Oxford Handbook of Practical Drug Therapy

Cover
Contents
Symbols and abbreviations
How to use this book
Introductory sections
	Prescribing
		The drug history
		Writing a prescription
		Generic drugs and biosimilars
		Repeat prescriptions
		‘Off-licence’ drugs
		Cautionary and advisory labels
	Some basic concepts
		The World Health Organization (WHO) essential medicines list
		Compliance, adherence, and concordance
		Guidelines
		Dose–response curves (concentration–effect curves)
		Efficacy of drugs
		Adverse drug reactions
		Drug-drug interactions
		Placebos
		Changing the doses of drugs
		Renal insufficiency
		Hepatic insufficiency
		An approach to rational prescribing
		Paediatric prescribing
		Drugs and pregnancy
		Drug therapy and breastfeeding
		Drug development
1 Gastrointestinal system
	Gastric acid suppression
		Histamine H[sub(2)] receptor antagonists: BNF 1.3.1
		Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs): BNF 1.3.5
		Misoprostol: BNF 1.3.4, 10.1.1
	Drugs affecting gastrointestinal motility
		Constipation: BNF 1.6
		Co-phenotrope (Lomotil[sup(®)]): BNF 1.4.2
		Loperamide (Imodium[sup(®)]): BNF 1.4.2
	Inflammatory bowel disease
		Mesalazine and related compounds (aminosalicylates): BNF 1.5
		Sulfasalazine: BNF 1.5.1 and 10.1.3
	Liver, biliary system, and lipids
		Cholic acids: BNF 1.9.1
		HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (‘statins’): BNF 2.12
		Ezetimibe: BNF 2.12
		Fibrates: BNF 2.12
	Obesity
		Orlistat: BNF 4.5.1
	Antiemetics
		Metoclopramide: BNF 4.6
		Prochlorperazine (Stemetil[sup(®)]): BNF 4.6
		Domperidone: BNF 4.6
		Serotonin 5-HT[sub(3)] receptor antagonists: BNF 4.6
2 Cardiovascular system
	A pharmacological approach to the treatment of arrhythmias: BNF 2.3.1
	Antiarrhythmic drugs
		Adenosine: BNF 2.3.2
		Flecainide BNF: 2.3.2
		Cardiac glycosides (digitalis): BNF 2.1.1, 2.3.1, and 2.5.5
		Disopyramide: BNF 2.3.2
		Amiodarone: BNF 2.3.2 and 2.7.3
	Anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs, and fibrinolytic drugs
		Heparins (unfractionated and low molecular weight): BNF 2.8.1
		Direct thrombin inhibitors: BNF 2.8.2
		Fondaparinux sodium: BNF 2.8.1
		Warfarin: BNF 2.8.2
		Acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin): BNF 2.9 and 4.7.1
		Clopidogrel: BNF 2.9
		Dipyridamole: BNF 2.9
		Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists: BNF 2.9
		Fibrinolytic drugs: BNF 2.10.2 and 13.11.7
	Ischaemic heart disease
		Pharmacology of drugs used to treat acute coronary syndromes, including myocardial infarction: BNF 2.10
		Pharmacology of drugs used to treat heart failure
		Nitrate drugs: BNF 2.6.1
		Nicorandil: BNF 2.6.3
		Beta-adrenoceptor antagonists (‘beta-blockers’): BNF 2.4, 2.5.5, 6.2.2, 4.7.4, 11.6
		Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors): BNF 2.5.5.1
		Angiotensin receptor antagonists/blockers (ARBs): BNF 2.5.5.2
	Hypertension
		An approach to the treatment of hypertension: BNF 2.5
		Methyldopa (alpha-methyldopa): BNF 2.5.2
	Calcium channel blockers
