Oxford handbook of forensic medicine

Detailed contents
Symbols and abbreviations
Anatomical terminology
Prefixes
Anatomical prefixes
Suffixes
Glossary of medical terms
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1 Scope of forensic medicine
	Introduction to forensic medicine
	History of forensic medicine
	Developing clinical forensic medicine
	Forensic medicine around the world
	Professional bodies and discipline
	Forensic organizations
	Consent
	Mental capacity
	Confidentiality
	Preparing a witness statement
	Sample witness statement
	Appearing in court
	Professional and expert medical evidence
	Medical negligence
2 Forensic aspects of death
	Definition and diagnosis of death
	Changes after death: lividity
	Rigor mortis
	Changes after death: decomposition
	Time interval since death
	Death scene investigation
	The coroner system in England and Wales
	Coroner’s inquest
	Fatal accident inquiry in Scotland
	Homicide
	Serial killers
	Suicide
	Dyadic death
	Sudden death from natural causes
	Accidents as a cause of death
	Environmental causes of death
	Deaths during sport
	Specific sport related deaths
	Cardiovascular collapse during exercise
	Trauma scoring
3 Forensic autopsy
	The autopsy: terminology and definitions
	Historical perspective
	Forensic or medicolegal autopsy
	Forensic autopsy procedure: summary
	The autopsy report
	External examination
	Forensic autopsy: evisceration
	Dissection: cardiovascular system
	Dissection: respiratory system
	Dissection: endocrine system
	Dissection: digestive system
	Dissection: lymphatic system
	Dissection: musculoskeletal system
	Dissection: cranium and nervous system
	Dissection: genitourinary system
	Autopsy samples: legal issues
	Autopsy samples: histology and toxicology
	The paediatric forensic autopsy
	Exhumation
	Mass graves and war crimes
	Health and safety issues
	High-risk autopsy
	Infection risks of autopsy
	Death certification
4 Asphyxia
	Definitions and historical perspective
	Clinical features of asphyxia
	Strangulation
	Hanging
	Compression asphyxia
	Smothering
	Choking
	Autoerotic asphyxia
	Drowning
5 Forensic pathology of physical injury
	Injury classification
	Terms used to describe injuries
	Describing injuries
	Body diagrams
	Bruising
	Progression of bruising with time
	Lacerations, abrasions, and scratches
	Incised wounds
	Stab wounds
	Slash wounds
	Skin wound healing
	Defence injuries
	Intimate partner violence and abuse
	Elder abuse and neglect
	Torture
	Scalp injury and skull fracture
	Primary brain injury
	Traumatic intracranial haemorrhage
	Further complications of brain injury
	Facial injury
	Spinal injury
	Chest injury
	Abdominal injury
	Fractures of the pelvis and extremities
	Burns
	Explosive injuries
	Investigations after an explosion
	Firearms
	Rifled gunshot injuries
	Shotgun injuries
6 The police custody unit
	The custody unit
	Purpose of detention
	Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984
	The custody record
	Conditions of detention
	The forensic physician
	Vulnerable persons in custody
	Appropriate adults
	Solicitors and legal representatives
	Fingerprints and drug testing
	DNA and the national database
	Non-intimate and intimate samples
	Intimate searches
	Approach to custody work
	Personal safety
	The medical room
	Documentation
	Assessing fitness to detain
	Instructions to custody staff
	Levels of observation by custody staff
	Detainees requiring continuing healthcare
	Prescribing medication
	Deaths in custody
7 Life-threatening emergencies in custody
	Approach to life-threatening custody emergencies
	Airway obstruction 1
	Airway obstruction 2
	Choking
	Near hanging
	Tension pneumothorax
	Respiratory arrest
	The recovery position
	Cardiac arrest in custody
	Modified advanced life support
	Shock
	Epileptic fit
	The unconscious patient
	Suspected meningitis
8 Assessing and managing illness in custody
	Assessment of illness
	Management of chronic illness
	Diabetes
	Chest pain
	Palpitations
	Breathlessness
	Asthma
	Alcohol intoxication
	Alcohol withdrawal
	Other problems of alcoholics
	Detainees under the influence of drugs
	Drug withdrawal
	Body packers, pushers, and stuffers
	Other presentations and problems
9 Assessing and managing injury in custody
	Approach to assessment of injury
	Clinical assessment of injury
	Documenting injuries
	Restraint techniques and injuries
	Chemical restraint agents
	Handcuffs
	Injury from police weapons
	Taser
	Head injury from a custody perspective
	Head injury assessment
	Referral of head injury to hospital
	Custody management of head injury
	Facial injury
	Spinal injury
	Dermatomes
	Skin wounds
	Bite wounds
	Closed limb injury
