010 24.10.1 Stroke: Cerebrovascular disease 6010 J. van Gijn (revised by Peter M. Rothwell)
	24.10.2 Demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system 6026 Alasdair Coles and Siddharthan Chandran
	24.10.3 Traumatic brain injury 6042 Tim Lawrence and Laurence Watkins
	24.10.4 Intracranial tumours 6048 Jeremy Rees
	24.10.5 Idiopathic intracranial hypertension 6054 Alexandra Sinclair
	24.11 Infections of the central nervous system 6060 24.11.1 Bacterial infections 6060 Diederik van de Beek and Guy E. Thwaites
	24.11.2 Viral infections 6082 Fiona McGill, Jeremy Farrar, Bridget Wills, Menno De Jong, David A. Warrell, and Tom Solomon
	24.11.3 Intracranial abscesses 6097 Tim Lawrence and Richard S.C. Kerr
	24.11.4 Neurosyphilis and neuro- AIDS 6100 Hadi Manji
	24.11.5 Human prion diseases 6109 Simon Mead and R.G. Will
	24.12 Disorders of cranial nerves 6120 Robert D.M. Hadden
	24.13 Disorders of the spinal cord 6127 24.13.1 Diseases of the spinal cord 6127 Anu Jacob and Andrew J. Larner
	24.13.2 Spinal cord injury and its management 6135 Wagih El Masri(y) and Michael Barnes
	24.14 Diseases of the autonomic nervous system 6150 Christopher J. Mathias and David A. Low
	24.15 The motor neuron diseases 6166 Tom Jenkins, Alice Brockington, and Pamela J. Shaw
	24.16 Diseases of the peripheral nerves 6176 Robert D.M. Hadden
	24.17 Inherited neurodegenerative diseases 6197 Swati Sathe
	24.18 Disorders of the neuromuscular junction 6295 David Hilton- Jones and Jacqueline Palace
	24.19 Disorders of muscle 6304 24.19.1 Structure and function of muscle 6304 Michael G. Hanna and Enrico Bugiardini
	24.19.2 Muscular dystrophy 6310 Kate Bushby and Chiara Marini- Bettolo
	24.19.3 Myotonia 6328 David Hilton- Jones
	David Hilton- Jones 24.19.4 Metabolic and endocrine disorders 6334 David Hilton- Jones and Richard Edwards
		24.19.5 Mitochondrial disease 6343 Patrick F. Chinnery and D.M. Turnbull
	Patrick F. Chinnery and D.M. Turnbull Developmental abnormalities of the central nervous system 6350 Chris M. Verity, Jane A. Hurst, and Helen V. Firth
		24.21 Acquired metabolic disorders and the nervous system 6368 Neil Scolding
	Neurological complications of systemic disease 6376 Neil Scolding
		24.23 Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes 6384 Jeremy Rees
		24.24 Autoimmune encephalitis and Morvan’s syndrome 6393 Camilla Buckley and Angela Vincent
	SECTION 25 Disorders of the eye Section editor: Christopher P. Conlon
		25.1 The eye in general medicine 6399 Tasanee Braithwaite, Richard W.J. Lee, and Peng T. Khaw
	SECTION 26 Psychiatric and drug- related disorders Section editor: Michael Sharpe
		26.1 General introduction 6445 Michael Sharpe
		26.2 The psychiatric assessment of the medical patient 6447 Jane Walker, Roger Smyth, and Michael Sharpe
		26.3 Common psychiatric presentations in medical patients 6454 26.3.1 Confusion 6454 Bart Sheehan and Thomas Jackson
	26.3.2 Self- harm 6457 Kate E.A. Saunders and Keith Hawton
	26.3.3 Medically unexplained symptoms 6460 Michael Sharpe
	26.3.4 Low mood 6462 Jane Walker
	26.4 Psychiatric treatments in the medically ill 6465 26.4.1 Psychopharmacology in medical practice 6465 Philip J. Cowen
	26.4.2 Psychological treatments 6470 Michael Sharpe and Simon Wessely
	26.5 Specific psychiatric disorders 6475 26.5.1 Delirium 6475 Bart Sheehan
	26.5.2 Dementia 6478 Bart Sheehan
	26.5.3 Organic psychoses 6482 Curtis McKnight and Jason Caplan
	26.5.4 Alcohol misuse 6486 Jonathan Wood
	26.5.5 Substance misuse 6490 Stephen Potts
	26.5.6 Depressive disorder 6493 Joseph Cerimele and Lydia Chwastiak
	26.5.7 Bipolar disorder 6498 Kate E.A. Saunders and John Geddes
	26.5.8 Anxiety disorders 6501 Ted Liao and Steve Epstein
	26.5.9 Acute stress disorder, adjustment disorders, and post- traumatic stress disorder 6506 Jonathan I. Bisson
	26.5.10 Eating disorders 6509 Christopher G. Fairburn
	26.5.11 Schizophrenia 6513 Stephen M. Lawrie
	26.5.12 Somatic symptom and related disorders 6517 Michael Sharpe
	26.5.13 Personality disorders 6520 Iain Jordan
	26.6 Changing unhealthy behaviours 6524 26.6.1 Brief interventions for excessive alcohol consumption 6524 Amy O’Donnell, Eileen Kaner, and Nick Heather
	26.6.2 Obesity and weight management 6529 Susan Jebb and Paul Aveyard
	26.6.3 Smoking cessation 6533 Paul Aveyard
	Paul Aveyard 26.7 Psychiatry, liaison psychiatry, and psychological medicine 6536 Michael Sharpe
	SECTION 27 Forensic medicine Section editor: John D. Firth
	27.1 Forensic and legal medicine 6541 Jason Payne- James, Paul Marks, Ralph Bouhaidar, and Steven B. Karch
	SECTION 28 Sport and exercise Section editor: John D. Firth
	28.1 Sport and exercise medicine 6565 Cathy Speed
	SECTION 29 Biochemistry in medicine Section editor: Christopher P. Conlon
	29.1 The use of biochemical analysis for diagnosis and management 6577 Brian Shine and Nishan Guha
	SECTION 30 Acute medicine Section editor: John D. Firth
	30.1 Acute medical presentations 6591 Sian Coggle, Elaine Jolly, and John D. Firth
	30.2 Practical procedures 6644 Elaine Jolly, Sian Coggle, and John D. Firth
	Index