		Calcium channel blockers (see also individual sections): BNF 2.6.2
		Dihydropyridines (nifedipine-like): BNF 2.6.2
		Benzothiazepines (diltiazem): BNF 2.6.2 and 2.3.2
		Phenylalkylamines (verapamil): BNF 2.6.2 and 2.3.2
	Intravenous fluids
		Crystalloid solutions for intravenous infusion: BNF 9.2
		Colloid solutions for intravenous infusion: BNF 9.2
	Diuretics
		Sites of action of diuretics: BNF 2.2
		Treatment of pulmonary oedema: BNF 2.2
		Loop diuretics: BNF 2.2.2 and 2.2.4
		Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics: BNF 2.2.1, 2.5.5, and 6.5.2
		Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride and triamterene): BNF 2.2.3 and 2.2.4
		Spironolactone and eplerenone: BNF 2.2.3, 2.2.4, and 2.5.5
	Adrenoceptor agonists
		Adrenoceptor agonists (sympathomimetics): BNF 2.7 218
	Antimuscarinic drugs
		Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists (atropine and related compounds): BNF 15.1.3, 4.6, 4.9.2, 7.4.2, and 11.5
	Endothelin receptor antagonists
		Endothelin receptor antagonists: BNF 2.5.1
	Drugs for erectile dysfunction
		Phosphodiesterase type V inhibitors: BNF 7.4.5
3 Respiratory system
	Oxygen
		Oxygen: BNF 3.6
	Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
		Pharmacology of drugs used to treat asthma: BNF 3.1
		An approach to the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): BNF 3.2
		Short-acting β[sub(2)] adrenoceptor agonists: BNF 3.1.1.1 and 7.1.3
		Long-acting β[sub(2)] adrenoceptor agonists: BNF 3.1.1.1
		Bronchodilatory muscarinic receptor antagonists: BNF 3.1.2
		Leukotriene receptor antagonists: BNF 3.3.2
		Cromones: BNF 3.3.1, 1.5, and 11.4.2
		Xanthine derivatives: BNF 3.1.3
	Respiratory stimulants
		Doxapram: BNF 3.5.1
	Smoking cessation
		Nicotine: BNF 4.10
		Bupropion (amfebutamone): BNF 4.10
4 Central nervous system
	Anticonvulsants
		Carbamazepine: BNF 4.8.1, 4.7.3, 6.5.2, 6.1.5
		Phenytoin: BNF 4.8.1, 4.8.2 and 4.7.3
		Sodium valproate: BNF 4.8.1
		Lamotrigine: BNF 4.8.1
		Other antiepileptic drugs: BNF 4.8.1
		Barbiturates: BNF 4.1.3, 4.8.1 and 15.1.1
	Anxiolytics and hypnotics
		Benzodiazepines: BNF 4.1.1, 4.1.2 and 4.8.2
		Benzodiazepine-like hypnotics: BNF 4.1.1
	Depression
		Tricyclic antidepressants: BNF 4.3.1, 6.1.5, 4.7.4.2 and 7.4.2
		Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs): BNF 4.3.3
		Venlafaxine: BNF 4.3.4
		Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs): BNF 4.3.2, 4.9.1
	Psychoses and bipolar disorder
		Antipsychotic/neuroleptic drugs: BNF 4.2
		Atypical antipsychotic drugs: BNF 4.2.1
		Lithium: BNF 4.2.3
	Parkinson’s disease
		Pharmacology of drugs used to treat Parkinson’s disease: BNF 4.9
		Levodopa (L-dopa): BNF 4.9.1
		Dopamine receptor agonists: BNF 4.9.1 and 6.7.1
		Entacapone: BNF 4.9.1 and 6.7.1
	Anticholinesterases
		Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: BNF 10.2.1, 4.11, 15.1.6, 7.4.1 and 1.6.2
	Migraine
		Serotonin 5-HT[sub(1)] receptor agonists (‘triptans’): BNF 4.7.4
5 Infections
	Antibacterial drugs