	Upper limb injury
	Lower limb injury
	Blunt chest injury
	Abdominal injury
10 Traffic law and medicine
	Road traffic accidents in perspective
	Road traffic safety
	Investigating road traffic collisions
	Patterns of injury in fatal road trauma
	Patterns of fatal pedestrian injury
	Patterns of injury in fatal crashes: vehicle occupants
	Fatal injury patterns: motorcyclists and cyclists
	Medical conditions and fitness to drive
	Alcohol and driving performance
	Drink-driving legislation
	Provision of specimens for analysis
	Taking blood alcohol samples in a police station
	Hospital procedures
	Failure to provide samples under the Road Traffic Act
	Failure to provide blood and/or urine
	Failure to provide a breath sample
	Field impairment testing by police
	Medical examination of drug-impaired drivers
	Drugs and driving performance
	Drugs and driving: cannabis
	Drugs and driving: opioids
	Drugs and driving: benzodiazepines
	Drugs and driving: stimulants
11 Adult sexual assault
	Definitions and law
	Background to adult sexual assault
	Examination suites
	Principles of assessment
	Assessment procedure
	History of assault: the complainant
	Further medical history: complainant
	Examination for adult sexual assault
	Female genital examination
	Male genital examination
	Anal examination
	Examination of suspects
	Collecting forensic samples
	Persistence of forensic material
	Sexual assault examination kit
	Documentation of findings
	Interpretation of genital findings
	Interpretation of anal findings
	Treatment, counselling, and follow-up
	Appearance in court
12 Child abuse and neglect
	Background and historical perspective
	Types of child abuse
	Medical approach to child abuse
	Children Act 1989 and 2004 (England and Wales)
	Physical abuse: medical perspective
	Presentation of physical abuse
	Physical abuse: examination
	Physical abuse: interpreting findings
	Development of sexual characteristics
	Sexual abuse: presentation
	Sexual abuse: approach to examination
	Sexual abuse: examination procedure
	Sexual abuse: interpreting findings
	Recommended terminology
	Female child genital findings
	Anal findings in suspected child abuse
	Sexual abuse and infections
	Neglect and emotional abuse
	Fictitious illness by proxy
	Management of child abuse
13 Psychiatric aspects
	Introduction
	Definitions of some common terms
	Anxiety disorders
	Mood disorders
	Psychotic illness
	Learning disability
	Psychiatric illness, alcohol, and drugs
	Violent/disturbed behaviour
	Assessment of the mental state
	Assessment of suicide risk
	Fitness to interview
	Fitness to be charged/plead
	Mental capacity and the 2005 Act
	Mental health legislation
	Compulsory hospitalization
	Sections 136 and 135 (Mental Health Act 1983)
	Diversion from the criminal justice system
	Forensic psychiatry
	Forensic psychology
14 Forensic toxicology
	Introduction to forensic toxicology
	Arsenic poisoning
	Common drugs and poisons
	Toxicology and sudden death
	Signs of poisoning at autopsy
	Postmortem sample collection
	Interpretation of postmortem toxicology
	Controlled drugs legislation
	Alcohol overview
	Alcohol and sudden death
	Toxicological kinetics
	Diamorphine (heroin) and morphine
	Methadone (physeptone)
	Other opioid substitutes
	Stimulants: amphetamines and ecstasy
	Cocaine
	Hallucinogens and related substances
	Benzodiazepines
	Phenothiazines
	‘Date-rape’ drugs
	Poisonous gases
	Volatile substances
	Antidepressants
	Paracetamol poisoning
	Aspirin and non-steroidal poisoning
	Harold Shipman
	Public health
	Drugs in sport
	Drugs and substance dependence
	Glossary of drug terminology
	Antidepressant drugs
	Analgesic drugs
15 Forensic science
	Introduction to forensic science
	Crime scene management
	Crime scene investigation
	Locard’s principle
	Identification: matching and uniqueness
	The Ruxton case
	Daubert
	Trace evidence: background
	Trace evidence: glass
	Trace evidence: paint
	Trace evidence: hairs and fibres
	Fingerprints
	Forensic analysis of DNA
	Interpretation of DNA analysis
	National DNA database
	Exonerating the innocent
	Forensic biology
	Source of blood
	Blood pattern analysis
	Forensic identification of semen
	Forensic identification of other fluids
	Forensic anthropology
	Forensic archaeology
	Forensic entomology
	Environmental forensics
	Document analysis
	Forensic miscellany
	Fire: background
	Fire prevention and safety
	Behaviour of fire indoors
	Behaviour of fire outdoors
	Fire: investigation
	Explosions and explosives
	Explosion investigation
	The context effect and scientific evidence
	Forensic statistics
	The prosecutor’s fallacy
Index
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