		Penicillins BNF: 5.1.1
		Carbapenems: BNF 5.1.2
		Cephalosporins and cephamycins: BNF 5.1.2
		Glycopeptide antibiotics: BNF 5.1.7
		Tetracyclines: BNF 5.1.3 and 13.6.2
		Aminoglycoside antibiotics: BNF 5.1.4
		Macrolide antibiotics: BNF 5.1.5
		Sulfonamides and trimethoprim (including co-trimoxazole): BNF 5.1.8 and 13.10.1.1
		Metronidazole and tinidazole: BNF 5.1.11
		Quinolone antibiotics: BNF 5.1.12
	Antituberculosis drugs
		Antituberculosis drugs: BNF 5.1.9
	Antiviral drugs
		Antiviral guanine derivatives: BNF 5.3, 11.3.3, and 13.10.3
		Drugs used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection: BNF 5.3
	Antifungal drugs
		Imidazole and triazole antifungal drugs: BNF 5.2, 7.2.2, 12.3.2, and 13.10.2
		Polyene antifungal drugs: BNF 5.2, 7.2.2, 12.3.2, and 13.10.2
	Antimalarial drugs
		Antimalarial drugs: BNF 5.4.1
6 Endocrine system; obstetrics and gynaecology
	Diabetes mellitus
		Insulin BNF: 6.1.1
		Glucagon: BNF 6.1.4
		Sulfonylureas: BNF 6.1.2.1
		Meglitinides: BNF 6.1.2.3
		Biguanides (metformin): BNF 6.1.2.2
		Thiazolidinediones (‘glitazones’): BNF 6.1.2.3
	Thyroid disease
		Thyroid hormones: BNF 6.2.1
		Carbimazole: BNF 6.2.2
	Corticosteroids
		Corticosteroids: BNF 6.3
		Glucocorticoids: BNF 6.3
	Corticotrophins
		Corticotrophins: BNF 6.5.1
	Sex steroids
		Oestrogens and hormone replacement therapy (HRT): BNF 6.4.1, 7.2.1 and 8.3.1
		Progestogens: BNF 6.4.1.2, 8.3.2, and 7.3
		Oral contraceptives: BNF 7.3
		Notes on contraceptive devices: BNF 7.3.2.3, 7.3.3, and 7.3.4
		Gonadorelin analogues: BNF 6.7.2 and 8.3.4.1 & 2
		Androgens and anabolic steroids: BNF 6.4.2 and 6.4.3
		Antiandrogens: BNF 8.3.4.2, 6.4.2 and 13.6.2
		Selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs): BNF 8.3.4.1 and 6.5.1
		Aromatase inhibitors: BNF 8.3.4.1
	Obstetrics
		Prostaglandins: BNF 7.1.1, 7.4.5, and 11.6
		Oxytocin: BNF 7.1.1
	Somatostatin and analogues
		Somatostatin and analogues: BNF 8.3.4.3
7 Kidneys and the urinary tract
	Drugs and the kidneys
		Renal insufficiency: BNF 7.4.3
		Drug-induced renal damage: BNF 7.4.3
		Drugs and renal stones: BNF 7.4.3
		Drugs and renal replacement therapy (dialysis or filtration): BNF 7.4.3
		Drugs used in the management of chronic renal insufficiency: BNF 7.4.3
	Urinary tract
		Alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists (alpha-blockers): BNF 7.4.1 and 2.5.4
		Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin) and analogues: BNF 7.4.1 and 7.4.2
8 Malignant disease and immunosuppression
	Drugs used to treat cancer
		Drugs used to treat cancer: BNF 8.1
		Adverse effects of cytotoxic chemotherapy: BNF 8.1
		Chlorambucil: BNF 8.1.1
		Cyclophosphamide: BNF 8.1.1
		Cytotoxic antibiotics: BNF 8.1.2
		Antimetabolite drugs: BNF 8.1.3, 10.1.3, and 13.5.2
		Methotrexate: BNF 8.1.3, 10.1.3, and 13.5.2
		Vinca alkaloids: BNF 8.1.4
		Platinum compounds: BNF 8.1.5
		Taxanes: BNF 8.1.5
		Cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies: BNF 8.1.5 and 8.2.3
	Immunosuppression
		Azathioprine and mercaptopurine: BNF 8.2, 8.1.3, 1.5, 10.1.3, and 10.2.1
		Mycophenolate mofetil and mycophenolic acid: BNF 8.2.1
		Ciclosporin, tacrolimus, and sirolimus: BNF 8.2.2 and 13.5.3
9 Nutrition and blood
	Blood, blood products, and anaemia
		Drugs and anaemia: BNF 9.1
		Blood transfusion
		Factor VIII and related products: BNF 2.11
		Erythropoietin and analogues: BNF 9.1.3
		Colony stimulating factors: BNF 9.1.6
		Iron salts: BNF 9.1.1
		Folic acid and folinic acid: BNF 9.1.2 and 8.1
		Vitamin B12: BNF 9.1.2
		Desferrioxamine (deferoxamine): BNF 9.1.3
	Minerals
		Calcium salts: BNF 9.5.1.1 and 9.6.4
		Magnesium sulphate: BNF 9.5.1.3
		Potassium chloride: BNF 9.2.1.1
	Vitamins
		Vitamin D analogues: BNF 9.6.4 and 13.5.2
		Vitamin K1: BNF 9.6.6
10 Musculoskeletal and joints
	Gout
		Colchicine: BNF 10.1.4
		Allopurinol: BNF 10.1.4 and 8.1
	Rheumatoid arthritis (disease-modifying drugs)
		Rheumatoid arthritis (disease-modifying drugs): BNF 10.1
		Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine: BNF 5.4.1 and 10.1.3
		Gold salts: BNF 10.1.3
		Leflunomide: BNF 10.1.3
		Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blocking drugs: BNF 10.1.3 and 1.5.3
	Osteoporosis
		Calcitonin: BNF 6.6.1 and 9.5.1.2
		Bisphosphonates: BNF 6.6.2 and 9.5.1.2
	Drugs affecting muscle
		Baclofen: BNF 10.2.2
		Dantrolene: BNF 15.1.8 and 10.2.2
		Neuromuscular blocking drugs: BNF 15.1.5
		Botulinum toxin: BNF 4.9.3
11 Eye
	Glaucoma
		Acetylcholine receptor agonists: BNF 11.6, 12.3.5, and 7.4.1
		Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: BNF 11.6, 4.8, and 2.2.7
		Drugs for macular degeneration: BNF 11.8.2
12 Skin
	Antihistamines
		Antihistamines: BNF 3.4.1, 13.5.1, 11.4.2, 4.6, and 12.2.1
	Retinoids
		Retinoids: BNF 13.6.1, 8.1.5, 13.5.2 and 13.8.1
13 Poisoning
	Treatment of poisoning
		An approach to the poisoned patient
		Activated charcoal
	Antidotes
		Acetylcysteine (Parvolex[sup(®)])
		Opioid antagonists: BNF 15.1.7
		Flumazenil: BNF 15.1.7
		Penicillamine: BNF 9.8.1 and 10.1.3
	Diagnostic agents
		Diagnostic agents
14 Immunological products and vaccines
	Immunoglobulins
		Immunoglobulins: BNF 14.5 and 14.2
	Interferons
		Interferons: BNF 8.2.4, 5.3, and 14.5
	Vaccines
		Vaccines: BNF 14.1
		UK immunization schedule: BNF 14.1 and 14.4
15 Relief of pain and anaesthetic drugs
	Analgesics
		Palliative care
		Paracetamol (acetaminophen): BNF 4.7.1
		Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): BNF 10.1.1 and 15.1.4.2
		Codeine phosphate and dihydrocodeine: BNF 4.7.1, 4.7.2, 1.4.2 and 3.9.1
		Opiates and non-opiate narcotic analgesics: BNF 4.7.2 and 15.1.4.3
		Treatment of neuropathic pain: BNF 4.7.3
		Pregabalin: BNF 4.7.3 and 4.8.1
		Gabapentin: BNF 4.7.3, 4.8.1 and 6.1.5
		Capsaicin: BNF 10.3.2, 4.7.3, and 6.1.5
		Lidocaine (lignocaine): BNF 2.3.2 and 15.2
		Propofol: BNF 15.1.1
		Volatile anaesthetics: BNF 15.1.2
Drug index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Z
Subject index
	A
	B
	C
	D
	E
	F
	G
	H
	I
	K
	L
	M
	N
	O
	P
	Q
	R
	S
	T
	U
	V
	W
	X
	Y
	Z